STUDENT INDUSTRIAL EXPERIENCE SCHEME

(SIWES) TECHNICAL REPORT UNDERTAKEN

AT A.A RANO NIGERIA LIMITED,IJEGUN EGBA,

SATELLITE TOWN,LAGOS,NIGERIA.

BY

BISIRIYU NOIMAT ABIMBOLA

(2014214346)

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

NNAMDI AZIKIWE UNIVERSITY,AWKA, ANAMBRA STATE

21st may to 26th October ,2018.

A TECHNICAL REPORT SUBMITTED TO SIWES UNIT OF

NNAMDI AZIKIWE UNIVERSITY,AWKA ON COMPLETION OF

SIWES/IT PROGRAMME

BY

BISIRIYU NOIMAT ABIMBOLA

(2014214346)

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

NNAMDI AZIKIWE UNIVERSITY, AKWA, ANAMBRA STATE

21st may to 26th October ,2018.

DECLARATION

I declare that this technical report is a report of my activities

and experience acquired during the siwes period.This report

is written by me under the supervision of

The information derived from the literature was been duly

acknowledged in the text and a list of reference provided

Name of student signature date

CERTIFICATION

I certify that this technical report is a report of SIWES activities undertaken by me

Name and signature of institution’s supervisor Date

Name and signature of departmental SIWES coordinator Date

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My sincere gratitude goes to almighty God for his infinite blessing upon me.

I will not forget the staff of A.A RANO Nigeria limited as a whole, especially the membersr

Of the safety department in particular.

Finally,I give thanks to all the members of staff and workers of the department of

Chemical engineering, Nnamdi azikiwe university who in one way or the other assisted

me in my academic pursuit.May God almighty be with you all

 ABSTRACT

This report of six months industrial training receive at A.A RANO Nigeria limited terminal in lagos has
served as an eye-opener into the labour market and industrial.

The early part of the report gives an overview of SIWES and the evolution of A.A Rano Nigeria limited.

This report shows my personal involvement in safety management in the terminal as an HSEQ offiicer
and also quality analysis in the terminal’s laboratory.This report is based on
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The industrialists were of the opinion that education going on in higher institutions of learning

around the country was not adequately responsive to the need to strike a balance between

knowing and doing. These issues mark the ground initiation of a scheme to address the problem

in 1964 the industrial training fund (ITF) initiated and designed the students industrial work

experience scheme (SIWES) to help actualize the real essence and development of a full and

well equipped graduate in terms of theory and practice. Since then, the scheme has being giving

Nigerian students unlimited opportunities to also become accustomed with working system and

environment. The student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) therefore was intended

for student of higher institution studying professional courses and undergraduates in Nigerian

universities as a pre-requisite training program. To fulfill this condition, students studying

chemical engineering have to undertake a six months’ hands-on experience training intho an

appropriate organization related to their course.

The scheme was designed to expose students to industrial environment and enable them develop

occupational competencies so that they can readily contribute their quota to national economic

and technological development after graduation.

The Student Industrial Work-Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a planned and supervised training

intervention based on stated and specific learning and career objectives, and geared towards

developing the occupational competencies of the participants. It is a programme required to be

undertaken by all students of tertiary institutions in Nigeria pursuing courses in “specialized

engineering, technical, business, applied sciences and applied arts” (ITF, 2004a).

Industrial training fund in its policy statement No.1, published in 1973, inserted a clause dealing

with the issue of practical skills among locally trained professionals. Section 15 of the policy

statement states inter-alia, that “Great emphasis will be placed on assisting certain products of

post-secondary school system to adopt or orientate easily to their possible post graduate job

environment.

The scheme exposes students to industry based skills necessary for a smooth transition from

classroom to the world of work. It affords student of tertiary institutions the opportunity of being

familiarized exposed to the needed experience in handling machinery and equipment which are

not available in the education institute.

1.1. IMPORTANCE OF SIWES

SIWES have a lot of importance attached to it which includes;

 It helps to improve the quality of skilled manpower of the students. The scheme provides

a forum for industries to evaluate prospective employers and gives feedback to

institutions.

 The scheme gives students practical knowledge of course of study.

 SIWES programme exposes students to real life situation, thus supplementing the

theoretical lesson.

 SIWES programme establish a close collaboration between institutions and industries, a

factor which is essential for preparing people for the workforce.

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF SIWES

Specifically, the objectives of students industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) are;

 To provide an avenue for students in institution of higher learning to acquire industrial

skills and experience in their course of study.

 To provide students opportunity to apply their knowledge in real work ( situation thereby

bridging the gap between college work and actual practice)

 To expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and

machinery, that may not be available in educational institutions.

 To prepare students for the working situations they are to meet after graduation.

 Enlist and strengthen employers’ involvement in the entire educational process of

preparing university graduates for employment in the industry.

CHAPTER TWO

HISTORICAL REVIEW

2.0 DESCRITION OF THE PORT FACILITY

A.A Rano Nigeria Limited is a Nigerian Indigenous oil and gas company that commenced the business
Of marketing and distribution of petroleum products in 1994, with its headquarter in Kano, Nigeria. The
company was fully incorporated as A.A Rano Nigeria Limited in Nigeria in the year 2002.A.A Rano Group
together with all its subsidiaries were incorporated in Nigeria, the industry ,including exploration and
production, refining, distribution, marketing and trading of petroleum products, provision of cargo and
haulage logistic services.

A.A Rano Terminal was licensed in April 2014, the bounded white petroleum products Terminal is
designed to receive vessels, store products and distribute via trucking.

2.1. VISION AND MISSION

To be a leader in the Nigerian oil and Gas industry and sub-saharan Africa.
~To set the standards and raise the bar of business in the business of oil and gas in Nigeria and sub-
saharan Africa through premium and consistent service delivery using skilled personnel who ensures
optimum returns for our stakeholders, shareholders and customers.

