N5

X807/75/02
National
Qualications
2019
Biology
Section 1 — Questions

TUESDAY, 30 APRIL
1:00 PM – 3:30 PM

Instructions for the completion of Section 1 are given on page 02 of your question and answer
booklet X807/75/01.
Record your answers on the answer grid on page 03 of your question and answer booklet.
Before leaving the examination room you must give your question and answer booklet to the
Invigilator; if you do not, you may lose all the marks for this paper.

*X8077502*

A/PB
 SECTION 1 — 25 marks
Attempt ALL questions

1. Animal cells left in a solution with a lower water concentration than their contents

A shrink
B burst
C become turgid
D become plasmolysed.

2. The diagram represents a typical plant cell.

K L
M

Which of the labelled parts could also be found in a typical fungal cell?

A L and M
B K and M
C K and L
D K, L and M

3. The diagram shows stages in the production of a protein in a cell.

stage 1 stage 2

DNA mRNA protein

Which row in the table identifies the exact location of each stage?

Stage 1 Stage 2

A nucleus cytoplasm

B nucleus ribosome

C cytoplasm ribosome

D cytoplasm nucleus

page 02
 4. A single strand of DNA contains 830 adenine, 929 cytosine, 774 guanine and 615 thymine
bases.
How many guanine bases would be in the complementary strand?

A 615
B 774
C 830
D 929

5. Proteins are broken down in the stomach into polypeptides.

The graph shows the concentration of proteins and polypeptides in the stomach over
90 minutes.

Key
protein concentration
polypeptide concentration
80
concentration (g/litre)

60

40

20

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
time (minutes)

The ratio of protein concentration to polypeptide concentration in the stomach after

30 minutes is

A 3:5
B 5:3
C 13:7
D 7:13

[Turn over

page 03
 6. Four flasks, J, K, L and M, were set up to investigate the production of carbon dioxide
during respiration.

J K L M
flow of flow of
air in air out

sodium limewater worms limewater

hydroxide
to absorb
carbon dioxide

Limewater turns increasingly cloudy as more carbon dioxide is passed through it.
Predict what would happen if only one worm was used in flask L.
The limewater in flask

A K would turn cloudy more slowly

B K would turn cloudy more quickly
C M would turn cloudy more slowly
D M would turn cloudy more quickly.

7. Which of the following reactions takes place during fermentation in plant cells?

A pyruvate   carbon dioxide + ethanol

B glucose   carbon dioxide + water
C glucose  water + ethanol
D pyruvate  lactate

page 04
 8. A cell with 10 chromosomes divided by mitosis.
Which row in the table identifies the number of daughter cells produced and the number of
chromosomes in each daughter cell?

Number of daughter Number of chromosomes

cells produced in each daughter cell

A 1 20

B 1  5

C 2 10

D 2  5

9. Which row in the table shows the type of message that is transferred through various
structures in a reflex arc?

Sensory neuron Synapse Motor neuron

A chemical electrical chemical

B electrical chemical electrical

C chemical chemical electrical

D electrical electrical chemical

10. Hormones are released by

A endocrine glands
B blood cells
C receptor cells
D target tissues.

[Turn over

page 05
 11. The volume of one bird’s testis was measured on the last day of each month for a year.
The graph shows the results.

800

700

600
testis volume (mm3)

500

400

300

200

100

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
month

Which of the following statements is true?

The volume of the testis

A is constant from end of November to end of February

B increases more between end of March and end of April than any other month
C increases for only five months of the year
D decreases for only four months of the year.

12. Which term describes the type of variation in which a characteristic is controlled by more
than one gene?

A Continuous
B Discrete
C Polygenic
D Heterozygous

page 06
 13. Albinism is a condition in which the production of a pigment that colours the skin is limited.
It is controlled by a recessive allele.
The diagram shows how a family was affected by the condition.

father mother
(unaffected) (unaffected)

child 1 child 2
(affected) (unaffected)

The chance of this couple’s 3rd child being affected by the condition is

A 1 in 1
B 1 in 2
C 1 in 3
D 1 in 4.

