Chapter II

Review and Related Literature

According to the article “How Does Technology Impact Student Learning?”, (2022). The

educational system has been significantly revolutionized by modern technology. Education is

now available to anyone who wants to learn anywhere in the globe, at any time, and on any

subject thanks to internet-enabled classrooms.

Unlike traditional face-to-face classrooms, which have a limited student capacity, virtual

classrooms can accommodate any number of students. And, when it comes to education, there is

a limitless amount of free or low-cost knowledge available.

Whether technology will prevail over traditional learning or not, it is very beneficial for

students to be up-to-date with the latest educational methods. In today's world, technology has

permeated every part of our lives, including the field of education. It is a tool that assists us in

completing complex jobs in a timely and effective manner.

Technology has had an impact on every part of our lives, but in recent years, the impact

on education has been the most visible. Schools are incorporating more and more technology

into the classroom in order to keep up with the latest technological breakthroughs and better

educate students for the rapidly growing world of technology. However, it is necessary to keep in

mind that technology is a tool for education, but it can’t solve the problems itself. The usefulness

of educational technology lies in what educators do with it and how they use it to best meet the

needs of their students.

The appropriate use of digital learning tools in the classroom can boost student

engagement, assist teachers in improving lesson plans, and enable personalized learning. It also

helps students to develop critical thinking skills.

One of the most major advantages of employing technology in education is that it allows

students to put their knowledge and abilities into practice. Students get useful knowledge from

online classes and interactions with their lecturers and peers. It is, nevertheless, critical to put

these new talents into practice and action.

Through various applications, technology allows students to put their newly acquired

knowledge into practice. The inclusion of technology into the classroom enables professors to

readily offer numerous activities and assignments that allow students to apply their knowledge

and expertise to generate a solution to a scenario, problem, or event.

Sharpening students’ critical thinking

The impact of technology on students' critical thinking skills will vary based on a number

of factors, including the sort of technology utilized and the context in which it is used. It is a

well-known fact that using technology in the classroom can enhance activities and the learning

process. Technology can engage several senses and boost students' interest in the content.

Appropriate classroom technology improves students' academic performance, self-

confidence, classroom motivation, and attendance. Technology helps kids graduate from sitting

and listening to more hands-on learning.

Furthermore, technology promotes critical thinking by supporting students in applying

what they've learned in the classroom to real-life circumstances and developing problem-solving

skills, both of which are crucial components of critical thinking.

Educational technology can help with collaboration. During lessons, teachers can

communicate with pupils, but students can also interact with one another. Through online classes

and instructional activities, students work together to solve challenges.

In collaborative activities, students can share their ideas and opinions and support one

another. At the same time, technology enables one-on-one connection with teachers. Students

can ask questions about the classroom and get help with difficult-to-understand subject matter.

Teachers may access and read submitted assignments on their devices, and students can upload

homework from home.

Several studies have indicated that using instructional technology boosts overall student

motivation and involvement in learning. Technology, in particular, engages kids behaviorally,

emotionally, and cognitively. Students have additional possibilities to engage with instructors,

collaborate with peers, and participate in the learning process when technology is used in class or

after school.

Specific examples of technology that have been demonstrated to promote student

involvement and communication include web-conferencing software, blogs, wikis, social

networking sites, and digital games.

Better communication

Students can use technology to connect with others both within and outside of their

classes. Learning how to use digital technologies to collaborate on projects prepares students for

practically any vocation.

pupils how to work with individuals who are different from them. While the internet can be an

ugly place full of hate at times, when used appropriately, it can bring a fantastic sense of

community and support.

Students of all ages can benefit from classroom websites. They usually develop student

bonds and provide opportunities for cooperative initiatives. They also assist students by fostering

in them a sense of belonging and community.

Websites, which are often packed with student work, classroom updates, and

assignments, resemble being a member of an online forum or group. Students can practice

designing, editing, and posting files to the site.

Personalized learning opportunities

With tight schedules and demanding lifestyles, it has become tough and necessary to

broaden your skill set. This is where technology can help. Virtual classes are progressively

replacing traditional lectures, making education easier than ever.

Students can schedule their time and learn when it is convenient for them. They can also

enhance their knowledge by pursuing areas and courses outside of their course curriculum.