~Employing a diverse, innovative and results-oriented team and motivated work force.

~Deliver continuous sustainable Health, Safety, Security and Environmental excellence.

~Profitable growth through superior customer service, innovation, quality and commitment.

2.2 GENERAL LAYOUT OF THE FACILITY

The RANO’s Depot, has the following facilities on ground;

Office block

Loading bays.

Pump stations.

Power generating sets.

Water tank, boreholes and hydrant lines.

6 vertical surface product storage.

Oil water separator.

Water pump house.

Network of product pipelines.

Bond walls.

2.3 DESCRIPTION OF OPERATIONAL PROCESS

Delivery, storage and discharge of petroleum products

The Terminal operations consist in the main of loading petroleum products from supply links such as
vessels, pipelines to storage tanks and onward distribution to bulk road trucks/tankers. Other operation
carried out in the depot include fiscalization and laboratory analysis. Fiscalization is the process of
determining the exact quantity and quality of petroleum products in the tank. It involves tank dipping,
sampling, temperature measurement and laboratory analysis. Above ground piping systems consisting
of pipelines, hoses/loading arms, valves, instrumentation connections, meters and pumps are employed
to transfer the product between the transport links and storage tanks.

During storage, product samples are typically analyzed to ensure quality control

FIG 1: DEPOT ORGANOGRAM

 Deputy Mgr
Depot

Supr. admin Secretary

Supr. Supr. ticketing

Supr. Ops HSEQ Officer Supr. Accounts Supr. Dispatch
Maintenance & programming

2.4 DEPARTMENTS IN OPERATIONS AT A.A RANO

During my training I was posted to the Operations Division and deployed to health, safety,

environment and Quality Control Department (HSEQ). Listed below are the various department

under Operations Division and their various functions.

1. HEALTH,SAFETY,ENVIRONMENT & QUALITY CONTROL

This Department is headed by a supervisor, Who is called “SERIAL 1” and he supervises of

the Following Sections:
• Compliance with legal requirements and regulatory standard

• Hazard identification and correction

• Fire protection

• Oil spill contingency plan

2. MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT
This Department Is headed by a supervisor, who is called “MIKE 1”, and he is in charge of the
Following Sections:

• Maintenance Planning

• Mechanical

• Corrosion

• Instrument

• Electrical

3. BULK DEPARTMENT

This department is headed by a supervisor who is called “BRAVO 1”, and he is in charge

of these sections:

Loading of trucks

Ullage of loaded trucks

 Acquila: flashing of loaded trucks to monitor and to ensure they get to their

destination.

Other departments include the laboratory where quality analysis is done, also ticketing

and programming and dispatch.

CHAPTER THREE
INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE

This chapter covers my experience gained at health, safety, environment and Quality control

department and also the laboratory departments at A.A Rano Depot. The report covers

specifically operations of the Health, safety, environment and Quality Control department, which

is a department that is in charge of ensuring safety in all operations at the terminal and quality

analysis of petroleum products. It is a comprehensive summary of all that I learnt and was

involved in during my SIWES programme at A.A Rano Nigeria Limited Terminal,Lagos State.

2.0 INTRODUCTION TO CRUDE OIL AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

2.0.1 CRUDE OIL

Petroleum etymologically means rock oil. It is natural organic materials composed principally of

hydrocarbons which occur in the gaseous or liquid state in geographical traps. The liquid part

obtained after the removal of dissolved gas is commonly referred to as crude petroleum or crude

oil or simply crude.

Crude oil is a naturally occurring mixture, consisting predominantly of hydrocarbons, sulphur,

nitrogen and oxygen derivatives of hydrocarbons, which is removed from the earth in a liquid

state. Crude oil is commonly accompanied by varying quantities of extraneous substances such
as metals, mostly in small quantities, water, inorganic matter and gas. The removal of such

extraneous substances alone does not change the status of the mixture as Crude oil.

Fundamentally crude oil consists of 84-87wt% carbon, 11-14wt% hydrogen, 0-3wt% sulphur, 0-

2wt% oxygen, 0-0.6wt% nitrogen and metals ranging from 0-0.14wt% or 0-100ppm.

Crude oil ranges widely in their physical and chemical properties. Crude oil are brownish (light

oils having large amounts of distillates) to brownish black (heavy oils) in colour. Heavy oils have

an unpleasant odour due to the high sulphur content, while the light crudes have pleasant

aromatic like smell. Though general, it is not always true. Data for a considerable number of

crude oils indicate the specific gravities between 0.73 and 1.02; most crudes having specific

gravities lying between 0.80 and 0.95. These values are for surface conditions of temperature and

pressure. The kinematic viscosities vary from 0.7 to 1300 cSt at 37.8oC; the bulk of the values

being in the range of 2.3-23 cSt. Typically Crude oil with high sulphur content is termed as Sour

Crude. On the other hand, Crude oils with low sulphur content are termed as Sweet Crude.

In Nigerian the different types of crude we have includes; Bonny Light, Escravos Light (ESLT)

and Ughelli Blend (UB) and they are sweet and light crudes.

Crude oil occurs in many difference parts of the world and its composition varies according to its

source.

2.0.2. PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

Petroleum products are useful materials derived from crude oil as it is processed in oil

refineries. They following are the Major products consumed in Nigeria.

PREMIUM MOTOR SPIRIT (PMS)

PMS popularly called petrol in this part of the world or gasoline is one of the most widely used

petroleum products. It is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons produced by mixing fractions

obtained from the distillation of crude oil with brand-specific additives to improve performance.

Under normal conditions, it is a volatile liquid with a characteristic odour. It is mainly used as a

fuel for light road vehicles (cars, motorbikes and small vans) and small appliances.