14. Which row in the table describes features of phloem?

Substance transported Sieve plates

A sugar present

B sugar absent

C water absent

D water present

[Turn over

page 07
 15. The diagram shows a mammalian heart and associated blood vessels.

blood vessel X

chamber Y

Which row in the table identifies blood vessel X and chamber Y?

Blood vessel X Chamber Y

A pulmonary artery left atrium

B pulmonary vein right atrium

C pulmonary artery right atrium

D pulmonary vein left atrium

16. The table shows the composition of some of the gases in inhaled and exhaled air.

Gas composition (%)

Gas
Inhaled air Exhaled air

Oxygen 20 16

Carbon dioxide 0·04 4

How many times greater is the carbon dioxide concentration in exhaled air than in inhaled
air?

A 0·16
B 3·96
C 100
D 500

page 08
 17. The graph shows survey results of estimated grey seal pup populations every two years from
2010 to 2016.

54

estimated grey seal pup population

52

50

(thousands)
48

46

44

42
2010 2012 2014 2016
year

If the grey seal pup population continues to increase by the same number at each survey,
what will the estimated population be in 2020?

A 51 400
B 53 200
C 55 000
D 56 800

18. Competition occurs when required resources are in short supply.

Interspecific competition occurs when individuals of

A the same species compete for a few of the same resources

B different species compete for a few of the same resources
C the same species compete for all the same resources
D different species compete for all the same resources.

[Turn over

page 09
 19. At six different sample sites in a stream, the oxygen concentration, pH and numbers of
different organisms were recorded.
The higher the number of organisms in the sample the more abundant they are.
The results are shown in the tables.

Table 1

Sample site
Factor
1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxygen concentration
88 80 75 72 28 61
(units)

pH 5·7 6·0 6·6 7·3 7·6 8·0

Table 2

Sample site
Organism
1 2 3 4 5 6

Mayfly nymphs 0 0 0 5 7 122

Dragonfly nymphs 3 3 2 3 2 2

Chironimid fly larvae 0 1 1 2 227 32

Freshwater snails 0 0 0 0 50 75

Using the results from both tables identify which of the following conclusions is false.

A Freshwater snails do not survive in water with a lower pH

B Changes in pH have little effect on the distribution of dragonfly nymphs
C Mayfly nymphs are at their most abundant when the oxygen concentration is lowest
D Chironimid fly larvae are at their most abundant when the oxygen concentration is
lowest

20. In which parts of a green leaf would most photosynthesis occur?

A Palisade mesophyll and lower epidermis

B Lower epidermis and guard cells
C Guard cells and spongy mesophyll
D Spongy mesophyll and palisade mesophyll

page 10
 21. The table shows the rate of photosynthesis in a plant under different light intensities.

Light intensity Rate of photosynthesis

(kilolux) (units)

10  2

20 28

30 53

40 76

50 85

Which change in light intensity produces the greatest increase in the rate of photosynthesis?

A 10 to 20 kilolux
B 20 to 30 kilolux
C 30 to 40 kilolux
D 40 to 50 kilolux

22. A gardener decided to treat his crops with both fertiliser and pesticides.
The result of this would be

A a decrease in soil nitrates and an increase in crop yield

B an increase in soil nitrates and an increase in crop yield
C an increase in soil nitrates and a decrease in crop yield
D a decrease in soil nitrates and a decrease in crop yield.

23. Which of the following could occur as a result of fertiliser leaching into a fresh water pond?

Algae population Bacterial population Oxygen concentration

A increases increases increases

B decreases decreases decreases

C decreases decreases increases

D increases increases decreases

[Turn over for next question

page 11
 24. For the successful biological control of whitefly in a greenhouse, it was recommended to use
50 individuals of a predator species to kill a population of 1500 whitefly.
The number of predators that would be required to kill 21 000 whitefly is

A 420
B 700
C 19 500
D 75 000.

