TRINITY PRIMARY SCHOOL AND KINDERGARTEN – BUKOTO

PRIMARY SIX GRAMMAR LESSON NOTES

TERM III 2016
LESSON ONE
ADJECTIVES:
These are words that/ which describe or point out or modify the person, animal, place or thing by limiting its meaning.
These are words that add a characteristic to a noun or pronoun.
They tell us more about a noun or pronoun.
They are also known as noun modifiers.

Examples of adjectives:
- A tall, handsome man.
- Fair, glossy, wavy hair.
- Comfortable arm chair
- yellow dress, narrow, wide, intelligent, pretty, dangerous, sunny, stormy, cloudy, etc
- articles are adjectives such as a, an and the. A and an are indefinite articles. The is the definite article.
- Possessive kinds of nouns such as, Roger’s and the captain’s can also be considered adjectives.
- A proper adjective is formed from a proper noun and begins with a capital letter.
Examples:
Uganda ……Ugandan
Kenya ……..Kenyan
Switzerland…….Swiss
Holland/ Netherlands………Dutch
Sweden…………...Swedish
Belgium……………Belgian
Germany………….German
China………………Chinese
NB: Proper adjectives that end in “ese” have the same form in their singular and plural.
Position and use of an adjective
Study the following sentences
1. The lazy boy was punished.
2. The bot is lazy.

In sentence 1: the adjective “lazy” is used along with the noun boy as an epithet or attribute. It is therefore, used attributively.
In sentence 2: the adjective “lazy” is used along with the verb “is” and forms a part of the predication. It is therefore, used predicatively

Kinds or types of adjectives:

a) Adjectives of quality (descriptive adjectives)
These show the kind / sort / quality of a person or thing.
Examples:
large, honest, kind, beautiful, handsome, tall, foolish, old, educated, rich, poor, etc

b) Adjectives of quantity
They show how much of a thing is meant. They answer the question “How much?”
Examples:
some, any, much, many, a lot, a great deal, plenty, little, enough, all, no, half, sufficient, whole, etc
 Activity:
Underline the adjectives of quantity in the following sentences.
1. I ate some food.
2. He showed much patience.
3. He has little intelligence.
4. Very few people were found dead.
5. We had enough exercise.
6. He has lost all his wealth.
7. You have no sense.
8. He did not eat any food.
9. There has not been enough/ sufficient rain this year.
10. The whole sum was expended.

LESSON TWO
c) Adjectives of number
These show how many persons or things are meant or in what order a person or a thing stands.
Examples:
- The hand has five fingers.
- Few cats like cold water.
- There are no pictures in the book.
- I have taught you many things.
- All men must die.
- There are some ripe mangoes in the basket.
- Most boys like cricket.
- There are several mistakes in your exercise.
- Sunday is the first day of the week.
NB
They answer the question – how many?

(i) Definite numerical adjectives:

These denote or point out the exact number – as;
- One, two, three, four, five, ………………………..These are cardinals.
- First, second, third, fourth, ninth, twelfth…………These are called ordinals

NB
Cardinals denote / point out how many and ordinals the order of things or persons in a series. Ordinals really do the work of
demonstrative adjectives such as; Some, certain, few, Sunday, several, many, etc
(ii) Indefinite numerical adjectives:
These do not denote an exact number e.g all, any, no, etc
(iii) Distributive adjectives:
They refer to each one of a number;
Activity:
Underlined each of the distributive adjectives used in the sentences below.
- Each boy must take his turn.
- England expects every man to do his duty.
- Every word of it is false.
- Either pen will do.
- On either side is a narrow lane.
- Neither accusation is true.
d) Demonstrative adjectives:
These point out which person or thing is meant, as;
- this boy
- that boy
- these mangoes
- those rascals
- such a hurry
- such things
e) Interrogative adjectives:
These are used with nouns to ask questions.
- What manner of man is he?
- Which way shall we take/ go?
- Whose book is this?
f) Possessive adjectives:
These show ownership.
- my pen
- our school
- their babies
- his car
- your bus
- her doll
- its eggs (not it’s as this means a contraction for it is.

g) Emphasizing adjectives: “very and own”

Activity:
Underline the emphasizing adjectives used in the following sentences.
- I saw it with my own eyes.
- Mind your own business.
- That is the very thing we want.

LESSON THREE
FORMATION OF ADJECTIVES
a) Some adjectives are formed by adding a suffix – ous to the given word.
Word Adjective
fame famous
danger dangerous
luxury luxurious
victory
glory
vigour
outrage
courage
envy
anxiety
religion
poison
mischief
ridicule
monotony
popular
Fury
 disaster
prosper
study
continued/ continuity/ continual
Joy
mountain
spirit
humour
plenty
zeal
victory
grief
caution
instant
adventure
merit

b) Some adjectives are formed by adding a suffix – some to the word.

Word Adjective
trouble troublesome
whole
quarrel
Tire
venture

c) Some adjectives are formed by adding a suffix –en to the word

Word Adjective
Flax flaxen
wood wooden
wool
Ash
gold
Silk
Asp

LESSON FOUR
d) Some adverbs are formed by adding a suffix –able to the word.
Word Adjective
tolerate tolerable
govern
Like
penetrate
pardon
Suit
laugh
memory
move
understand
remark
excite
favour
Pity
 charity
notice
social
respect
caution
admire
attain

e) Some adjectives are formed by adding a suffix –ible to the word.

Word Adjective
Eat edible
sense sensible
resist
response
reverse
divide
permit
vision
force
terror
horror
suggest

f) Some adjectives are formed by adding a suffix – al to the word.

Word Adjective
tragic tragical
music musical
instrument
origin
accident
economic
substance
practice
bible
experiment
crime
continent
number
parent
nation
poet
rhyme
autumn
palace
machine
Tide
occasion
comic
abyss
nature
habit
choir
essence
 office
benefit
habit
parish

LESSON FIVE
g) Some adjectives are formed by adding a suffix – ar to the word.
Word Adjective
circle circular
rectangle
molecule
sun
moon
triangle
people
Title

h) Some adjectives are formed by adding a suffix –ive to the word.

Word Adjective
attract attractive
Act
Talk
decide
progress
imagine
i) Some adjectives are formed by adding a suffix –ry to the word.
Word Adjective
deliver delivery
Fire
discipline

j) Some adjectives are formed by adding a suffix –y to the word.

Word Adjective
Fun funny
fuss fussy
ease
stone
fuzz
hunger
friend
guilt
Sun
cloud
juice
Dirt
coward
wealth
Tide
dust
Silk
health
man
 king
anger
noise
rust
taste

LESSON SIX
k) Some adjectives are formed by adding a suffix –ic to the word
Word Adjective
Iron ironic
angel
science
magnet
toxin
hero

l) Some adjectives are formed by adding a suffix –ant to the word.

Word Adjective
redundancy redundant
repent
tolerate

m) Some adjectives are formed by adding a suffix –ish to the word.

Word Adjective
boy boyish
Girl
grey
fool

n) Adjectives with –less and –ful with their equivalence

- helpful / less
- hopeful / less
- useful / less
- joyful
- speechless
- dutiful
Equivalence: without use…….useless, with hope…………hopeful

LESSON SEVEN
Opposite adjectives – with prefix
dis / il / ir / un
(i) dis:
- agreeable
- approving
- encouraging
- like
(ii) ir:
- regular
- relevant
 - reparable
- reversible
(iii) in:
- audible
- attentive
- accurate
- accessible
- experienced
- appropriate
(iv) il:
- legitimate
- legible
- literate
(v) un:
- realistic
- avoidable
- accustomed
- able
(vi) im:
- proper
- movable

Forming adjectives with prefixes:

a) self
- confident
- conscious
- assertive
b) mal
- nutritional
- administration
- nurished
c) anti
- colonial
- natal
d) post
- secondary
- natal

e) pre
- primary

LESSON EIGHT
Participles used as adjectives:
ing ed
tiring job workers were tired
horrifying horrified spectators
amusing amused team
infuriating woman
boring story
compare the following adjectives ending in –ing and –ed.
 You can say You can say
boring  I’m bored with my job.
interesting  I’m not interested in my job any more.
My job is tiring  I’m always tired when I finish my work.
satisfying  I’m not satisfied with my job.
depressing  My job makes me depressed.
The –ing adjective tells you about the job The –ed adjective tells you how somebody feels. (about the job)
Compare these examples:
interesting Interested
 Julia thinks politics is very interesting.  Julia is very interested in politics. (not interesting in politics)
 Did you meet anyone interesting at the party?  Are you interested in buying a car? I’m trying to sell mine.
surprising surprised
 It was quite surprising that he passed the examination.  Everybody was surprised that he passed the examination.
disappointing disappointed
 The film was disappointing . I expected it to be much better.  I was disappointed with the film. I expected it to be much better.
shocking shocked
 The news was shocking.  We were very shocked when we heard the news.