DUAL PURPOSE KEROSENE (DPK)

DPK implies Dual Purpose Kerosene but generally known as Nigeria is one of the fractional

distillates of crude is derived through refining process. Technically, it refers to two different

products i.e. Household kerosene (HHK) popularly known as kerosene is used for cooking and

other industrial use. While Aviation Turbine kerosene (ATK) otherwise known as Jet A1 is used

in the aviation industry.

Kerosene is a liquid fuel, similar in composition to diesel, obtained from the distillation of crude

oil. Kerosene is produced on an industrial scale by distilling crude oil in a process similar to that

used to produce diesel or petrol.

AUTOMOTIVE GAS OIL (AGO)

AGO popularly known as diesel is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons produced by mixing

fractions obtained in the mid- boiling range from the distillation and processing of Crude oil with

brand-specific additives to improve performance. Under normal conditions it is a liquid with a

characteristic odour. Diesel is produced by blending straight-run middle distillates( minimum

40%) with varying proportions of straight –run gas oil, light vacuum distillates, light thermally-

cracked distillates and light catalytically- cracked distillate.

AGO (Diesel) is mainly used as a fuel for heavy-duty vehicles, such as trucks and buses and

light- duty vehicles, such as Vans and passenger cars. Although other forms of transport (such as

ships and trains) and electricity generators also use certain types of diesel. It is generally used as

fuel for heavy fuel oil.

2.1. FACILITIES THAT AID OIL MOVEMENT

1) PIPELINES

Nigeria consumes about 33million litres per day of petroleum products. (NNPC REPORT-

THISDAY MAY 28, 2012).

Pipeline transport is the transportation of goods through a pipe. Crude petroleum and refined

petroleum product are usually transported through pipelines. Pipelines are generally the most

economical way to transport large quantities of oil, refined oil products or natural gas over land.

Pipelines are the irreplaceable core of the Nigeria petroleum transportation system and hence the

key to meeting petroleum demand. Without oil pipelines, Petroleum products would not reach

the millions of consumers all around the country. The pipelines connect the flow stations,

refineries, depot, pump station, and jetties in

2. VESSELS

These are water transportation facilities of different capacities through which petroleum products

are carried and transmitted in the water ways. For instance petroleum products are transmitted

from Port Harcourt to Calabar through vessels. They have both Local and international

application. They are usually anchored to the jetty for the discharge of their contents or the Use

of single point mooring (SPM).

3. TERMINALS

These are locations built in the high sea and Water Ways mainly for exportation/importation of

petroleum products. The two Major terminals in Nigeria are at Escravos and Atlas cove which

deals mainly with imported refined products (usually PMS) and Bonny export the products.

4. JETTIES

These are just like bus stops. They are facilities built in high sea and water way through which

the products from vessels are discharged. They have in-built provision through which the content

of the vessels are off-loaded through a pipe which is usually connected to depot. There is a jetty

behind the depot for receipt of products.

FIG 2: JETTY AND SHORELINE OF THE TERMINAL

6. DEPOTS

It is an industrial facility for the storage of oil and products and from which these products are

usually transported to end users or further storage facilities. They are like bus stops on the land

along the pipe, lines. They are made up of Storage tanks and Pumping Machines that makes
product available to local consumers in different geographical locations. The facilities are to

ensure proper distribution and availability of the products at different places for marketing

purposes. In Nigeria we have 22 depots.

SOURCE DEPOTS
Depots from Which Pipeline Operations Could Be Initiated
DESTINATION DEPOTS
Depots That Only Receive Products from Pipelines and Dispense To Road Tankers
7. PUMP STATION

They are facilities housing Pumping Equipment for Petroleum products. They are usually built in

the transmission lines to increase the flow pressure or flow rates. They are usually built along the

pipeline when the distance of the flow is far or the topography of the right of way is undulating.

They are always booster pumps to increase the pressure of flow at pump stations. They take care

of changes in pressure along the line flow. Most pumps are driven by electric motors, although

diesel engines or gas turbines may also be used.

8. FILLING STATIONS

These are mini depots constructed to ensure the availability of the products at the door steps of

consumers. The products are supplied to these stations via tankers or truck the load at main

depots. Both the Mega are minor stations are controlled by PPMC. They can be retaining outlets.

9. SINGLE POINT MOORING (SPM)

SPM is a loading buoy anchored offshore, that serves as a mooring point and interconnection for

tankers loading or offloading gas or liquid products.

This is an alternative provision for the discharge of products from vessels in the water ways .This

is always available in the terminals. It is mainly used in the high sea the pipe is not connected to
the jetty in this case; the discharge pipe of the vessels is connected to the SPM which is neither

connected to the depot or the pipeline. It is used for discharge when the jetty fails because the

jetty discharges faster than the SPM.

2.2.0 A.A RANO DEPOT OPERATIONS

An oil depot as earlier explained is an industrial facility for the storage of oil and/or petroleum

products and from which these products are usually transported to end users or further storage

facilities. It is (sometimes called a tank farm, installation or oil terminal). An oil depot typically

has tankage, either above ground or underground, and gantries for the discharge of products into

road tankers or pipelines.

Oil depots are usually situated close to oil refineries or in locations where marine tankers

containing products can discharge their cargo. Some depots are attached to pipelines from which

they draw their supplies and depots can also be fed by rail, by barge and by road tanker

(sometimes known as "bridging").

Most oil depots have road tankers operating from their grounds and these vehicles transport

products to petrol stations or other users.

In oil depot there is no processing or other transformation on site. The products which reach the

depot are in their final form and if after necessary test are carried out in the depot laboratory to
ensure that the products meets specification that is on- Spec, it is then suitable for delivery to

customers.

In A.A Rano depot where I worked there is a Chemical laboratory where day to day quality

control test are carried out and a Control room where oil movement is monitored. This enables

the quality control laboratory chemist to maintain high quality product delivery for which are

known, as PMS, AGO AND DPK. This enable all the numerous customers and the consumer

find solace in dealing with the corporation as a result of the quality product and services ensured.