25. Which of the following statements describe the possible effects of a mutation on the
survival of an organism?
1. It has no effect
2. It gives the organism an advantage
3. It disadvantages the organism

A 1 and 2 only
B 1 and 3 only
C 2 and 3 only
D 1, 2 and 3

[END OF SECTION 1. NOW ATTEMPT THE QUESTIONS IN SECTION 2 OF

YOUR QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOKLET.]

page 12
N5
FOR OFFICIAL USE

National
Qualications Mark
2019
X807/75/01 Biology
Section 1 — Answer grid
and Section 2
TUESDAY, 30 APRIL
1:00 PM – 3:30 PM *X8077501*

Fill in these boxes and read what is printed below.

Full name of centre Town

Forename(s) Surname Number of seat

Date of birth
Day Month Year Scottish candidate number

Total marks — 100

SECTION 1 — 25 marks
Attempt ALL questions.
Instructions for completion of Section 1 are given on page 02.
SECTION 2 — 75 marks
Attempt ALL questions.
Write your answers clearly in the spaces provided in this booklet. Additional space for answers
and rough work is provided at the end of this booklet. If you use this space you must clearly
identify the question number you are attempting. Any rough work must be written in this
booklet. Score through your rough work when you have written your final copy.
Use blue or black ink.
Before leaving the examination room you must give this booklet to the
Invigilator; if you do not, you may lose all the marks for this paper.

*X807750101*

A/PB
 SECTION 1 — 25 marks

The questions for Section 1 are contained in the question paper X807/75/02.
Read these and record your answers on the answer grid on page 03 opposite.
Use blue or black ink. Do NOT use gel pens or pencil.

1. The answer to each question is either A, B, C or D. Decide what your answer is, then fill in
the appropriate bubble (see sample question below).

2. There is only one correct answer to each question.

3. Any rough working should be done on the additional space for answers and rough work at
the end of this booklet.

Sample question
The thigh bone is called the
A humerus
B femur
C tibia
D fibula.

The correct answer is B — femur. The answer B bubble has been clearly filled in (see below).

A B C D

Changing an answer
If you decide to change your answer, cancel your first answer by putting a cross through it (see
below) and fill in the answer you want. The answer below has been changed to D.

A B C D

If you then decide to change back to an answer you have already scored out, put a tick (3) to the
right of the answer you want, as shown below:

A B C D A B C D

or

*X807750102*

page 02
 SECTION 1 — Answer grid

*OBJ25AD1*

A B C D

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

*X807750103*

page 03 [Turn over

 [BLANK PAGE]

DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE

*X807750104*

page 04
 MARKS DO NOT
WRITE IN
THIS
MARGIN
SECTION 2 — 75 marks
Attempt ALL questions

1. (a) The list gives four types of cells.

Bacteria    Fungus    Animal    Plant

(i) Cell membranes are found in all of these cell types.

Describe the function of the cell membrane. 1

(ii) Name one other structure that is also present in all of these cells. 1

(b) The table gives information on the numbers of mitochondria in different

types of mammalian cells.

Number of mitochondria per cell

Cell type
Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Average

Muscle 1352 1203 1450 1335

Skin epithelium  250  330  275

Lymphocyte  953 1112  860  975

(i) Complete the table by calculating the average number of

mitochondria per cell in skin epithelium. 1
Space for calculation

(ii) Compared to skin epithelium cells, muscle and lymphocyte cells

have higher numbers of mitochondria.
Suggest why these cells need more mitochondria. 1

*X807750105*

page 05 [Turn over

 MARKS DO NOT
WRITE IN
THIS
MARGIN
2. Ions move in and out of cells by passive and active processes.
The table shows the concentration of three ions outside and inside a human
cell.

Ions Outside cell (mM) Inside cell (mM)

Sodium (Na+) 145  12

Potassium (K+)   4 139

Chloride (Cl-) 116   4

(a) Name the process by which sodium ions move into this cell. 1

(b) (i) Potassium ions (K+) move by active transport. 1

Using the information in the table, complete the diagram, by
drawing an arrow, to show the direction in which the potassium
ions move.