Using adjectives:
When a noun is used as an adjective, it does not have a plural form.
Compare;
two weeks a two week holiday
thirty kilogrammes a thirty – kilogramme bag of rice
ten men a ten man congregation / contingent

Adjectives come in two places in a sentence.

Before a noun
- a young man
- an empty house
- a nice girl
- new shoes

After verbs be, look, appear, seem, feel, taste, smell, sound, (and few other verbs) when we describe the subject of the sentence.
- He is young.
- The house looks empty.
- These shoes are new.
- She seems nice.
- That soap smells good.
- It tastes delicious.

A few adjectives e.g asleep, alone, alive, awake, afraid, ill, well, can come after a verb, but not before a noun. For example;
We can say that he is asleep, but not an asleep man.
Before nouns, we use other adjectives e.g sleeping instead of asleep, living instead of alive, frightened instead of afraid, sick instead of
ill and healthy instead of well.

In expressions of measurement, the adjective normally comes after the measurement noun.
- He is eighteen years old.
- Iam 1.80 metres tall.

Using adjective “used to” + a gerund clause” to construct sentences.

Examples:
- Tom is noy used to sleeping late.
- I am used to eating hot food.

LESSON NINE
Using participles in progressive tense as adjectives
Examples:
- We have a swimming lesson every day.
- The children were told to take their copying books.

Using verbs in the perfect tense as adjectives:

Examples:
- The president has gone to Mulago hospital to visit the wounded soldiers.
- The written message about the disaster arrived this morning.

Using adjectival phrases:

Examples:
a) The children were playing with a table. It was eaten by moths. (Re – write and end……………….table.)
The children were playing with a moth eaten table.
b) The president went with a delegation to China. It was of ten men. (end………………delegation.)
The president went to China with a ten- man delegation.
Activity:
1. We are going to have a holiday. The holiday is going to be for three weeks. (Join ending……………….holiday.)
2. The minister sent a contingent to America. It was of six women. (Join and end…………………..contingent to America.)
3. We shall have a debate. It will last for two hours. (Join using…………..hour debate.)
4. We attended a conference. It lasted for five days. (re – write ending……………………….conference.)
5. The inspector came to our school. He came with a team of twelve men. (Join using……………….team.)
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
(i) Most adjectives of one syllable, and some of more than one, form the comparative form by adding –er and the superlative by adding
–est to the positive.
Examples:
positive comparative superlative
sweet sweeter sweetest
Fast faster
rough rougher
Tall taller
Cold colder
great greater
Dear dearer
Bold bolder
small smaller
Deep deeper
smooth smoother
weak weaker
Mild milder
young younger
short shorter
LESSON TEN
(ii) When the positive ends in “e”, only “r” and “est” are added to form the comparative and superlative adjectives respectively.
positive comparative superlative
simple simpler simplest
Fine finer
humble humbler
feeble feebler
White whiter
Large larger
Pure purer
Able abler
Wise wiser
strange stranger
hobble hobbler
Rare rarer

(iii) When the positive ends in “y” preceded by a consosnant, the “y” is changed to “i” before adding “er” and “est” to the comparative
and superlative adjectives respectively.
positive comparative superlative
Rusty rustier rustiest
stony stonier
stormy stormier
Rainy rainier
Juicy juicier
dusty dustier
Dirty dirtier
Easy easier
friendly friendlier
Noisy noisier
heavy heavier
wealthy wealthier
Tidy tidier
funny funnier
healthy healthier

(iv) When the positive is a word of one syllable and ends in a single consonant, preceded by a short vowel, the consonant is doubled
before adding –er and –est to the comparative and superlative adjectives respectively.
positive comparative superlative
Red redder reddest
Big bigger
Fat fatter
Thin thinner
Hot hotter
Sad sadder
Wet wetter
Mad madder

Except: slow and other adjectives in this group which don’t end in the phonetic order – cvc. Slow = /sleu / = ccvv
LESSON ELEVEN
(v) Adjectives of more than two syllables, and many of those with two, form comparative and superlative adjectives using more and
most respectively.
positive comparative superlative
stubborn more stubborn most stubborn
splendid more splendid most splendid
beautiful more beautiful
difficult more difficult
industrious more industrious
courageous more courageous
learned more learned
proper more proper
troublesome more troublesome
quarrelsome more quarrelsome
cautious more cautious
cumbersome more cumbersome
careful more careful
merciful more merciful
merciless more merciless
ignorant more ignorant
wonderful more wonderful
active more active
redundant more redundant
gracious more gracious
comfortable more comfortable
capable more capable

NB
The comparative in er is not used when we compare two qualities in the same person or thing.
If we wish to say that the courage of Rama is greater than that of Balu, we say
Rama is braver than Balu.
But if we wish to say that the courage of Rama is greater than his prudence, we say,
Rama is more courageous than prudent.

IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
The comparative and superlative are not formed from the positive adjectives directly.
positive comparative superlative
good/ well better best
bad /evil / ill worse worst
Little less
much more
many more
Late later / latter
Old older / elder
far / fur (distance) farther / further
Fore former
In inner
Up upper
Out outer / utter
LESSON TWELVE
a) Refer to time
Later and latest
- He is later than I expected.
- I have not heard the latest news.

b) Refer to position
Latter and last
- The last chapter was carelessly written.
- Ours is the last house in the street.

older , elder, oldest, eldest

a) elder and eldest
used only of persons, not animals or things; and are now confined to members of the same family. Elder is not used with than
following.
b) Older and oldest
These are used of both persons and animals, including things.
Examples:
- John is my elder brother.
- Tom is my eldest son.
- He is older than his sister.
- This is the oldest temple in Britain.

Farther and further

a) Farther means more distant and advanced.
b) Further means additional.
Example:
- Colombia is farther from the equator than Africa.
- I must have a reply without further delay.
NB: The forms ,farther and further are not differentiated by writers yet they are different.

Nearest and next

a) Nearest denotes distance.
b) Next denotes position.
Examples:
- Bombay is the seaport nearest to Europe.
- Kasibante’s house is next to Bamwe supermarket.
Note:
We use the after the superlative adjectives.
After superlatives, we use in with places (towns, buildings)
Examples:
- What is the longest river in the world?
- We had a lovely room. It was one of the nicest in the hotel.

We also use in for organisations and groups of people (a class, team, company, etc)
- Who is the best student in the class?

We normally use of for a period of time.

- What was the happiest day of your life?
- Yesterday was the hottest day of the year.
We often use the present perfect after a superlative.
- What is the best film you have ever seen?
- That was the most delicious meal I have had for a long time.

Sometimes, we use most + adjective to mean “very”

- The book you lent me was most interesting. (very interesting)
- Thank you for the money. It was most generous of you. (very generous)

LESSON THIRTEEN
Comparative patterns and their equivalents:
a) Using: No………….than………………
a) No woman is fatter Mrs. Mukiibi.
Mrs. Mukiibi is the fattest woman.
b) No animal fiercer than the lion.
The lion is the fiercest animal.
c) No animal is heavier than an elephant.
An elephant is the heaviest animal.

Activity:
Re – write the following sentences using; No……………than…………………
1. A lion is the fiercest animal.
2. Ofono is the tallest man in the world.
3. Tom is the fastest runner in Trinity.
4. Kinene tree is the tallest in Bukoto.
5. The hare is the most cunning animal.
6. An anaconda is the longest snake in the world.
7. The hyena is the greediest animal.
8. Robert Mugabe is the longest serving president in Africa.
9. Willy is the thinnest teacher in Trinity.
10. Barcelona is the strongest football club in the world.

b) Using ………….so……………as…………..
a) Robert’s leg is 120cm long. Koreta’s leg is 80cm long.
Koreta’s leg is not so long as Robert’s.
b) Mummy’s stomach is big. Daddy’s stomach is big.
Daddy’s stomach is not so big as mummy’s.
c) Lubega weighs 80 kilogrammes. Kiyingi weighs 70 kilogrammes.
Kiyingi is not so heavy as Lubega.
Activity:
Join/ re - write the following sentences using ………….so………….as………………
1. My father is very rich. Your uncle is not rich.
2. Like Jadress, Gift is very fat.
3. The hyena not brave. The hare is very brave.
4. The fox is cunning. The hare is more cunning.
5. A lion is very brave. A cheetah is brave.
6. Josephat is very careless. Josbart is not careless.
7. Messi’s footballing skills are very entertaining. Ronaldo’s footballing skills are very entertaining.
8. Patrick’s car is very old. Kenny’s car is very old.
9. My pen is very nice. Momo’s pen is very nice.
10. A television is good. A computer is better.