The activities carried are based on quality control and monitoring of petroleum product as

mentioned above. The party of petroleum product carried out in quality control laboratory are

basically PMS, the distillation profile of PMS, density test and the temperature, AGO, the flash

point of AGO, density test and temperature test, as well as DPK, and the interface monitoring of

these petroleum products. These are carried out to ensure quality of the petroleum product.

Quality control of petroleum product is a necessity if the products are to give satisfactory

performance to the customers. Keeping in view the usefulness of each product for specific

purpose, standard organizations have drafted methods of tests and specification.

FIG 3: SCHEMATIC PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR DEPOT OPERATIONS

2.2.1 CONTROL ROOM OPERATIONS

THE CENTRAL CONTROL ROOM

In order that proper overall planning for the movement of products from source depot to

distribution depot can be achieved, it is necessary to establish a common Centre where all

relevant information is collected and processed and from which the necessary instructions and/or

direct commands emanate. In the case of the product pipelines complex the natural choice for

such a Centre is the central control room located at depots.

Pipelines are controlled and operated remotely, from what is usually known as The Central
Control Room.
Pipeline employees through the control panel control the pumps and other aspects of pipeline
operations. The control panel/board is such that return real-time information about the rate of
flow, the pressure, the speed and other characteristics.
PROCESS CONTROLS
 All Field Operations and Processes Are Monitored And Controlled From The Control
Room; These Include Amongst Others

 Pump Controls

 Tankage Activities

 Interface Monitoring

 Pigging Activities

 Fire Fighting Activities

 Metering And Meter Proving Activities

 Communication Within Depot And Other Locations

FIG 4: DEPOT CONTROL PANEL - Showing Process Indicators for All Field Equipment
Also installed in the Control Room is the;
 Diesel Engine Pump and Flow Control Panel which consists of Process control
computers, Metering and Meter Prover Controls, Densitometers and Pig Signalers
 Fire Fighting Control and Annunciator Control Panel which indicate Process and Alarm
status of Equipment and Variables.
 Electric Motor Pump Control Panel.

2.2.2 PRODUCT RECEPTION

The process of product receipt can be summarized as follows; first before product is received at

the depot a tank is nominated at the refinery and fiscalization of the nominated tank is carried

out. Fiscalization is simply the determining the exact quantity and quality of product in the tank.

It is carried out using the Measuring steel tape or Dip meter, Thermometer and Thief can used
for collecting samples. The refinery operator then performs the tank dipping exercise to measure

the tank level, draw up a representative sample of the product with the Thief can for laboratory

analysis of the density, flash point, distillation for gasoline and other necessary characteristics.

The temperature of the product is also taken using the Thermometer. The Depot operator

prepares an empty tank to receive the product. If an empty tank is not readily available and a

tank already containing product is to be used, fiscalization of the tank is carried out prior to

receiving crude into it. Water draining exercise is also carried out to ensure that the tank is free

of water. When all preparations are complete at the terminals and refining ends of the supply

pipeline the Refinery operator then gives the Depot operator the final signal for alertness while

the booster pump is switched on to pump the product in the tank. At the end of the product

receipt, the operator calculates the quantity received into the tank and carries out the fiscalization

of the product in the same manner as above. The products are pumped through the booster

pumps and are received through pipelines. These pipelines have different colour coding

depending on the product received in order to avoid contamination. For PMS we have BLUE,

YELLOW for DPK and PURPLE for AGO

Middle band indicates colour code for PRODUCTS, YELLOW for DPK
FIG 5: SHOWING COLOR CODE FOR DPK AND AGO

PURPLE for AGO BLUE for PMS

FIG 6: COLOR CODE FOR PMS

2.2.3 PRODUCT TRANSFER PUMPS

The products are transferred from the storage tanks to tanks to the gantry using pumps

dedicated for this purpose. There are total of ten(10) pumps in the depot. Each pump has

motor power rating of 45KW/58Hp, pump capacity of 225m3/hr, speed of 1470rpm, and

frequency of 50Hz.

FIG 7: PRODUCT PUMP HOUSE

2.2.4 FLOW METERING

This is the process of using a flow meter to measure the volume of liquid (i.e. crude oil or

petroleum products) as it passes through the pipelines. Flow meter are installed at all stations and

the indicate the amount of products being passed through the station at any given time.
Meter prover: Normal flow of pumped products is through the prover. The operating principle of

the prover is to displace a known precise volume of products for direct comparison with the

meter readout, thus providing a means of calibrating the meter under actual operating conditions.

FROM VESSEL TO DEPOT TANKS

There are no metering activities from the Import Tankers to the depot Tanks. Hence quantity

determination by metering cannot be carried out.

FROM DEPOT TANKS TO ROAD TRUCKS

Meters are installed at the Loading gantries for discharge of petroleum products from the depot

tanks to the road trucks. The transaction is between the buyer and the operators. The Department

of Petroleum Resources (DPR) representatives always monitor the activities at the oil depots.

The operating company personnel and the buyer’ representatives witness the discharge of

products by the operator through the meter. After settling of product in the road truck the

quantity of product is jointly ullaged using ullage bar to reconfirm the metered quantity. If there

are no discrepancies between the quantities, a Certificate of Quantity shall be issued by

operator’s management and circulate accordingly.

2.2.5 STORAGE TANKS

The storage tanks are situated at the tank farm and are used to store large quantities of petroleum

products. The tanks are cylindrical and large with various capacities. They are constructed with

stainless steel or mild steel to resist corrosion because of impurities in the products like water

which is an agent of corrosion. The storage tanks for the Volatile products like PMS have

floating roofs while others like DPK and AGO have fixed roofs. The floating roof tank
comprises of an open-topped cylindrical steel shell equipped with a roof that floats on the surface

of the stored liquid due to changes in the vapour pressure of the products as the temperature

changes so as to prevent vapour losses. As opposed to the fixed roof tanks there is no vapour

space (ullage) in the floating roof tank. In principle, this eliminates breathing losses and greatly

reduces the evaporative loss of the stored liquid.

