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    Endoderm Atf

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    Miss Tan
    The document summarizes the embryonic development and derivatives of the endoderm germ layer. It discusses how endoderm forms the epithelial lining of the gut tube during gastrulation and folding of the embryo. The gut tube is divided into the foregut, midgut, and hindgut. The endoderm gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract from the pharynx to the distal two-thirds of the anal canal, as well as organs associated with the digestive system like the liver, pancreas and lungs. It also forms structures in the neck derived from pharyngeal pouches. The cloacal membrane forms the urethra and anal canal from fused endoderm and ect

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    Endoderm Atf

    Uploaded by

    Miss Tan
    21 views3 pages
    The document summarizes the embryonic development and derivatives of the endoderm germ layer. It discusses how endoderm forms the epithelial lining of the gut tube during gastrulation and folding of the embryo. The gut tube is divided into the foregut, midgut, and hindgut. The endoderm gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract from the pharynx to the distal two-thirds of the anal canal, as well as organs associated with the digestive system like the liver, pancreas and lungs. It also forms structures in the neck derived from pharyngeal pouches. The cloacal membrane forms the urethra and anal canal from fused endoderm and ect

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    Endoderm atf

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    The document summarizes the embryonic development and derivatives of the endoderm germ layer. It discusses how endoderm forms the epithelial lining of the gut tube during gastrulation and folding of the embryo. The gut tube is divided into the foregut, midgut, and hindgut. The endoderm gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract from the pharynx to the distal two-thirds of the anal canal, as well as organs associated with the digestive system like the liver, pancreas and lungs. It also forms structures in the neck derived from pharyngeal pouches. The cloacal membrane forms the urethra and anal canal from fused endoderm and ect

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    21 views3 pages

    Endoderm Atf

    Uploaded by

    Miss Tan
    The document summarizes the embryonic development and derivatives of the endoderm germ layer. It discusses how endoderm forms the epithelial lining of the gut tube during gastrulation and folding of the embryo. The gut tube is divided into the foregut, midgut, and hindgut. The endoderm gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract from the pharynx to the distal two-thirds of the anal canal, as well as organs associated with the digestive system like the liver, pancreas and lungs. It also forms structures in the neck derived from pharyngeal pouches. The cloacal membrane forms the urethra and anal canal from fused endoderm and ect

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    of 3

    Last edited: 8/11/2021

    1. ENDODERM
    Endoderm Medical Editor: Jan Camille M. Santico

    OUTLINE

    I) EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
    II) ENDODERMAL DERIVATIVES
    III) REVIEW QUESTIONS
    IV) REFRENCES

    I) EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
    (A) GASTRULATION & NOTOCHORD FORMATION (B) EMBRYONIC FOLDING
    Recall: Gastrulation is the process wherein the three (1) Lateral Folding
    germ layers and the axial orientation are established in
    the embryo [Moore et al, 2016] Lateral folding produces right and left lateral folds which
    o The bilaminar disc is transformed into a trilaminar disc fuse to form a cylindrical embryo
    Can be visualized through a cross-section of the embryo
    The primitive streak and primitive node develop, through o Better for visualizing the gut cavities and sections of
    which epiblast cells migrate. the gut tube
    The migration of epiblast cells through the primitive streak
    forms three new layers:
    o Endoderm – epiblast cells invade the hypoblast layer
    o Mesoderm – epiblast cells form a new layer in
    between the epiblast and hypoblast
    o Ectoderm – epiblast cells differentiate into this
    Epiblast cells also migrate through the primitive node,
    extending cranially to form the notochord.

    Figure 1. Lateral Folding [Sadler, 2019]

    (2) Longitudinal Folding / Cranio-caudal Folding


    Longitudinal folding produces the head and tail folds
    Can be visualized through a sagittal section of the
    embryo
    o Better for:
     visualizing the entire length of the gut tube
     Distinguishing the sections of the gut (foregut,
    midgut, hindgut)
     understanding the derivations of the endoderm
    o This view shows the connection between the gut and
    the yolk sac

    Figure 2. Longitudinal Folding [Sadler, 2019]

    (C) FUSED MEMBRANES


    Buccopharyngeal membrane
    o An area of ectoderm directly fused to the endoderm in
    the cranial end of the embryo
    o Will break down to become the mouth
    Cloacal membrane
    o An area of ectoderm directly fused to the endoderm in
    the caudal end of the embryo
    o Will break down to become the anus