LESSON FOURTEEN
c) Parallel increase is expressed by – the + comparative ………….(to show that one thing depends on the other.)
Examples:
a) He spent a lot of money. He became very poor.
The more money he spent, the poorer he became.
b) He a lot of fruits. He became very healthy.
The more fruits he ate, the healthier he became.
c) He worked very hard. He became very rich.
The harder he worked, the richer he became.

Activity:
Join/ re - write the following sentences using : The……………………the………………………
1. He a lot a lot of food. He felt better.
2. The amount of money decreased as he continued marrying every week.
3. The carpenter makes a lot of furniture. It enables him get a lot of money.
4. You become humble as you grow old.
5. If you put a lot of sugar in your dough, the cake becomes very sweet.
6. He mismanaged the business. He got little money.
7. Katikamu became poor as he spent his money on his large family.
8. Kalipo became thin as he grew old.
9. When we leave soon, we shall arrive soon.
10. When the hotel is very expensive, the services are better.
11. I thought about the plan. I disliked it.

d) Gradual increase or decrease is expressed by two comparatives joined by “and”.

Examples:
a) The weather is getting colder and colder.
b) Your English is improving. It is getting better and better.
c) He became less and less interested in the play.
d) It is becoming harder and harder to find a job.

Superlatives:
Comparison of three or more persona / things is expressed by the superlative with “the” …………in/ of
- The National Theatre is the oldest theatre in Uganda.
- The youngest in the family was the most successful.
NB:
A relative clause is useful with a perfect tense.
Examples:
- It / This is the best beer (that) I have ever drunk.
- It / This was the worst film (that) he had ever seen.
- He is the kindest man (that) I have ever met.
- It was the most worrying day (that) I had ever spent.
NB:
Never cannot be used here. However, we can express the same idea with never and a comparative.
Examples:
- I have never drunk better beer.
- I have never met a kinder man.
- He had never spent a more worrying day.
 NB:
Most + adjective, without “the” = very.
Examples:
- The book you lent me was most interesting.
The book you lent me was very interesting.
Most, meaning very is used with adjectives of (mainly) two or more syllables.
Examples:
encouraging , exciting, helpful, important, misleading, apologetic, disobedient, annoying, etc

LESSON FIFTEEN
More about comparisons:
e) Using …..so…………. that…………
a) The hotel was large. It could accomodate all the people.
The hotel was so large that it accommodates all the people.

Join/ re - write the following sentences using ………….so…………that………………..

1. He is very big. He cannot run fast.
2. Sophie is very thin. She cannot wear big dresses.
3. This food is very cold. The baby cannot eat it.
4. Sheilla’s performance was very good. She was rewarded.
5. This sum is very difficult. Sam cannot attempt it.
6. Carol sings very beautifully. I enjoy listening to her.
7. This food is very little. It cannot satisfy me.
8. Germs are very tiny. You can’t them with naked eyes.
9. Patel is very strong. Badango cannot beat him.
10. Sophie is very honest. She tells the truth.

f) Using …………..enough to……..

The hotel was very large. It could accommodate all the people.
The hotel was large enough to accommodate all the people.

Join the following sentences using ………….enough to…………………..

1. Phoebe is poor. She can’t pay her daughter’s school fees.
2. Musa’s hands were dirty. He couldn’t touch his book.
3. Mable is dull. She can’t answer any questions in class.
4. There was too little bread to go round.
5. The students had very few books to read.
6. There was very little sauce left to serve all the visitors.
7. There were very few teachers to attend to all the learners.
8. Mr. Bakaluba has very little money to fly to England.
9. Nakato is old now. She can start school.
10. This hall is large. It can accommodate the whole school.

LESSON SIXTEEN
g) Using ………..too……….to…………….(passive meaning)
You are very young. You cannot understand.
You are too young to understand.
It means that you are so young that you cannot understand.
The plate was very hot. It could not be touched.
The plate was too hot to touch. (too hot to be touched)
 NB:
It, the object of touch in the first sentence, disappears in the second infinitive construction, because the infinitive, though active in
form, is passive in meaning.

h) Using …………too……..for…………..to…….(active meaning)

The case was very heavy. The child could not carry it.
The case was too heavy for the child to carry.
NB:
The infinitive can refer similarly to the object of a preposition:
The glass was so wet that we couldn’t sit on it.
The glass was too wet for us to sit on.
The light is so weak that we can’t read by it.
The light was too weak for us to read by.

Join the following sentences using……………too…………..to…………………

1. Allan is very young. He cannot help in the garden.
2. The porridge is hot. I cannot eat it.
3. The cupboard is very large. It cannot go through the door.
4. The box is very heavy. Serena cannot carry it.
5. Mr. Okumu is very ill. He cannot walk without support.
6. The tides are quite high. We cannot boat across the lake.
7. My baker’s bread is very expensive. Most people cannot buy it.
8. It is very cold. I cannot go to the beach.
9. The room was very small. We could not fit in it.
10.The pole is very heavy. The boy cannot lift it.

i) Using…………….too + adjective + a noun + infinitive.

Examples:
Mr. Kasibante is a very free teacher. He doesn’t care about what you say.
Mr. Kasibante is too free a teacher to care about what you say.
As a teacher, Mr. Kasibante is too free to care about what you say.
I am a very smart doctor. I cannot cause many diseases.
I am too smart a doctor to cause more diseases.
As a doctor, I am too smart to cause more diseases.

LESSON SEVENTEEN
j) Using …………….such…………that……….
Moreen is very smart. She can win the contest.
Moreen is such a smart lady / girl / woman / person that she can win the contest.
Kamoga is very tall. He is known by all villagers.
Kamoga is such a tall man / boy / gentleman / person that he is known by all villagers.

Join/ re – write the following sentences using ……………..such a/an………….that…………………

1. Ben is a clever pupil. He answers all questions asked in class.
2. It is a very long journey. Young children cannot walk it within a day.
3. Mary is a very dull pupil. She cannot pass any exams.
4. Kamisi is a rude man. No one likes him.
5. Patience is a very good girl. Everybody likes her company.
6. It is a very old dress. Rose feels ashamed while wearing it.
7. My granny is a very hardworking woman. She never rests.
8. Kawalya is a badly – behaved boy. No pupil associates with him.
9. Football is a very good game. Everybody enjoys watching it.
10. Sandra is a very beautiful girl. Most boys run after her.

LESSON EIGHTEEN
ORDER OF ADJECTIVES (DOPSHACOMGNPN):
Determiners, Opinion, Size, Shape, Age, Colour, Origin, Material, Gerund, Noun adjective, Purpose adjective, Noun

1. Determiner:
This is a word that comes before a noun and limits its meaning.
Examples:
A, an, the, some, any, much, several, few, little, each, every, all, both, either, neither, half, my, our, your, his, her, its,
their, this, that, these, those, two, second, etc.
Determiners include;
 Articles e.g a, an, and the
 Adjectives of quantity e.g some, any, much, many, all, etc
 Adjectives of number e.g one, two, second, twelfth, ninth, etc
 Adjectives of possession e.g his, her, their, etc
 Demonstrative adjectives e.g this, that, those, these, etc
2. Opinion adjectives:
These are emotional adjectives about one’s feelings
Examples:
handsome, beautiful, clever, nice, bad, good, important, poor, rich, expensive, cheap, dirty, clean, good- looking,
brave, coward, educated, learned, knowledgeable, ignorant, etc
others include;
a) The – day – to – day chores of life, a down – to – earth approach, a free and easy relationship, a life – and – death
– decision.

b) Compound qualitative adjectives:

Examples:
absent – minded, big – headed, cold – blooded, light – hearted, kind – hearted, narrow – minded, one – sided,
open – minded, short – lived, short – tempered, strong – minded, tender – hearted, light – skinned, tongue – tied,
two – edged, two – faced,
well – balanced, well – behaved, two – winged, well – dressed, well – known, three – legged, four – cornered, forty
– eight – page book, six – inch mattress, seven – foot – wall, two hundred – metre race, etc

c) Qualitative adjectives which have a similar meaning to the most common meaning of the verbs (participles):
Examples:
agitated, confused, disgusted, contented, astonished, bored, delighted, disappointed, excited, frightened,
distressed, embarrassed, pleased, satisfied, pre – occupied, interested, troubled, worried, tired, etc

3. Adjectives of size:
(height, length, width, weight)

4. Adjectives of shape:
Examples:
 pointed, blunt, circular, triangular, rectangular, spherical, oval, square, cornice, conical, flat, slender, cylindrical,
cubical, trapezoidal, round, etc

5. Adjectives of age:
Examples:
young, old, new and sometimes numerical age.

6. Adjectives of colour:
Examples:
blue, red, brown, grey, orange, violet, indigo, dark, bright, indigo, purple, pink, yellow, cyan, magenta, black, etc

7. Origin:
Examples:
British, Turkish, Swiss, Congolese, Japanese, Chinese, Spaniard/ Spanish, Ugandan, Kenyan, Rwandan, Togolese,
Congolese, Dutch, Irish, Cypriot, etc

8. Material:
Examples:
woollen, wooden, cotton, metallic, plastic, paper, silk, golden, silver, etc

9. Gerund:
Examples:
interesting, writing, boring, playing, etc

10. Noun adjective:

History, English, French, Science, eyed, armed, legged, wheeled, headed, etc

11. Purpose adjectives:

Examples:
shopping, skipping, swimming, sleeping, bathing, etc

12. Noun:
Examples:
book, man, woman, coat, shirt, skirt, etc described
Examples:
I saw a man. He had one eye.
I saw a one eyed man.
We have a president. He has a kind heart.
We have a kind hearted president.
My mother has a heart. It is like a stone. (Re – write and end …………….woman.)
My mother is a stone hearted woman.