K+
K+
Na+
Na+

(ii) Name the type of molecule, found in a cell membrane, which is

involved in moving ions by active transport. 1

(c) Calculate how many times greater the concentration of chloride ions is
outside the cell compared to inside the cell. 1
Space for calculation

times greater

*X807750106*

page 06
 MARKS DO NOT
WRITE IN
THIS
MARGIN
3. Enzymes are used to help extract juice from fruit pulp.
The diagrams show a student’s investigation into the effectiveness of
different enzymes on the volume of juice produced.

A B C D
30g apple pulp 30g apple pulp 30g apple pulp 30g apple pulp
+ 1ml pectinase + 1ml cellulase + 1ml amylase + 1ml water

50 50 50 50

40 40 40 40

30 30 30 30

20 20 20 20

10 10 10 10

After 30 minutes, the volume of apple juice collected was measured and the
procedure was then repeated.
The average for each cylinder was calculated and the results are shown in the
table.

Liquid added to Average volume of

Cylinder
apple pulp apple juice collected (ml)

A pectinase 17·6

B cellulase  3·2

C amylase  1·8

D water  1·6

(a) Name the enzyme which was the least effective at extracting juice from
the apple pulp. 1

(b) Enzymes can be involved in two types of reaction. The extraction of juice
from apple pulp is an example of a degradation reaction.
Name the other type of reaction. 1

[Turn over

*X807750107*

page 07
 MARKS DO NOT
WRITE IN
THIS
MARGIN
3. (continued)

(c) Cellulase is an enzyme that speeds up the breakdown of a component of

the plant cell wall.
Name this component. 1

(d) All of the enzymes broke down at least some part of the apple pulp to
produce apple juice.
What name is given to the substance that an enzyme breaks down? 1

*X807750108*

page 08
 MARKS DO NOT
WRITE IN
THIS
MARGIN
4. The diagram represents the process of aerobic respiration in yeast cells.

glucose

stage 1

product S

stage 2

carbon dioxide and waste product T

(a) (i) Name product S and waste product T. 2

T
(ii) Name the substance that must be present for yeast to respire
aerobically. 1

(iii) Identify which of the two stages releases the larger quantity of ATP. 1

Stage

[Turn over

*X807750109*

page 09
 4. (continued) MARKS DO NOT
WRITE IN
THIS
MARGIN
(b) An investigation was carried out into the respiration of yeast. A dough
was made containing live yeast and left in optimum conditions. As the
yeast respired, the carbon dioxide produced caused the dough to rise.
The volume of the dough was measured every 10 minutes for 60 minutes.
The results are shown in the table.

Time Volume of dough

(minutes) (cm3)

10  8

20 14

30 22

40 26

50 28

60 28

(i) On the grid, complete the vertical axis and plot a line graph to
show the effect of time on the volume of dough. 2
(An additional grid, if required, can be found on page 31)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60
time (minutes)

*X807750110*

page 10
 4. (b) (continued) MARKS DO NOT
WRITE IN
THIS
MARGIN
(ii) Predict the volume of dough at 50 minutes if the experiment was
carried out at a lower temperature. 1
Give a reason for your answer. 1

Prediction cm3
Reason

[Turn over

*X807750111*

page 11
 MARKS DO NOT
WRITE IN
THIS
MARGIN
5. New cells are produced by mitosis throughout life.

(a) Name the cells, found in the early stages of an embryo’s development,
which have the potential to develop into specialised cells. 1

(b) As cells become specialised they are organised according to their

function.
Complete the flowchart to show the levels of organisation found within a
multicellular organism. 1

cells tissues systems

(c) State a reason, other than growth, why cells continue to be produced
throughout life. 1

(d) Lymphocytes and phagocytes are specialised white blood cells.