Ladders are constructed with the tanks to allow accessibility to the top in other to determine the

temperature and volume of products in the tank daily.

In A.A Rano depot where I worked there are five vertical product storage tanks of 10,300m^3

each, with a height of 17.5m and 28.6m diameter.1 tank for DPK, 1 forAGO and the remaining 3

tanks for PMS.SLOP Tank used for storing contaminated products.

FIG 8: STORAGE TANK

2.2.6 LOADING OPERATIONS

As mentioned earlier, petroleum products from the depot tanks are dispensed to the road

tankers from the Loading Gantry. Each loading gantry consists of the following:

i) TWO LOADING ARMS: Each pair of loading arm must dispense same product. Each

loading arm is able to discharge 33,000litres of products in 15 minutes. Six of the

arms are dedicated for dispensing PMS and two arms each for AGO and DPK

respectively.

ii) TWO POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT METERS AND LOADING METERS: These ensure that

accurate records of products delivered by the loading pumps are kept, they are

pneumatically activated.

iii) ACCULOAD II PROCESS CONTROLLERS: It is a meter control and measurement system

used to control a lane of loading arms; it has dual loading ticket printers below and

loading control panel. They are stand-alone process controller and are electronically

activated.
 FIG. LOADING GANTRY

2.2.7 INTERFACE MONITORING

Interface on petroleum products in multi- purpose pipelines systems refers to as the zone of

demarcation between two products when mixing occurs. Generally, interface is a boundary layer,

so the boundary between two products when they are pumped in succession is known as

interface. During the pumping of these products they are not allowed to come in contact with

each other because of lack of tolerance, due to this, they are pumped in successions. Generally

interface when properly handled has no effect on the quality of the product but if it is not

properly handled and cut at the appropriate time there would be product contamination.
During interface cutting or monitoring, there is usually a buffer inside the pipeline that separates

the two products that are to be pumped. The buffer is a contaminated product and so it to help the

pipeline operators know the appropriate time for cutting. The pipeline operators continues to

track the interface using the thermometer for checking the temperature of the product and the

hydrometer to continuously measure the density of the product and compare the differences.

When a significant change in density of the product is observed, the receiving tank is closed to

ensure that the product is not contaminated. The pipeline operators then perform same routine

and if it is the buffer, the slop tank is opened to receive the contaminated product; after which the

second tank is opened depending on the next product in the line. There is always a certain

amount of intermixing between the first product and the second at the "interface," the point

where they meet. If the products are similar, such as two grades of gasoline, the resulting mixture

is added to the lower value product. If the products are dissimilar, such as diesel and gasoline,

the "transmix," the hybrid product created by intermixing at the interface, must be channeled to

separate storage and reprocessed

3.3.0 HEALTH, SAFETY, ENVIRONMENT AND QUALITY (HSEQ)

Health, safety, environment and quality control (HSEQ) is the department in a company or an

organization tasked with ensuring that the work undertaken by the company does not cause

undue environmental damage, put the workers’ health and safety at high risk, complies with

applicable legislation, and follows best practices.

Environmental health and safety departments take a systematic and empirically informed

approach to preventing accidents and injuries. They oversee a range of hazards, including

ergonomic hazards, exposure to carcinogens, falls from height, and heavy machinery.
The work undertaken by HSEQ departments is motivated by a number of concerns:

1. The protection of workers, their health, and the natural environment.

2. Compliance with legal requirements and regulatory standards.

3. The increase in productivity, profit, and morale that comes with a safe and healthy

workplace.

4. Hazard Identification and correction

5. Shutdown of dangerous operations

6. Emergency Response and Preparedness

7. Safety Communication and Training

The A.A Rano HSEQ team is in charge of the following:

3.3.1. OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLAN

Oil spill contingency plans are a legal requirement for operations in the offshore oil and

gas industry, vessel operations in ports and harbors. An oil

spill contingency plan is a detailed oil spill response and

removal plan that addresses controlling, containing, and

recovering an oil discharge in quantities that may be harmful to navigate waters or

adjoining shorelines.

A.A Rano has sufficient internal resources for dealing with Tier-1 oil spill within her

facility. Some of these resources are strategically positioned at eight (8) locations within

the depot for emergency oil spill response.

FIG 10: SHOWING PROCEDURE FOR OIL SPILL IN THE TERMINAL

3.3.2 Fire Protection

Fire is a chemical reaction that requires three elements to be present for the reaction to take place and
continue. The three elements are:

• Heat, or an ignition source

• Fuel
• Oxygen

These three elements typically are referred to as the “fire triangle.” Fire is the result of the reaction
between the fuel and oxygen in the air. Scientists developed the concept of a fire triangle to aid in
understanding of the cause of fires and how they can be prevented and extinguished. Heat, fuel and
oxygen must combine in a precise way for a fire to start and continue to burn. If one element of the fire
triangle is not present or removed, fire will not start or, if already burning, will extinguish.

Ignition sources can include any material, equipment or operation that emits a spark or flame—
including obvious items, such as torches, as well as less obvious items, such as static electricity and
grinding operations. Equipment or components that radiate heat, such as kettles, catalytic converters
and mufflers, also can be ignition sources.

Fuel sources include combustible materials, such as wood, paper, trash and clothing; flammable liquids,
such as gasoline or solvents; and flammable gases, such as propane or natural gas.

Oxygen in the fire triangle comes from the air in the atmosphere. Air contains approximately 79 percent
nitrogen and 21 percent oxygen. OSHA describes a hazardous atmosphere as one which is oxygen-
deficient because it has less than 19.5 percent oxygen, or oxygen enriched because it has greater than
23.5 percent oxygen. Either instance is regarded by OSHA as an atmosphere immediately dangerous to
life and health (IDLH) for reasons unrelated to the presence of fire. Depending on the type of fuel
involved, fires can occur with much lower volume of oxygen present than needed to support human
respiration.