Activity:
Join the following sentences as instructed in the brackets.
1. Karimajongs sit on stools. The stools have four legs. (Join using…………..legged……….)
2. You have combed your hair in a style. It is out of date. (End…………..style.)
3. We are going to have a holiday. It will be three weeks long. (End………………..holiday)
4. They wear a uniform. It is pink. It is smart. It is made of cotton. (Join without using, “which”, “and”, “with”)
5. Kawooya bought a car. The car is made in Italy. (End……………………..car.)
6. I bought a car. The car is new. The car is brown. The car is comfortable. The car has three wheels.
(Join into one sentence without using “which”, “and”, “with”)
7. The teacher carried all the bags. The bags were made in Uganda. The bags were made of wool. The bags were pink.
The teacher carried them himself. (Join without using, “which”, “and”, “with”)

SPEECHES:
The approach used by the person reporting defines the type of speech used:
There are two types of reporting;
1. Direct speech/ reporting
2. Indirect speech /reporting

Direct speech/reporting:
This is when one reports using one’s very words.
Indirect speech /reporting:
This is when someone reports for you but using the words you used.

DIRECT SPEECH/ REPORTING:

A DIRECT SPEECH HAS TWO PARTS;
a) The speech tag
b) The actual speech (The very words of the speaker)

Using a direct speech:

- A direct speech can begin with either the speech tag or the actual speech. A comma is
always used to separate the actual speech from the speech tag.
- The actual must always start with a capital letter.
- The actual speech begins with opening quotation marks and closes with closing quotation
marks.
- The closing quotation mark is placed clearly away from the punctuation mark of the actual
speech.

Example:
a) I said, “ I am learning English now.” (I said (speech tag) “I am learning English now.” (The
actual speech or words)
b) She asked, “Where is my desk?” (She asked (speech tag) “Where is my desk?” (The actual
speech )
c) The Policeman commanded, “Get in the prison quickly!” (The policeman commanded
(speech tag)
“Get in the prison quickly” (The actual speech)
d) The stranger inquired, “Is this the way to Natete?” (The stranger inquired (speech tag) “Is
this the way to Natete?” (The actual speech)

Activity:
Punctuate the following sentences correctly to make them direct speech sentences.
1. The headmaster said I am going to masaka now.
2. The class monitor said I am collecting these books after this lesson.
3. The houseboy says you are paying me here and now.
4. The actor and the actress said we are bringing this play here.
5. They say we are taking this car now.
6. She said joan is sleeping in the classroom today.
7. The hunter said I am hunting for wild animals there.
8. They said we are coming to the playground here and now.
9. My neighbour whispered we are going to get all these numbers today.
10.The clever boy said he is studying very hard to get a degree.

LESSON TWENTY
INDIRECT SPEECH / REPORTING:
AN INDIRECT SPEECH IS MADE OF THREE PARTS;
a) The speech tag
b) The conjunction (joining word)
c) The actual speech (the said words)

This speech does not quote the said words and it involves changing from the actual words /
speech of the speaker to the words that we use to report what has been said.
To change from direct to indirect reporting, the following changes must be observed;
1. Tense changes.
From To
Present simple tense Past simple tense
 Present continuous tense Past continuous tense
Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous tense
Present perfect tense Past perfect tense
Past simple Sometimes to the past perfect tense
Past continuous tense Sometimes to the past perfect continuous
Future continuous (will be studying English)
tense
Will and shall Future past continuous (would be studying
Can English)
May Conditional i.e would and should respectively
Must/ have to Could
Might
Had to
NB: The following modals and semi – modals do not change: should, could, would, might,
ought to, used to

2. Pronoun and possessive adjective changes.

From To
My his/ her
Me him/ her
I he/ she
Your my / our
You me/ us
We they
Our their
Ours theirs
Mine his / hers

3. Demonstrative adjective changes.

From To
This That or the
these Those or the

4. Adverb changes.
From To
Today That day
Yesterday The day before / the previous day
Tomorrow The next day / the following day
Yesterday morning The morning before / the previous morning
Yesterday afternoon The afternoon before / the previous afternoon
Yesterday evening The evening before / the previous evening
 Tonight That night
Last night The night before
Here There
Ago Before
Now Then
Will / shall Would / should
This morning That morning
This hour That hour
This minute That minute

5. Command changes.
Commands are orders or statements from authorities directing one to do something or
follow the action as given. The reporting verbs are; told, ordered or asked. For politeness,
we use “requested” or “begged”
6. Question changes:
To change a question from direct to indirect speech, the following must be noted.
a) A statement is used instead of a question
b) The question mark is dropped.
c) For questions beginning with interrogative adjectives such as why, who, when, what,
which, whose, whom, etc, the very interrogative adjectives are used as conjunctions in
indirect reporting.
For those that begin with auxiliary / helping verbs such as am, is, are, was, were, will,
shall, has, have, had, do, does, etc, “if” or “whether” are used as conjunctions in indirect
reporting.
7. Exclamation changes.
These are expressions of threat, surprise, or wonder about what has happened or what
happened. They are usually written with an exclamation mark (!) at the end of the
sentence.
The following expressions may be used to give the same impression;
Exclaimed, he admired, wondered, he/ she marveled, he/ she was moved, they were
surprised, she/ he was impressed,etc
Example:
“What a pity you lost your mother!” he told her. Indirect speech: He was moved by the loss
of her mother. Or: He told her that it was a pity she had lost her mother.
8. Must changes.
There are four ways of using must.
a) When used for the present in the direct speech, it becomes “had to”
Example:
 He said, “I must write to my father.”
He said that he had to write to his father.
b) When used referring to something that is to happen in the future, it becomes “would
have to” in indirect speech.
Example:
Godfrey said, “I must leave for Kenya next week.”
Godfrey said that he would have to leave for Kenya the following week.
c) When used for a rule that has always applied, it remains “must” in indirect speech.
Example:
“Children must always obey their parents,” he said.
He said that children must always obey their parents.
d) When used to imply certainty, it does not in indirect speech.
Example:
“Okoth must be over seventeen years since he is already at the university.” she said.
She said that Okoth must be over seventeen years since he was already at the
university.

Changing from direct to indirect speech.

Example:
a) The man said, “These wasps sting us everyday.”
The man said that wasps stung them everyday.
b) The girls say, “We dress well every Monday.”
The girls say that they dressed well every Monday.

Example:
Re – write the following sentences in indirect speech.
1. He said, “He takes that bag to school every Thursday.”
2. She says, “I bring this pen every Tuesday.”
3. The Headmaster said, “I am going to Masaka now.”
4. The girl said, “ This dog has bitten this baby today.”
5. She said, “I began this journey from my home this morning.”
6. Jackie said, “Joan was sleeping in classroom yesterday.”
7. “I shall go alone to that shop tomorrow,” said the small boy.
8. “I know his name, but I won’t tell you,” said Sarah.
9. “We have done our work,” said the children.
10.“Musa will not do that work alone,” the matron said.
LESSON TWENTY – ONE
Command changes:
Commands are orders or statements from authorities directing one to do something or follow
the action as given. The reporting verbs are; told, ordered or asked. For politeness, we use
“requested” or “begged”
Commands are classified into (i) positive and (ii) negative commands
The joining word in commands is the preposition “to”. In the speech tag of direct speech,
“said” changes to “told” in indirect speech.
In negative commands, “Don’t” in the direct speech becomes “not” in indirect speech.
Examples:
a) “Don’t fire the gun,” ordered the officer.
The officer ordered the soldier not to fire the gun.
b) “Stay where you are,” ordered the officer.
The officer ordered the soldiers to stay where they were.