Describe the different ways in which these two types of cell destroy
pathogens. 2

(e) Name the system in the human body which destroys pathogens. 1

*X807750112*

page 12
 MARKS DO NOT
WRITE IN
THIS
MARGIN
6. As part of a study into the health of a group of students, blood glucose
readings were taken over a period of time.
The graph shows the readings for one of the students.

Key
student’s blood glucose
normal blood glucose
7

6
blood glucose (mmol/l)

0
07:00 09:00 11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00 19:00 21:00
time (hours)

(a) Identify the time when this student’s blood glucose reached its maximum
value. 1

hours

(b) Calculate the percentage decrease in blood glucose between 09:00 and
11:00 hours. 1
Space for calculation

[Turn over

*X807750113*

page 13
 MARKS DO NOT
WRITE IN
THIS
MARGIN
6. (continued)

(c) By 13:00 hours the blood glucose level had returned to normal from its
lowest point.
Describe how blood glucose is returned from low to normal levels in the
human body. 4

*X807750114*

page 14
 MARKS DO NOT
WRITE IN
THIS
MARGIN
7. An experiment was carried out to investigate stem height in pea plants.
The parental phenotypes were tall and dwarf as shown in the diagrams.

tall dwarf
stem height

(a) The parent plants were both homozygous. When they were crossed the F1
generation were all tall. These plants were then crossed with each other
to produce the F2 generation.
(i) Explain what is meant by the term homozygous. 1

(ii) The dwarf characteristic is recessive.

Using the information given, explain how this is known. 1

[Turn over

*X807750115*

page 15
 MARKS DO NOT
WRITE IN
THIS
MARGIN
7. (continued)

(b) (i) The expected ratio in the F2 generation was 3 tall to 1 dwarf.
Calculate the expected number of tall plants if there were 144
plants produced in this generation. 1
Space for calculation

tall plants
(ii) The results obtained in the F2 generation differed from the
expected results.
The actual results were 90 tall and 36 dwarf plants.
Calculate the simplest whole number ratio for these results. 1
Space for calculation

:
tall dwarf

*X807750116*

page 16
 MARKS DO NOT
WRITE IN
THIS
MARGIN
8. Nutrients from food are absorbed into villi found in the small intestine.
The diagram represents a single villus.

(a) Name one type of molecule absorbed by each of the labelled structures. 2

(b) Explain why having a large number of villi improves the efficiency of
absorption in the small intestine. 1

(c) Identify the structural feature of a single villus, that is also found in an
alveolus, which increases the efficiency of absorption. 1

[Turn over

*X807750117*

page 17
 MARKS DO NOT
WRITE IN
THIS
MARGIN
9. In a study, volunteers were injected with substance V on day 0 and again on
day 35. Substance V causes antibodies to be produced.
The graph shows the antibody concentration in the blood of one of the
volunteers in response to the two injections.

1st injection 2nd injection

of substance V of substance V

130

120

110
antibody concentration (mg/100ml blood)

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
time since first injection (days)

(a) Identify the maximum antibody concentration following the first

injection, but before the second. 1

mg/100 ml

(b) Calculate the number of days after the second injection that it took for
the antibody concentration to reach its maximum value. 1
Space for calculation

days

*X807750118*

page 18
 MARKS DO NOT
WRITE IN
THIS
MARGIN
9. (continued)

(c) The second injection caused a higher concentration of antibody to be

produced than the first.
Give two other differences in the antibody production in response to the
two injections. 2

(d) If the trend continues as shown in the graph, predict the antibody
concentration on day 90. 1
Space for calculation

mg/100 ml

[Turn over

*X807750119*

page 19
 MARKS DO NOT
WRITE IN
THIS
MARGIN
10. A study found that exercise can reduce the risk of developing some types of
cancer.
Researchers examined the level of exercise of 1·4 million people over an
11 year period and recorded any diagnosis of cancer and when it occurred.
Participants were asked to keep their own record of the frequency and
intensity of their exercise.
Those participants who exercised were found to have a reduced risk of
developing some types of cancer. These results are shown in the table.