Every roofing project has all three of the fire triangle elements present in abundance. The key to
preventing fires is to keep heat and ignition sources away from materials, equipment and structures that
could act as fuel to complete the fire triangle.

Fire Classifications
Fires are classified as A, B, C, D or K based on the type of substance that is the fuel for the fire, as
follows:
 Class A—fires involving ordinary combustibles, such as paper, trash, some plastics, wood and cloth. A
rule of thumb is if it leaves an ash behind, it is a Class A fire.

Class B—fires involving flammable gases or liquids, such as propane, oil and gasoline

Class C—fires involving energized electrical components

Class D—fires involving metal. A rule of thumb is if the name of the metal ends with the letters “um,”
it is a Class D fire. Examples of this are aluminum, magnesium, beryllium and sodium. Class D fires
rarely occur in the roofing industry.

Class K—fires involving vegetable or animal cooking oils or fats; common in commercial cooking
operations using deep fat fryers

Fire Extinguishers
There are different types of fire extinguishers designed to put out the different classes of fire. Selecting
the appropriate fire extinguisher is an important consideration for a roofing contractor. The wrong
extinguisher actually may make a fire emergency worse. For example, failing to use a Crated
extinguisher on energized electrical components may endanger workers by causing the extinguishing
material to be electrified by the energized components that are on fire. C-rated fire extinguishers put
out the fire by using a chemical that does not conduct electricity.

The following table illustrates the types of extinguishers, fire classes for which each is used and the
limitations of each extinguisher.

Fire Class of Extinguisher

Extinguisher Fire it Limitations/
Type Extinguishes Comments

Dry Chemical A, B, C Generally good for use in roofing

(multipurpose) industry
Foam—alcohol-resistant B Expensive; effective on Class B only;
and aqueous film-forming limited shelf life; generally not foam (AFFF) types
needed in roofing industry
Water A Good only for Class A fires
Metal X D Expensive; must be kept dry; ineffective on A,
B, C; typically not needed in roofing industry
Carbon Dioxide B, C If used in confined areas, will create oxygen deficiency; not effective in
windy conditions; can
cause frostbite during discharge; typically not used in roofing
industry
Halon B, C Expensive; not effective in windy conditions; toxic gases may be released in
extremely hot fires because of decomposition; generally not used in roofing industry

Potassium Acetate K Expensive, wet chemical extinguisher for

commercial cooking operations using oils and fats
Roofing contractors typically purchase dry-chemical fire extinguishers because they can extinguish three
fire classes (A, B and C).

OSHA requires a minimum-rated 10B fire extinguisher be provided within 50 feet of the point of job site
use of more than 5 gallons of flammable or combustible liquids or 5 pounds of flammable gas. Examples
of flammable and combustible liquids include gasoline, kerosene, acetone, MEK, singleply adhesives,
splice cleaners and asphalt cutback products. Fire extinguishers must be rated by a nationally recognized
testing laboratory.

Extinguishers also must be inspected on a regular basis and maintained fully charged.

Using Fire Extinguishers

When using fire extinguishers, employees should employ the “PASS” system of early-stage firefighting.

P—Pull the pin on the extinguisher

A—Aim at the base of the fire

S—Squeeze the handle

S—-Sweep at the fire, moving from side to side

Employees should be instructed that if a fire cannot be extinguished using one full extinguisher, they
should evacuate the site and let the fire department handle the situation.

3.4. QUALITY CONTROL LABORATORY A.A RANO

SPECIMEN COLLECTION: Samples are usually collected from marketers at the Tarmac,

which is a place where trucks that bridged or those containing products are parked and also from
the tank farm. The products are mainly Premium Motor Spirit (PMS), Dual Purpose Kerosene

(DPK) and Automotive Gas Oil (AGO).

The entire products must be tested for certification by carrying out quality control test on them

before reaching the final consumers. These samples are collected with a container called “thief

can” which is dipped into the truck for the collection of the top, bottom and middle.

QUALITY CONTROL TEST

In the quality control laboratory, the following test are usually carried out:

TEMPERATURE TEST

DENSITY TEST

DISTILLATION PROFILE MAINLY FOR PMS

FLASH POINT TEST

A. DETERMINATION OF TEMPERATURE

AIM: To determine the temperature of PMS, DPK AND AGO

APPARATUS USED: Thermometer, Measuring cylinder

PROCEDURE: The samples collected from the tanks was poured into the measuring cylinder,

the thermometer was dipped into it and left for about 2-3 minutes, the temperature reading was

then taken and recorded. This procedure was repeated for the remaining samples.
NORMAL RANGE: At least normal room temperature.

PRECAUTION

 I ensured that the measuring cylinder was rinsed with the product to be tested before

carrying out the test.

 I ensured that the temperature reading was taken as the thermometer was removed from

the measuring cylinder to obtain an accurate result.

B. DETERMINATION OF DENSITY

Density of a fluid is its mass per unit volume and the related term Specify gravity is the ratio of

the density of a product to that of water at the same temperature. The temperature usually

specified is 15.56o c. They are important properties of petroleum and petroleum products and

accurate determinations of the density, specific gravity of a petroleum product are necessary for

the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at standard temperature of 15.56o when the

volume is known; its mass can be calculated.

Density, relative density (specific gravity), or API gravity is a factor governing the quality and

pricing of crude petroleum. However, this property of petroleum is an uncertain indication of its

quality unless correlated with other properties.

Density is an important quality indicator for automotive, aviation and marine fuels, where it

affects storage, handling and combustion. It also provides a check on the uniformity of gasoline.