Exercise:
Re – write the following sentences in indirect speech.
1. “Go away from here,” the policeman ordered the lady.
2. “Leave the room, please,” the teacher ordered the pupils.
3. “Sit down in pairs,” the Head teacher ordered Longa.
4. “Run here quickly,” the Prime Minister ordered the primary six boys.
5. “Bring that book here, John,” the class teacher commanded Julia.
6. “Don’t fire the gun up,” the officer commanded the soldiers.
7. “Don’t blow the whistle,” the scout’s leader ordered his team.
8. “Shut the door,” the class monitor ordered Paul.
9. “Give him more food,” the officer – in – charge ordered the waiter.
10.“Jump high up,” the sports master shouted at Patrick.

LESSON TWENTY – TWO

Reporting questions:
To change a question from direct to indirect speech, the following must be noted.
d) A statement is used instead of a question
e) The question mark is dropped.
f) For questions beginning with interrogative adjectives such as why, who, when, what,
which, whose, whom, etc, the very interrogative adjectives are used as conjunctions in
indirect reporting.
 For those that begin with auxiliary / helping verbs such as am, is, are, was, were, will,
shall, has, have, had, do, does, etc, “if” or “whether” are used as conjunctions in indirect
reporting.

Example:
a) “Have you finished your homework already?” asked my brother.
My brother asked whether/ if I had finished my homework already.
b) My father asked my mother, “Is there any food today?”
My father asked my mother whether there was any food that day.
c) The Headmaster asked, “Where is this teacher today?”
The Headmaster asked where that teacher was that day.

Exercise:
Change the following sentences to indirect speech.
1. She asked, “Was he ready yesterday?”
2. The man asked Mark, “When are you coming here?”
3. His uncle asked me, “Will you come here tomorrow to collect this book?”
4. She asked Joseph, “ When has Joice spoilt these mangoes?”
5. The teacher asked Tom, “May you come here now?”
6. The woman inquired from Opio, “When did you come here?”
7. He asked her, “Did Mary bring this bag here today?”
8. They asked us, “Whose clothes are these?”
9. The class monitor inquired from the teacher, “Shall we understand this topic today?”
10.She asked Dan, “Whom has the teacher slapped in the face?”

LESSON TWENTY - THREE

Exclamation changes:
These are expressions of threat, surprise, or wonder about what has happened or what
happened. They are usually written with an exclamation mark (!) at the end of the
sentence.
The following expressions may be used to give the same impression;
Exclaimed, he admired, wondered, he/ she marveled, he/ she was moved, they were
surprised, she/ he was impressed,etc
Example:
“What a pity you lost your mother!” he told her. Indirect speech: He was moved by the loss
of her mother. Or: He told her that it was a pity she had lost her mother.
Activity:
Re – write the sentences below in reported speech.
1. “What a pity she lost her ring!” the bridegroom said.
2. “What an unpleasant noise she has made!” my uncle said.
3. “What a nuisance!” the teacher said.
4. “What a strange way to behave!” mother said.
5. “What a funny hat she is wearing!” the child said.
6. “What a beautiful view this place has!” the tourist said.
7. “What friendly people they are!” the visitor said.
8. “What a good thing you remembered her name!” the nurse said.
9. “What a nice coffee set that was!” my girlfriend said.
10. “What bad luck to miss the party!” said Mary.

LESSON TWENTY - FOUR

Must changes:
Example:
a) “You must finish your compositions before the end of the lesson ,” the teacher told us.
The teacher told us that we had to finish our compositions before the end of the lesson.
b) “I must go now,” she said.
She said that she had to go then.
c) “I must finish this work before Tuesday next week,” said Ramkel.
Ramkel said that he would have to finish that work before Tuesday the coming week.
d) “Pupils must use English while at school,” said the Headmaster.
The Headmaster said that pupils must use English while at school.

Activity:
Re – write the following sentences in indirect speech.
1. “Joseph must leave for Gulu tomorrow,” my father said.
2. “We must be ready to fight next year,” the army commander told the soldiers.
3. “Margaret must be baptized properly next Sunday,” said her mother.
4. “I must write a book,” the teacher said.
5. “He must call his father to see the Headmaster,” said the Deputy Headmaster.
6. “Boys must learn to behave properly,” said the class teacher.
7. “Wives must obey their husbands,” the county chief said.
8. “Wandera must be twenty years old because he can now play football well,” said the team
captain.
9. “David must be an idiot because he can’t understand things,” said his teacher.
10.“Your uncle must be very rich now,” my friend told me.

LESSON TWENTY - FIVE

Structural pattern
Using: May I …………………..
Examples:
1. I want some salt. May I have some salt, please?
2. I want some chapatti and bean soup. May I have some chapatti and bean soup please?
Activity:
Re – write the following sentences beginning: May I ……………….
1. I want to have the highway code.
2. I want to learn about safety on the road.
3. I want to go and report the accident to the traffic police officer.
4. I want to give the accident victim first aid.
5. I want to write a letter to the police officer about reckless driving.

Using: No sooner…………………..
Join the following sentences using: No sooner.…………………….
1. The taxi stopped. Jane got off the taxi.
2. The cyclist got an accident. He was given first aid.
3. The driver stopped at the zebra crossing. Pedestrians crossed the road.
4. Jack reached the park. The last bus drove off.
5. The driver opened the door. Beatrice removed the luggage from the car boot.
6. The cyclist reached the junction. She stopped.
7. The traffic lights showed red. All the vehicles stopped.
8. The traffic policewoman signaled. The motorist stopped.
9. Kyagaba started the car. The traffic policeman blew the whistle.
10. Mrs. Kansiime saw the signpost. Mrs. Kansiime turned left.

LESSON TWENTY - SIX

Question and answer tags in the present simple tense.
Note:
An affirmative sentence requires a negative question tag and vice versa.
Examples:
a) I live here, don’t I?
b) I don’t need to work, do I?

A sentence is separated from the the question tag by a comma.

A question tag must end with a question mark.
The question tag is written beginning with a small letter.
Requests, commands and suggestions require special question tags. E.g
- Let’s go out, shall we?
- Stop shouting, will you?
- Write to me, will you?
 - You had better gone, hadn’t you?
- You would rather stay, wouldn’t you?
- I am in primary six, aren’t I?
- I am not in primary six, am I?
- We need to work, do we?
- He rarely comes here, doesn’t he?
- He always comes here, doesn’t he?
- There is a kitten in the kitchen, isn’t there?
Question tags in present continuous and past continuous tenses.
- They are going, aren’t they?
- Teachers were marking books, weren’t they?
Question tags in present perfect and past perfect tenses.
Examples
- It has rained, hasn’t it?
- Joel had gone, hadn’t he?

Activity:
Supply a suitable question tag to the following:
1. That boy runs very fast, ……………………?
2. You don’t like sugar, …………………………?
3. You can do that for him, ………………………?
4. I am not slow, ………………………………….?
5. I am very slow, …………………………………?
6. Let’s pretend we are not here, ………………….?
7. Let me have a look, ………………………………?
8. One cannot be perfect, …………………………..?
9. Close the door, ……………………………………?
10. He plays the piano badly, …………………………...?
11. It has rained, ………………………………….?
12. The girls are playing netball, …………………………….?

Activity:
Supply suitable answer tags to the following:
1. I go to the cinema once a week, don’t I? Yes, I do.
2. I enjoy this party very much, don’t I? …………………….
3. My mother cooks good food, doesn’t she?......................
4. Jack always complains about this thing, doesn’t he? ……………….
5. He never disobeys his parents, does he? …………………………….
6. Kamau eats too much, doesn’t he? ……………………………………
7. That teacher constantly punishes his students, doesn’t he? ……………..
8. Water freezes at 00 celcius, doesn’t it? ……………………………………
9. The plane takes off at 3:00 p.m every Friday afternoon, doesn’t it? ………………
10. She needs to buy a new book, doesn’t she? ………………………………………..
11. Joseph is slashing, isn’t he?.....................................................................
12. Jackline has gone home, hasn’t she?........................................................