    ENDODERM EMBRYOLOGY: Note #1. 1 of 3


    II) ENDODERMAL DERIVATIVES Table 1. Derivatives of Pharyngeal Pouches
    Pharyngeal
    The endoderm forms the epithelial lining of the gut tube Derivative
    Pouch
    The gut tube is divided into three sections/parts: Middle Ear/Tympanic Cavity
    o Foregut 1st
    Auditory Tube/Eustachian Tube
    o Midgut
    Tonsils (tubal, pharyngeal, lingual,
    o Hindgut 2nd
    palatine)
    Superior parathyroid gland
    Inferior parathyroid gland
    3 and 4
    rd th
    Parafollicular cells (C cells)
    Thymus gland

    Figure 3. Formation of the Primitive Gut [Sadler, 2019]

    (A) FOREGUT DERIVATIVES


    Pharynx Figure 4. Pharyngeal Apparatus [Sadler, 2019]
    Esophagus
    Stomach (E) FUSED MEMBRANES
    First two parts of the duodenum
    (1) Buccopharyngeal membrane
    GIT-associated Organs
    o Respiratory bud/diverticulum  respiratory tract Fused ectoderm and endoderm in the cranial region of
    o Hepatic  liver, gallbladder, head of pancreas the embryo
    o Pancreatic  body and tail of pancreas Will form the mouth
    (2) Cloacal Membrane
    (B) MIDGUT DERIVATIVES Fused ectoderm and endoderm in the caudal region of
    Last two parts of the duodenum the embryo
    Jejunum Will form the urethra and anal canal
    Ileum The cloaca will bifurcate:
    Cecum o One part moves anteriorly to form the urogenital
    Ascending colon sinus, which forms the following:
    Proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon  bladder
     urethra
    (C) HINDGUT DERIVATIVES  prostate gland (in males)
    Distal 1/3 of transverse colon o One part moves posteriorly to form the anal canal
    Descending colon  The pectinate line separates the endoderm and
    Sigmoid colon ectoderm derived portions of the anal canal
    Rectum • Superior 2/3 of anal canal – endoderm
    Anal canal • Inferior 1/3 – ectoderm
    (D) PHARYNX
    The primitive pharynx is derived from endoderm
    o A bud from the primitive pharynx forms the thyroid
    The pharyngeal apparatus is also derived from
    endoderm. It consists of:
    o Pharyngeal arches
    o Pharyngeal pouches
    o Pharyngeal grooves
    o Pharyngeal membranes
    The inner membranes of the pharyngeal apparatus are Figure 5. Bifurcation of the Cloacal Membrane [Sadler, 2019]
    lined by endoderm

    Remember
    Mnemonic for Endodermal Derivatives: ENDO
    Epithelial lining of GIT (pharynx to first 2/3 of anal canal)
    Neck (thyroid, thymus, parathyroid glands)
    Drainer (bladder, urethra)
    Organs associated with GIT (lungs, liver, pancreas)

    2 of 3 EMBRYOLOGY: Note #1. ENDODERM


    III) REVIEW QUESTIONS

    Which of the following organs is NOT an


    endodermal derivative?
    a. Liver
    b. Pancreas
    c. Spleen
    d. Stomach

    Which of the following is a derivative of the midgut?


    a. First two parts of the duodenum
    b. Proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon
    c. Sigmoid colon
    d. Rectum

    The tonsils are derived from which pharyngeal


    arch?
    a. 1st
    b. 2nd
    c. 3rd
    d. 4th

    The cloacal membrane forms which of the following


    structures?
    a. Urethra and anal canal
    b. Ureter and urethra
    c. Rectum and anal canal
    d. Vas deferens and urethra

    Which of the following is NOT a foregut derivative?


    a. Pharynx
    b. Esophagus
    c. Stomach
    d. Jejunum

    CHECK YOUR ANSWERS

    IV) REFRENCES
    ● Moore, K.; Persaud, T.V.N. & Torchia, M. (2016). The
    Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology. 10th Ed.
    Elsevier
    ● Sadler,T.W. (2019). Langman’s Medical Embryology. 14th Ed.
    Wolters Kluwer

    ENDODERM EMBRYOLOGY: Note #1. 3 of 3

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