Density is measured in Kg/m3 because mass/volume =density=Kg/m3

This test method covers the laboratory determination using a glass hydrometer. Values are

determined at existing temperatures and corrected to 15°C or 60°F by means of a series of

calculations and international standard tables.

AIM: To get the mass per unit volume of the product.

APPARATUS USED : Hydrometer, Measuring cylinder,

PROCEDURE: The sample was poured into the measuring cylinder and the hydrometer of

required range was gently dropped into the measuring cylinder containing the sample. It was left

for some minutes to attain balance or equilibrium. Then the hydrometer reading was taken and

recorded. Hydrometers are of different types hence different hydrometers were used for the

different product sample depending on the one that was most suitable.

NORMAL RANGE:

PMS: 750-800kg/m3

DPK: 800-850 kg/m3

AGO: 850-900 kg/m3

PRECUATION

 I ensured that the measuring cylinder was rinsed with the particular product to be tested
before carrying out the experiment.
 I ensured that the reading was only taken when the hydrometer had attain equilibrium and
at the point of meniscus.
FIG. 11: SERIES OF HYDROMETER

C. DETERMINATION OF FLASH POINT

The flash point of volatile material is the lowest temperature at which it can vaporize to form an

ignitable mixture in air. Measuring a flash point requires an ignition source. Below the flash

point the vapor may cease to burn when the source of ignition is removed. The flash point is

often used as descriptive characteristics of liquid fuel, and it is also use to help characterize the

fire hazard of liquids. The determination of flash point of petroleum products consist of heating a

given volume of liquid at a standard rate of temperature rise until vapor is produced to such a

degree as to give a flammable mixture with air in an enclosed space (i.e. closed flash point

temperature), ignition resulting or with air in an open cup.

Each flammable liquid requires a different concentration of it is vapor in air to sustain

combustion. The flash point of a flammable liquid is the lowest temperature at which there will

be enough flammable vapor to ignite when an ignition source is applied.

DPK: The minimal flash point of DPK is 45°c and this is the lowest temperature at which DPK

can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air. If the flash point of DPK is below this value

45°c, it is highly flammable and it is off specification that is (off-spec), therefore the product is

not allowed to get to the consumers. DPK flash point test is mainly done to prevent inclusion of

highly flammable volatile fraction when in used. The normal range of the DPK flash point is

45°c-62°c.

AGO: The minimal flash point of AGO is 65°c, it is the lowest temperature at which AGO can

vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air. If the flash point of AGO is below this temperature

value, it means, it is highly flammable therefore it is off specification (off-spec). The normal

range for the flash point of AGO is 650c-1200c.

PMS: This product is not always flashed because of its volatility which gives it a very low flash

point and makes it highly flammable.

AIM: To determine the minimum temperature at which the vapour from a heated sample of AGO

and DPK will ignite when exposed to flame

APPARATUS USED FOR AGO: Pensky Martens Flash point tester which consists of the

following: Test cup, Test cover and shutter, Stirring device, Heater, Source of ignition and

Thermometer.

PROCEDURE FOR AGO: The test cup was thoroughly cleaned and dried, it was then filled with

the sample to be tested to the level indicated by the filling mark of the cup and the lid was

placed. The locking device was properly engaged and the thermometer was inserted. The gas

source was opened and the source of ignition (lighter) was used to light up a flame, the flame

was adjusted so that the temperature rises to about 600c. The stirrer was stirred at 120rmp,
rotation per minutes [revolution]. The experimental set-up was carefully monitored to ensure that

an accurate result is obtained. The quality control minimum flash point for AGO is 65°c as a

result of this, the test flame was first applied at 00c- 500c, after which the flame test was then

applied at every 10c-20c rise in temperature. The test flame was introduced by lowering the

flame into the vapour space of the cup and quickly raised to its normal position .The observed

flash point temperature was read from thermometer when test flame application caused a

distinct flash point in the interior of the cup.

FIG 12: PENSKY MARTENS FLASH POINT TESTER

FLASH POINT TEST FOR DPK

APPARATUS USED: Tag-Closed cup flash point tester which consists of the following:

Test cup, test cup cover and shutter, heating source, ignition source and thermometer.
PROCEDURE: The same procedure above is repeated for DPK. The quality control minimum

flash point temperature for DPK is 45°c. As a result of this, the test flame was first applied to the

sample at 0°c-10°c and after 400c the test flame is then applied to every 10c-20c rise in

temperature. This was repeated until the sample was flashed i.e. the point at which the flame

goes off when lowered into the vapour space of the cup. The temperature at this point was then

taken and recorded as the observed flash point.

PRECAUTIONS

 I ensured that the test cup was filled with the sample to the filling mark of the cup.

 I made sure that the locking device was properly engaged and that the thermometer

was well inserted.

 Ensured that the rim of the cup is in contact with the inner surface of the cover round

the circumference

 I ensured that the reading on thermometer was taken immediately the product flashed

to ensure an accurate result.

 FIG 13: TAG-CLOSED CUP FLASH POINT TESTER

D. DETERMINATION OF PMS DISTILLATION

Distillation is the process of purifying [a liquid] by heating it so that it vaporized, then cooling

and condensing the vapor and collecting the resulting liquid. Distillation is a widely used method

for separating mixture based on differences in the conditions required to change the phase of

mixture of liquids. The liquid can be heated to force components, which have different boiling

points, into the gas phase. The gas is then condensed back into liquid form and collect.

Distillation is used for many commercial processes, such as distillation of PMS {petroleum

product} and this type of distillation used for PMS is called fraction distillation. The distillation

characteristics(volatility) have an important effect on their safety and performance, it also gives a

broad indication of fuel type and are indicative of the vaporization behavior of fuels in storage.

Volatility is the major determinant of the tendency of a hydrocarbon mixture to produce

potentially explosive vapors.

Distillation limits are often included in petroleum product specifications, in commercial contract

agreements, process refinery/control applications, and for compliance to regulatory rules.