LESSON TWENTY – SEVEN

OPPOSITES OF WORDS
Opposites are words which are directly contrary to others in their meanings (antonyms)

Opposites of adjectives.
rough
smooth (referring to material)
calm (referring to behaviour)
Adjective Opposite Adjective Opposite
ugly beautiful fat thin/ lean
easy difficult thick thin
soft hard many few
dry wet fresh stale
simple complex/ weak strong
complicated open shut/ close
hot cold this that
warm cool these those
front back morning evening
dead alive giant dwarf
busy idle profit / gain loss
sweet sour/ bitter happy unhappy/sad
bright dull public private
true false/ untrue lazy industrious/ hardworking
quick slow raw cooked
near far/ distant spacious limited
course fine common rare
rich poor familiar strange
proud humble/ modest absent present
inside outside right wrong
loud soft top bottom
kind cruel/ unkind cheap expensive/ dear
upper lower wide narrow
better worse clean dirty
quiet noisy empty full
old new high low
junior senior active passive
long short inner outer
modern ancient old young
slender stout generous mean/ selfish
robust feeble/ delicate brave coward
clever stupid
first last
fast slow
Adjective Opposite
former latter
good bad
big small
wise foolish
smart foolish/ shabby
early late
light heavy/ darkness
all none
 straight crooked
deep shallow
black white
summer winter
wild tame
cloudy clear
right left
acute obtuse
natural artificial
vacant occupied
permanent temporary
foreign native
level steep
dynamic static
hostile friendly
eager reluctant
compulsory voluntary/ optional
diligent indolent
emigrant immigrant
transparent opaque
intractable submissive
pedestrian passenger
guilty innocent
minimum maximum
illegal legal
lawful unlawful
lovely repulsive
singular plural
stationary moving
sober intoxicated
genuine counterfeit
numerous sparse
powerful feeble
majority minority
graceful ungraceful
rigid flexible
prosperous indigent
regular irregular/
periodical
obligatory voluntary
consent dissent
benevolent malevolent
polite impolite/ rude/
saucy
clear unclear/ cloudy
interior exterior
superior inferior
centrifugal centripetal
Adjective Opposite
barren fruitful
rural urban
sparse populated
slim stout
amateur professional
real imaginary
indegenous exotic
solitary populous

LESSON TWENTY - EIGHT

Opposites of verbs
Opposites of appear
appear disappear go slowly
fade to become less bright or paler
vanish to go suddenly

Activity:
Give the opposites of the underlined words in the following sentences.
1. The aeroplane has appeared in the air.
2. The colour of my shirt has faded these days.
3. The thief has vanished in the crowd

Verb Opposite Verb Opposite

begin end / cease attract distract/ repel
love hate / hatred conceal reveal
find lose smile frown
rise fall/ sink flow ebb
start finish think guess
bless curse asleep awake
live die inhale exhale
rejoice mourn/ grieve approach leave
attack defend pardon punish
separate join / unite assemble dismantle/ disperse
praise blame employ dismiss
remember forget accelerate retard
appoint dismiss apprehend release
accept reject / refuse survive succumb
ascend descend advance retreat / retire
hide show / expose
multiply divide
teach learn
work rest
agree contradict/ disagree
expand contact
go come
condemn exonerate
increase decrease
confine release
include exclude
convict acquit
force/ compel persuade
LESSON TWENTY – NINE
OPPOSITES OF NOUNS
Noun Opposite Noun Opposite
question answer debtor creditor
joy sorrow / grief ancestor progeny
friend enemy / foe liberty slavery
peace war gentile jew
harmony discord novice veteran
bravery cowardice benediction malediction
day night surplus deficit
health sickness / disease confusion orderliness
earth sea poison antidote
mountain plain premature overdue
knowledge ignorance colleague antagonist
hope despair motionless agitated
victory defeat exact inaccurate
abundance scarcity prologue epilogue
freedom captivity precept example
extravagance thrift prose verse
sacred profane/ secular monogamy polygamy
saint sinner ancestry posterity
complainant defendant
optimist pessimist
hell heaven
reward punishment
majority minority
theory practical
order chaos
industry sloth
excess shortage
predecessor successor
pleasure pain
monotony variety
caution recklessness
prudence indiscretion
life death
entrance exit
noise silence
success failure
blessing disaster
everywhere nowhere
youth aged
profit/ gain loss
land water
hill valley
master servant
dawn dusk
prosperity adversity
bow stern
truth error
poverty riches
danger safety
wisdom folly
height depth
LESSON THIRTY
Opposites of adverbs
often seldom
ever never
before after

Other ways of forming opposites.

Some words form opposites by adding a prefix “un”
Word Opposite Word Opposite
able unable reliable unreliable
countable uncountable wanted unwanted
kind unkind graceful ungraceful
happy unhappy fair unfair
lucky unlucky occupied unoccupied
comfortable uncomfortable fasten unfasten
fortunate unfortunate tie untie
tidy untidy popular unpopular
specific unspecific healthy unhealthy
scrupulous unscrupulous clear unclear
read unread known unknown
pleasant unpleasant particular unparticular
certain uncertain lovely unlovely
usual unusual successful unsuccessful
conscious unconscious common uncommon
just unjust

Some words form opposites by adding a prefix “dis”

Word Opposite Word Opposite
like dislike appear disappear
agree disagree encourage discourage
connect disconnect obedient disobedient
advantage disadvantage arm disarm
honest dishonest comfort discomfort
obey disobey regard disregard

Some words form opposites by adding a prefix “mis”

Word Opposite Word Opposite
use misuse calculate miscalculate
quote misquote inform misinform
interpret misinterpret understand misunderstand
lead mislead direct misdirect
behave misbehave manage mismanage
fortune misfortune giving misgiving
lay mislay guide misguide
treat mistreat chance mischance
trust mistrust handle mishandle
judge misjudge place misplace
fire misfire locate mislocate

LESSON THIRTY – ONE

Some words form opposites by adding a prefix “in”
Word Opposite Word Opposite
efficiency inefficiency sincere insincere
correct incorrect sane insane
capable incapable complete incomplete

Some words form opposites by adding a prefix “im”

Word Opposite Word Opposite
patient impatient penetrable impenetrable
movable immovable mature immature
polite impolite

Some words form opposites by adding a prefix “il”

Word Opposite Word Opposite
Literate Logical
Legible Liberal
legitimate licit

Some words form their opposites by changing the suffix “ful” to “less”
Word Opposite Word Opposite
useful useless needful needless
helpful helpless chanceful chanceless
regardful regardless merciful merciless
painful painless cheerful cheerless
hopeful hopeless

Activity:
Give the opposites of the underlined words.
1. Our skins are rough.
2. Our teacher of English has been rough this morning.
3. His dressing has made him look smart.
4. Joanita passed P.L.E because she was smart in the brain.
5. My uncle is a thin man.
6. Muvule is a thin tree.
7. The miraculous child has appeared just now.
8. The floating boat appeared yesterday.
9. My handwriting keeps appearing on this type of paper.
10. Our class monitor was blamed for his bad behaviour in class.
11. The video deck was assembled by the mechanic.
12. The pupils were assembled after classes.
13. The boy has been given the punishment he deserves.
14. The light of the dawn is very colourful.
15. Cleaning the school compound is compulsory to all pupils.
16. Some of the subjects are compulsory to all pupils.
17. Attending prayers on Sunday is voluntary to all pupils at school.
18. Mujuni was innocent about the case.
LESSON THIRTY – TWO
ABBREVIATIONS AND CONTRACTIONS AND THEIR FULL FORMS
1. D.S.TV ……………. digital satellite television
2. A.T.M ……………… automated teller machine
3. AC …………………...alternating current/ air conditioning
4. A.D …………………... in the year of our lord
5. B.C ……………………before Christ
6. I.N.R.I ………………. Jesus of Nazareth King of the Jews
7. R.I.P ………………… may he/she rest in peace
8. CCTV ……………….. closed – circuit television
9. CD …………………… compact disk
10. b/w ………………….black and white
11. CC …………………...carbon copy/ cubic centimetre(s)
12. FBI ………………….. Federal Bureau of Investigation
13. C.M.I ……………….. Chief of Military Intelligence
14. C.I.D ………………… Criminal Investigation Department
15. AOB ………………… any other business
16. arr. …………………. arrives/arrival/arranged by
17. asap. ……………….. as soon as possible
18. anon. ………………. anonymous
19. approx. …………… approximately
20. aka ……………….... also known as
21. attn. ………………...for the attention of
22. Ave./ Av …………..avenue
23. AWOL …………….. absent without leave
24. Asst.………………. assistant
25. BBC ………………....British Broadcasting Corporation
26. AIDS ………………..Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
27. HIV ………………… Human Immuno – deficiency Virus
28. a/c …………………. account/air conditioning
29. Bros ……………….brothers
30. BTW ……………… by the way
31. CD – ROM ………compact disk read only memory
32. cf. ………………. compare
33. CEO ………………. chief executive officer
34. CIA ………………. Central Intelligence Agency
35. CNN ……………… Cable News Network
36. CO ……………….. Commanding Officer
37. Co. …………………company / country
38. C/O ……………….. care of
39. COD ………………… cash on delivery / collect on delivery
40. Cont./contd ……. continued
41. Corp. ………………. corporation
42. Ct. ……………………court
43. ct…………………….cent
44. CV ……………………curriculum vitae
45. DC …………………...direct current
46. dep. …………………depart/ departure
47. Dept. ………………department
48. DIY …………………. do it yourself
49. DJ …………………… disc jockey/ dinner jacket
50. D.O.B ……………… date of birth
51. doz. ……………….. dozen
52. DVD ……………….. digital versatile disc
53. ed./ Ed. ………….. edited/ edition/ editor
54. e.g………………….. for example
55. i.e……………………that is