Type of cancer Average risk reduction (%)

lung 26

kidney 23

stomach 22

myeloma 17

bladder 13

The study did not take into account factors such as diet and smoking, which
may have affected the results. The fact that participants were asked to record
their own exercise is another limitation of this study.
The doctor in charge of the research suggested that these results support the
promotion of exercise as a means of reducing the risk of cancer.
However, it was suggested by a different researcher that further studies
would need to be carried out before the results could be considered valid.

(a) Most research starts off with a question. For example, ‘Is enzyme activity
affected by pH?’
Suggest a question that could have led to the research described above. 1

(b) Name the type of graph that should be used to present the results shown
in the table. 1

*X807750120*

page 20
 MARKS DO NOT
WRITE IN
THIS
MARGIN
10. (continued)

(c) Suggest one reason why the participants recording their own exercise is
described as a limitation. 1

(d) Three factors that could affect the results are age, duration of exercise
and type of exercise.
Choose one of these factors.
Describe how the study would be carried out to take the chosen factor
into account and improve the validity of the results. 1

Factor

Description

[Turn over

*X807750121*

page 21
 MARKS DO NOT
WRITE IN
THIS
MARGIN
11. (a) The food chain represents the transfer of energy from organism to
organism.

gooseberry
caterpillars blue tits hawks
bush

(i) Name the process carried out by the gooseberry bush that allows
energy to enter the food chain. 1

(ii) The blue tits are consumers.

Give another ecological term that describes the role of the blue tits
in this food chain. 1

(iii) A food chain can be shown as a pyramid of numbers.

pyramid A pyramid B pyramid C

Identify which pyramid would be used to represent the food chain

shown above. 1

Pyramid

*X807750122*

page 22
 MARKS DO NOT
WRITE IN
THIS
MARGIN
11. (continued)

(b) The diagram shows the fates of 20 joules (J) of energy gained by a
caterpillar from food.

energy gained from food = 20 J

heat and growth = 3 J faeces = 11 J

movement = 6 J

(i) Calculate the percentage of the caterpillar’s energy intake that is

used for growth. 1
Space for calculation

%
(ii) Tick one box to identify which of the fates allows energy to be
passed onto the next level in the food chain shown. 1

Heat and movement Growth Faeces

[Turn over

*X807750123*

page 23
 MARKS DO NOT
WRITE IN
THIS
MARGIN
12. Students carried out an investigation into the effect of soil moisture on the
percentage ground cover of moss in their school lawn.
A quadrat was used to estimate the percentage ground cover of moss at
several sites. Soil moisture was also measured at each of the sites.
The results of the investigation are shown in the table.

Sample site Average soil moisture Ground cover of moss

(%) (%)

1 18  86

2 14  70

3 15  80

4 11  58

5 13  65

6 12  60

7 22  98

8 30  99

9 35 100

(a) Describe the relationship between average soil moisture and percentage
ground cover of moss. 1

(b) Describe how the reliability of these results could be increased. 1

*X807750124*

page 24
 MARKS DO NOT
WRITE IN
THIS
MARGIN
12. (continued)

(c) The students also used a soil thermometer to gather data on soil
temperature at each of the sample sites.
(i) Describe what the students should have done each time they used
the soil thermometer, to ensure valid results. 1

(ii) Soil moisture and temperature are examples of abiotic factors.

Name one other abiotic factor that can affect plant growth. 1

(d) (i) The students observed a species of lichen growing on some of the
damper parts of the lawn.
Lichens are indicator species.
State what is meant by the term ‘indicator species’. 1

(ii) Identify the sample site that would be least likely to contain this
lichen. 1
Sample site number

[Turn over

*X807750125*

page 25
 MARKS DO NOT
WRITE IN
THIS
MARGIN
13. An investigation was carried out into the conditions needed for
photosynthesis.
Before starting the investigation, four plants were de-starched by placing
them in the dark for 24 hours.
The plants were then placed in the conditions shown and then left for
48 hours.