AIM: To determine the minimum temperature at which the product starts evaporating that is the

initial boiling point and the maximum temperature at which the sample stop boiling which is

the final boiling point.

APPARATUS USED: Petroleum products distillation tester, Distillation flask and cork,

Measuring cylinder, Cooling bath (chamber), Thermometer.

PROCEDURE
100ml of PMS was measured into the distillation flask, the flask was corked with the

thermometer fitted at the middle, the flask was then placed into the distillation machine and heat

was applied to vaporize the sample. The cooling bath of the distiller was filled with Ice; the

temperature was then raised to 200c because a good product would start condensing at about

300c. The measuring cylinder was placed close to the collection unit of the distiller to collect the

condensed liquids. The temperature observed at the fall of the first drop of condensate into the

measuring cylinder was recorded and taken as the initial boiling point (IBP). The temperature

reading at which 5ml, 10ml, 20ml, 30ml, 40ml, 50ml and 70ml was also taken; next the

temperature was increased by 50c and the temperature at which 90ml and 95ml was recovered

was recorded, after which the maximum temperature reached during the test was recorded as the

final boiling point (FBP).

NORMAL RANGE

The normal range for any good PMS sample is 2050c-2070c; any product that boils above this

temperature is suspected to contain impurities.

FIG 14 : PETROLEUM PRODUCT DISTILLATION TESTER

QUALITY CONTROL CERTIFICATE

After all the tests have been carried out on the samples taken from the marketers at the tarmac,

and the results are within the specified range, there is a certificate issued to the marketers. This

certificate is called the quality control certificate. When completed, the test results are stated in

the quality certificate to show that the products are on-spec (within range) or off-spec (outside

range). There are specifications that have been placed for each petroleum product. After the tests,

if the product is on-spec, the certificate is printed and attached to their way bills and sent to the

laboratory scientist for signing after which it is then taken to the Depot manager for certification

and then to the department of Petroleum resources for their acknowledgement after which it is

given to the marketers to continue with the distribution of the product. Below is a sample of a

quality control certificate.

3.5 PIPELINE MAINTENANCE

Unprotected pipelines, whether buried

in the ground, exposed to the atmosphere, or submerged in water, are susceptible to corrosion.

Without proper maintenance, every pipeline system will eventually deteriorate. Corrosion can

weaken the structural integrity of a pipeline and make it an unsafe vehicle for transporting

potentially hazardous materials. However, technology exists to extend pipeline structural life

indefinitely if applied correctly and maintained consistently.

CATHODIC AND CORROSION PROTECTION

Corrosion protection is required to maintain the integrity of a pipeline system and cathodic

protection is fundamental to preserving pipelines.

Cathodic Protection (CP) is a technique used to control the corrosion of a metal surface by

making it the cathode of an electrochemical cell.[1] A simple method of protection connects

protected metal to a more easily corroded "sacrificial metal" to act as the anode. The sacrificial

metal then corrodes instead of the protected metal. For structures such as long pipelines, where

passive galvanic cathodic protection is not adequate, an external DC electrical power source is

used to provide sufficient current. Cathodic protection (CP) is a technology that uses direct

electrical current to counteract the normal external corrosion of a metal pipeline. On new

pipelines, CP can help prevent corrosion from starting; on existing pipelines; CP can help stop

existing corrosion from getting worse

Furthermore, using persons trained in corrosion control is crucial to the success of any corrosion

mitigation program. When pipeline operators assess risk, corrosion control must be an integral

part of their evaluation.

Corrosion control is an ongoing, dynamic process. The keys to effective corrosion control of

pipelines are quality design and installation of equipment, use of proper technologies, and

ongoing maintenance and monitoring by trained professionals. An effective maintenance and

monitoring program can be an operator’s best insurance against preventable corrosion-related

problems.
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED

During the period of my industrial attachment with Pipelines And Products Marketing Company

I encountered the following problems.

 First, I and my other colleagues were not given adequate orientation about the

Company on time.

 There was lack of detailed information on some of the practicals carried out.

 Malfunctioning of some of the apparatus and Equipment at the Depot

 Inhalation of petroleum products during loading and other harmful gases as

appropriate Personal Protective Equipment(PPE) such as nose mask was not

readily available.

 Reluctance of some of the staff and laboratory personnel to explain the working

principle of some of the equipment and practical procedures in the laboratory.

This in turn makes it difficult for I to know in detail some of the work that are

been carried out.

4.2 RELEVANCE OF THE SIWES PROGRAM

Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme is very relevant as it aims at giving the recipient the

competencies required to do a job or carry out a function. It transfers knowledge, skills, abilities

and attitudes required to do a specific job or carry out a specific function from one person to

another or to a group of persons.

During the course of my industrial training program, I was familiar with the professional

environment and its activities; I met professional chemical engineers who taught me what it

means to practice chemical engineering. The programme also helped to improve my writing,

communication and listening skills. It diversified my practical experience and helped me in

developing the attribute of team work and correlation with members of other

professions and disciplines.

 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

I want to say sincerely that the industrial training is of great importance to the student’s field of

study and therefore great attention should be given to it. The industrial training supervisors

should improve their relationship with the students and give them detailed information on

whatever they are doing, to make them work independently. Firms and companies should also

assist the students on training with funds to serve as incentives and financial aids.

5.1 Advice to Future Participants

Students who will be trained in future should try to apply early and in multiple places to enable

them get the best placement. They should also not focus on the financial benefits but rather on

the experience they will gain. They should also show total effective to their duty and be zealous

to learn as this will help leave a good print of them and the school they represent.

5.2 Advice to the SIWES Coordinators

The SIWES Coordinators should endeavor to give orientation to students before they embark on

the training, as this will help them understand the purpose of the scheme. The training

immensely improves capabilities of its participants; hence it should be encouraged.