LESSON THIRTY - THREE

56. encl./enc…………enclosed
57. etc…………………...and so on/ and so forth/ and many others
58. etal………………….and other people
59. EU ……………………European Union
60. ext. …………………..extension
61. f. …………………female
62. FA …………………....Football Association
63. FUFA ………………..Federation of Uganda Football Association
64. UEFA ………………..Union of European Football Association
65. FIFA ………………..Federation of International Football Association
66. CECAFA ……………Confederation of East and Central African Football Association
67. fao……………………for the attention of
68. FC …………………….football club
69. FM ……………………frequency modulation
70. FT/ F/T………….full – time
71. GMT ………………….Greenwich Mean Time
72. Gdns…………………Gardens
73. GDP …………………..gross domestic product
74. govt. …………………government
75. HE ……………………His/ Her Excellency
76. HM/ H.M ………….Headmaster/ Her Majesty
77. Hons…………………honours
78. HQ …………………….headquarters
79. h.p/ HP …………….horse power/ hire purchase
80. ICT …………………… information and communication technology
81. ICU ……………………intensive care unit
82. IMF …………………..International Monetary Fund
83. Incl. /inc…………..including/ included/ inclusive
84. ID ……………………..identity/ identification
85. IOU …………………...I owe you
86. Inc. / inc…………...incorporated
87. IQ ……………………...intelligence quotient
88. ISBN ………………… International Standard Book Number
89. ISP ……………………Internet Service Provider
90. IT ……………………..information technology
91. ITV ………………….. independent television
92. Jr/Jnr/ Jr. ………..junior
93. K ……………………one thousand/ kilometre/ kelvin
94. KB/ Kb ……………kilobyte
95. KO …………………..knock out
96. kph…………………kilometres per hour
97. l.h…………………...left hand
98. LCD ………………...liquid crystal display/ least/lowest common
99. Lib.………………… liberation
100. Ltd ………………….Limited
101. m. ………………..male
102. max. ………………maximum
103. MB ………………….Bachelor of Medicine
104. MB/Mb …………… megabyte
105. MBA ………………..Master of Business Admnistration
106. MC …………………..master of ceremonies
107. Met. …………………meteorological/ Metropolitan Police
108. min. …………………minute/ minimum
109. MMS ………………..Multimedia Messaging Service
110. MOD ………………..Ministry of Defence
111. MOT ……………….. Ministry of Transport
LESSON THIRTY – FOUR
112. MP …………………..Member of Parliament
113. mt.…………………..mountain / mount
114. MVP …………………most valuable player
115. MW ………………….medium wave
116. n/a …………………..not applicable / not available
117. NATO/ Nato…….North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
118. NB/ N.B ……………note well/ take note
119. NBA …………………National Basketball Association
120. NGO …………………non – governmental organisation
121. No./ no. ……………number
122. nr. …………………..near
123. OS ……………………operating system
124. p.a……………………per annum(per year)
125. p. and p. …………..postage and packing
126. PAYE ……………….pay as you earn
127. PC ……………………personal computer/ police constable
128. PG ……………………parental guidance
129. Ph. D ……………….Doctor of Philosophy
130. pl. …………………...place
131. PIN …………………personal identification number
132. plc/ PLC …………public limited company
133. pop ………………population
134. p.m……………….after midday/ in the afternoon/ in the evening
135. PO …………………Post Office
136. PR …………………public relations
137. Prof.……………...Professor
138. PTA ………………parent – teacher association
139. PTO ………………please turn over
140. p.w. ………………per week
141. r.h………………...right hand
142. RAM ……………..random access memory
143. QED/ q.e.d……which was to be proved
144. QEF/ q.e.f……..which was to be done
145. RC …………………Roman Catholic
146. Rd. ………………..road
147. RE …………………religious education
148. ref ………………….referee
149. ref. …………………reference
150. reg…………………registration
151. ROM ………………read only – memory
152. rpm ………………..revolutions per minute
153. RSVP ………………please reply
154. Rt. Hon …………..Right Honourable
155. Sec. / Secy ………secretary
156. sen.………………..senator
157. S I ………………….International System
158. SIM …………………subscriber identification module
159. SMS ………………..short message service
160. Soc. ………………..society
161. Sq. ………………….square
162. Sr./ snr/ sr.…… senior
163. St/ st/ St./st. ..... saint/ street/ state
164. STD …………………sexually transmitted disease
165. TB …………………..tuberculosis
166. tbs………………….table spoonful
167. tel./ Tel. …………telephone number
LESSON THIRTY - FIVE
168. UN/ U.N………….United Nations
169. UNESCO ………….United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
171. UNHCR ……………United Nations High Commission for Refugees
172. UNICEF ……………United Nations Children’s Fund
173. UNO ………………...the United Nations Organisation
174. USB …………………universal serial bus
175. Utd………………….united
176. v / vs ……………….versus
177. UV …………………..ultra violet
178. V ……………………. Volts
179. VAT ………………..value added tax
180. VIP …………………Very Important Person
181. VP ………………….vice – president
182. WPC ……………….woman police constable
183. Rev/ Revd ……… Reverend
184. x – mas …………..Christmas
185. Yr. …………………..year
186. Brig. .......................brigadier
187. capt.……………….captain
188. col. .........................colonel
189. Gen. ……………….general
190. Cpl …………………corporal
191. Lt. …………………..Leutenant
192. Maj. ........................major
193. O.C …………………officer in charge
194. wpm ………………words per minute
195. WTO ………………World Trade Organisation
196. WWW …………….World Wide Web
197. XL …………………..extra large
198. YMCA ……………..Young Men’s Christian Association
199. YWCA …………….Young Women’s Christian Association
200. Ag ………………….acting
201. Sgt …………………sergeant
202. SMG ……………….sub machine gun
203. Pte ………………..private
204. RPG ……………….rocket propelled grenade
205. Cr. …………………credit
206. Dr. …………………Doctor
207. G.P.O……………..General Post Office
208. Messrs …………..Gentle
209. viz…………………namely
210. assn………………association
211. w.e.f………………with effect from
212. via …………………by way of / through
213. abbr. ………………abbreviation
214. do …………………the same
215. deg. ……………….degree
216. A.G ………………..attorney general
217. C.A.A …………….civil aviation authority
218. I.G.G …………….inspector general of government
219. I.G.P …………….inspector general of police
220. C.A.O ……………chief administrative officer
221. PAP ………………poverty alleviation programme
222. N.C.S …………….national council of sports
223. L.C ………………..local council
224. NARO …………..National Agricultural Research Organisation
LESSON THIRTY - SIX
225. D.P.C …………..district police constable
226. U.P.E …………..Universal Primary Education
227. URA ……………Uganda Revenue Authority
228. RDC ……………Resident District Commissioner
229. ITEK ………….Institute of Teacher Education Kyambogo
230. P.L.E ………….Primary Leaving Examinations
231. U.N.E.B ………Uganda National Examinations Board
232. UMA …………..Uganda Manufacturer’s Association
233. ISO ……………Internal Security Organisation
234. ESO …………..External Security Organisation
235. dept. …………department
236. ea./@ ……….each
237. esp. …………..especially
238. fig. ...................figure
239. O.K …………….all correct/ alright (okay)
240. Hon. …………..Honourable/ Honorary
241. lab. …………….laboratory
242. Neg. ……………Negative
243. O.B ……………..old boy
244. O.G ……………..old girl
245. Qr. ……………..quarter
246. P.S.V………….public service vehicle (van)
247. ‘d ……………… would
248. I’d ……………… I had/ I would
249. Sun. …………… Sunday
250. Mon. .................Monday
251. Tue. …………….Tuesday
252. Wed. ……………Wednesday
253. Thur. …………..Thursday
254. Fri. ………………Friday
255. Sat. ……………..Saturday
256. Jan. ……………..January
257. Feb. ……………February
258. Mar. ……………March
259. Apr. …………….April
260. May. …………….May
261. Jun. …………….June
262. Jul. …………….July
263. Aug. …………..August
264. Sept. …………..September
265. Nov. ……………November
266. Dec. …………….December
267. don’t ……………do not
268. a/c ......................account
269. ad. ........................advertisement
270. ad lib ..................as much as you like
271. anon. ....................anonymous
272. a.m ..........................in the morning/ before noon/ after midnight
273. Asst .........................Assistant
274. © ..............................copyright
275. Cm3............................cubic centimetre
276. D.V ............................ God willing
277. diam. .......................diametre
278. mfg ............................manufacturing
279. IHS .............................Jesus
280. ib / ibid …………….in the same place
LESSON THIRTY - SEVEN
281. id ………………………the same
282. inst ……………………instant/ the present month
283. I.O.C …………………..International Olympic Committee
284. l …………………………litre
285. Lab. …………………….labour / laboratory
286. Lat. ................................Latin/ latitude
287. L.C.M …………………...Lowest Common Multiple
288. L.D.C ……………………Less Developed Country
289. mfg ………………………manufacturing
290. mm ……………………..millimetre
291. Msgr ……………………Monsignor
292. mtg ………………………meeting
293. Mr ………………………..Mister
294. Mrs ………………………Mistress (commonly pronounced as missis)
295. neg ……………………….negative
296. non seq ………………..it does not follow
297. o.b ………………………..died
298. O.T ………………………..Old Testament
299. OPEC …………………….Organisation of Oil Exporting Countries
300. oz …………………………ounce
301. pos. ……………………….positive
302. pd. …………………………paid
303. per cent …………………by the hundred
304. Pres. ………………………President
305. P.M …………………………Prime Minister
306. pro …………………………professional
307. pro tem ………………….for the time being
308. prox ……………………….next month
309. Sec ………………………….Secretary
310. seq ………………………….the following
311. SOS …………………………Save our Souls
312. Treas ………………………Treasurer
313. U.K …………………………..United Kingdom
314. ult ……………………………last month
315. HSC ………………………….Higher School Certificate
316. vac ……………………………vacation
317. sch. ………………………….school
318. Tr. …………………………….Teacher
319. can’t ………………………….cannot
320. don’t ………………………….do not
321. shan’t …………………………shall not
322. won’t ………………………….will not
323. oughtn’t ……………………...ought not
324. shouldn’t …………………….should not
325. mustn’t ………………………..must not
326. isn’t …………………………….is not
327. wasn’t …………………………was not
328. hadn’t …………………………had not
329. needn’t ………………………..need not
330. phone ………………………….telephone
331. piano …………………………..pianoforte
332. auto …………………………….automatic
333. specs …………………………..spectacles
334. rhino …………………………..rhinoceros
335. hippo …………………………..hippopotamus
336. O’level …………………………ordinary level
337. A’level …………………………advanced level
338. Maths ………………………….Mathematics
339. SST ………………………………Social studies
340. Scie ………………………………Science
341. Eng ………………………………English
342. Agg ………………………………aggregate
343. Div ……………………………….division
344. p …………………………………...page
345. pp …………………………………pages
346. PP………………………………….on behalf of