Control Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3

transparent transparent black black
box box box box

chemical to absorb CO2

The leaves of each plant were then tested for the presence of starch.

(a) (i) Tick the box(es) to show in which of the following starch would be
present after 48 hours. 1

Control Experiment 1

Experiment 2 Experiment 3

(ii) Explain the purpose of the control. 1

(iii) Explain why experiment 2 is invalid. 1

*X807750126*

page 26
 MARKS DO NOT
WRITE IN
THIS
MARGIN
13. (a) (continued)

(iv) State the factor that is being investigated in experiment 3. 1

(b) Name the product of carbon fixation that is converted to starch. 1

[Turn over

*X807750127*

page 27
 MARKS DO NOT
WRITE IN
THIS
MARGIN
14. Antibiotic drugs are only effective in the treatment of bacterial infections.
They either kill or prevent the growth of bacteria. Sometimes antibiotics are
given but do not have any effect on the particular infection.

(a) The table gives information about the number of cases treated with
antibiotics and the success rate for a range of infections.

Type of Number of these Number of these cases Success rate

infection cases treated successfully treated (%)
with antibiotics with antibiotics
(millions) (millions)

ear 23  16·1 70

common cold 18 0  0

chest 16   3·2 20

throat 15 48

(i) Complete the table by calculating the number of cases of throat

infections successfully treated with antibiotics. 1
Space for calculation

(ii) Antibiotics have no effect in the treatment of the common cold.

From the information given, suggest a reason why antibiotics have
no effect on the pathogen that causes the common cold. 1

*X807750128*

page 28
 MARKS DO NOT
WRITE IN
THIS
MARGIN
14. (continued)

(b) The overuse of antibiotics has caused populations of antibiotic-resistant

bacteria to evolve. The stages in their evolution are described in the
table.

Stage Description

Random mutations in bacteria make some of the bacteria

A
antibiotic-resistant

B The next generation of bacteria are antibiotic-resistant

The surviving bacteria reproduce and pass on the alleles for

C
antibiotic resistance to their offspring

D Bacterial populations show genetic variation

When antibiotics are used, the non-resistant bacteria are killed

E
and the resistant bacteria survive

(i) Place letters from the table in the boxes, to show the order of the
stages describing how populations of bacteria become resistant to
antibiotics. 1
The first stage has been completed.

(ii) Name the process by which the bacteria, best adapted to their
environment, survive and reproduce. 1

(iii) Name an environmental factor that can increase the rate of

mutation. 1

[Turn over for next question

*X807750129*

page 29
 MARKS DO NOT
WRITE IN
THIS
MARGIN
15. Scientists use bacteria to act as host cells, to produce enzymes commercially
by the process of genetic engineering.

source cell bacterial cell

(a) Name the structure in the source cell from which the required gene is
extracted during the first stage of this process. 1

(b) Describe the stages of the process that would be used to produce
genetically engineered bacteria, after the required gene has been
extracted from the source cell. 4

[END OF QUESTION PAPER]

*X807750130*

page 30
 MARKS DO NOT
WRITE IN
THIS
MARGIN
ADDITIONAL SPACE FOR ANSWERS AND ROUGH WORK

Additional grid for question 4 (b) (i)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60
time (minutes)

*X807750131*

page 31
 MARKS DO NOT
WRITE IN
THIS
MARGIN
ADDITIONAL SPACE FOR ANSWERS AND ROUGH WORK

*X807750132*

page 32
 MARKS DO NOT
WRITE IN
THIS
MARGIN
ADDITIONAL SPACE FOR ANSWERS AND ROUGH WORK

*X807750133*

page 33
 [BLANK PAGE]

DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE

*X807750134*

page 34
 [BLANK PAGE]

DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE

*X807750135*

page 35
 [BLANK PAGE]

DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE

Acknowledgement of copyright
Section 2 Question 11 Goncharev_Artem/shutterstock.com
Eric Isselee/shutterstock.com
Kasikun_Kamol/shutterstock.com

*X807750136*

page 36