LESSON THIRTY – EIGHT

Using Not only………………..
1. The robbers stole his money. They killed him.
1st correlative (not only) + 1st choice (stole his money) and 2nd correlative (but also) + 2nd choice (killed him)
The robbers not only stole his money but also killed him.

Note: repetitions must be avoided.

“not only…..but also….” Can also be used with an inversion especially when used at the beginning of the sentence.
Not only did the robbers steal his money but also killed him.

Join the following sentences using “not only…..but also…”

1. The letter was read to him. The letter was translated to him.
2. She respects her teacher. She respects her class monitor.
3. He caned the thief. He handed him over to the police.
4. Nkanji is a teacher. He is a lawyer.
5. Forests give us timber. They give us herbs also.

Join the following sentences beginning: Not only……………..

6. The soldier shot at him. The soldier killed him.

7. They watched the play on the stage. They watched the play on a giant screen.
8. He ate beef. He ate chicken also.
9. Cows provide us with milk. Cows provide us with hides and skins.
10. The goat is sick. The goat has a broken leg.

LESSON THIRTY – NINE

Using …………………..as ……………………as……………(affirmatively)

Examples:
a) Mary is 4 metres tall. Joyce is 4 metres tall.
Mary is as tall as Joyce.
b) Rose sings beautifully. Her mother sings beautifully.
Rose sings as beautifully as her mother.
c) Your book looks nice. My book looks nice.
Your book looks as nice as mine.
d) Charles is careless. John is careless.
Charles is as careless as John.
e) Kyabaggu is lazy. His brother is lazy.
Kyabaggu is as lazy as his brother.
Activity:
Join/re - write the following sentences using ………………..as…………….as…………………….
1. Dumba is tall. Kirega is tall.
2. Ruth is short. Ritah is short.
3. Moses is strong. Kapere is equally strong.
4. Ivan weighs 40kg. Ronald weighs 40kg.
5. Lowena is twelve years old. Lynette is twelve years old.
6. Ben is very strong. George is very strong.
7. She walks slowly. A snail walks slowly.
8. Carol is beautiful. A rainbow is also beautiful.
9. Brian is bright. Brian’s father is very bright.
10. Some radios are dear. Televisions are dear.
Using …….not as……………..as…………
This adverbial qualifier is used to connect two clauses that contain non – equivalent values or degrees.
Examples:
a) Cabbages are cheap. Onions are expensive.
Cabbages are not as expensive as onions.
Or
Onions are not as cheap as cabbages.
b) A cow is big. An elephant is bigger.
A cow is not as big as an elephant.
c) Tom is 4 metres tall. Joseph is 3metres tall.
Joseph is not as tall as Tom.
Or
Tom is not as short as Joseph.
d) Ugandans are rich. Americans are richer.
Ugandans are not as rich as Americans.

Activity:
Join / re – write the following sentences using …………..not as …………..as…………..
1. A car is fast. An aero plane is faster.
2. I am not careful. My mother is careful.
3. Allen is weaker than her sister.
4. Ben is not strong. George is strong.
5. You are not good. Your father is good.
6. A bicycle is expensive. A television is more expensive.
7. Primary six is noisy. Primary five is noisier.
8. Mary is not clever. Sarah is clever.
9. Mukono is not far away from Kampala. Jinja is far away from Kampala.
10. Brian is bright. Mathew is brighter.
LESSON FORTY
HOMOPHONES
These are words with the same pronunciation but different spellings, meanings and origin. Usually the meanings of words like these are
clear from the sentences they are in.
Examples:
teat-tit ill - eel knew – new led – lead
fit- feet fill -feel knight – night leek – leak - lick
ship-sheep bin -bean knot – not lesson – lessen
sit –seat rid -reed nose – knows lightning – lightening
it- eat bit - beat lane – lain lone – loan
tin- teen hat -hut dear – deer male – mail
pill- peel back –bark fair – fare mayor – mare
dip –deep air – heir find – fined sew – saw – sow – so
allowed – aloud flea – flee sight – site
bail – bale flour – flower sole – soul
bare – bear fowl – foul son – sun
bean – been – bin meet – meat stair – stare
blew – blue missed – mist stationary – stationery
board – bored none – nun steal – steel
break – brake oar – ore tail – tale
by – buy – bye one – won their – there
ceiling – sealing pail – pale threw – through
cell – sell paws – pause tide – tied
cent – sent – scent piece – peace vain – vane
cereal – serial practice – practise waist – waste – west
check – cheque pray – prey wait – weight
coarse – course principal – principle weak – week – wick
grate – great profit – prophet wood – would
grown – groan read – reed – rid bee – be
hare – hair right – write scene – seen – sin
heel – heal – hill - he’ll wring – ring board – bored
here – hear role – roll morning – mourning
herd – heard – hard – had root – route warn – won – worn
hire – higher sail – sale flew – flu – flue
hymn – him see – sea to – two – too
hole – whole weather – whether berth – birth – bath
hour – our rain – rein – reign curb – cub – kerb
idle – idol way – weigh far – fir – fur
foul – fowl base – bass some – sum
know – no berry – belly
pole – poll bread – bred
pair – pare – pear aisle – isle
road – rode eye – I
wear – ware hire - higher
knot – not guessed – guest
ascent – assent passed – past
least – list
Activity:
Write the words which are pronounced like those below but with different meaning and spelling.
a) warn f) principle k) nose
b) weak g) buy l) cheque
c) had h) write m) hire
d) sun i) would n) mayor
e) paws j) die o) sun

Complete each of these sentences choosing the correct word from those in brackets.
1. The pupils told……………………………teacher that ………………………………….was an accident at the junction.
(there, their)
2. When the …………………………of directors felt ……………………………….. , they left. (board, bored)
3. Go and ……………………………..the bell please. (wring, ring)
4. The passengers watched the ……………………………………..taking off from the other side of the airport. (plain, plane)
5. You should not ………………………………………our time, hurry up. (waste, waist)
6. The lion was busy looking for its ………………………………….from a very thick bush. (pray, prey)
7. We always reap what we …………………………………………………….(sow, sew)
8. The children took the shortest ………………………………………..to the forest. (route, root)
9. Out of ………………………………….means out mind. (site, sight)
10. Jesca bought a …………………………………………book and even her mother…………………………it. (knew, new)
11. We spent an ………………………………………waiting for ………………………………visitors. (hour, our)
12. Gloria asked for the remaining ……………………………………..of meat. (piece, peace)
13. Have you passed…………………………………………..? (threw, through)
14. The young one of a ………………………………………..is a fawn. (dear, deer)
15. When he aimed at the bird, it ……………………………………..away. (flue, flew)