Technology allows for constant access to information and knowledge. Online classes can

be completed fully on a laptop or mobile device. A hybrid education blends the use of

technology from virtually anywhere with regular in-person classroom sessions. In both instances,

technology can be used to personalize learning plans for individual student. Lessons can be

tailored to students' interests and strengths.

study class content or understand key ideas, they can rewatch videos in the lesson plan.

Furthermore, teachers can use the data generated by these online activities to identify which

pupils failed with specific courses and provide further aid and support.

The Impact of Technology on Student Learning

Technology has assisted students and teachers in creating a practical and conveniently

accessible teaching and learning environment.

Increased interaction and class involvement are two significant technological impacts on

education. Furthermore, improved general comprehension, practical learning, time management,

and blended learning approaches are just a few of the ways that technology has influenced

student learning.

Better comprehension

Everyone in school now has access to the entire world through the use of technology.

Students can readily obtain all of the information and materials they need to better understand

various topics and succeed in the process with just a few clicks.

In certain cases, any student may encounter difficulties coping with specific issues; but,

owing to technology, this is no longer an issue because they can immediately check it up in

various search engines or even request additional explanation from their professors. Because of

advances in technology, professors are always an email away, making it easier for students to

interact with them and obtain all necessary assistance.

Students become more engaged and take greater control over the learning process when

technology is effortlessly and carefully integrated into the classroom.

Effective technology integration transforms the classroom dynamics, encouraging

student-centered project-based learning. Through chat rooms and other similar applications,

students can communicate with their teachers and other students quickly and effortlessly without

wasting class time when using technology during the learning process.

Exploring complex matters

As previously said, students will inevitably confront challenges and various difficulties

during the learning process. Furthermore, they may be forced to investigate topics that are

complex and difficult for them.

However, the introduction of technology into the learning process has made it simple for

students and teachers to access all of the information and sources that will aid in the exploration

and resolution of complicated issues that may arise during the learning and teaching process.

Time-saving: effective learning

Both teachers and students clearly make the most of what technology has to offer. One of

the most major benefits of incorporating technology into the classroom is that it saves time.

There are a variety of apps available to help teachers take attendance so that the process

does not take up too much of their time. Students can write their names on a tablet as they go in,
even if the teacher is busy getting ready for class. The use of technology can fully eliminate a

variety of problems; for example, when students can access their work online, photocopying and

stapling are no longer necessary.

Furthermore, grading is a piece of cake using technological systems that instantaneously

evaluate test results on a broad scale. Many apps provide status reports to teachers, allowing

them to see each student's progress. These reports also indicate areas for growth, allowing

teachers to discover learning issues early in the school year. Technology not only makes grading

easier for professors, but it also ensures that students receive the assistance and attention they

require.

Combined learning methodologies

Technology enables teachers to accommodate any learning style. Whether students learn

best through lectures, reading, pictures, or recordings, technology can fit whatever method of

learning that students use and prefer.

Students can learn at their own pace by watching online videos, listening to audiobooks,

playing interactive online games, and using other resources. Furthermore, because online content

is frequently updated, teachers and students can always access the most up-to-date knowledge.

Inappropriate

In this concept, the study's results indicate that there is a (low-level) substantial positive

link between gender, social media usage status, length of internet and mobile phone use, and

inappropriate behaviors used by prospective instructors on digital devices. According to Sincar,

M. (2013), It was shown that male students demonstrated more inappropriate behavior on digital
devices than female students did, and prospective teachers who used social media displayed

more inappropriate behavior than those who did not. Compulsion, forgetfulness, and apathy were

determined to be the root causes of undesirable or unsuitable behaviors.

Hesitant

In this concept, digital devices help students to improve academically.According to Jiahui

Wang, Christopher J. Dede, and Tingting Zheng (2018), they’ve studied the impact of digital

devices on student engagement in the classroom. Results showed that students who used digital

devices more frequently reported higher levels of cognitive and behavioral engagement, as well

as accessing course materials, taking notes, and staying organized. However, there are potential

downsides to device use, such as distraction and decreased face-to-face interaction, that should

be taken into account when designing technology-enhanced learning environments.

Helpful

In this concept, many educational institutions, particularly higher education institutions,

are exploring incorporating smartphones into classroom learning aids because most students (in

many cases, all students) not only own them but are also emotionally tied to them. The main

question is whether using smartphones into classroom instruction improves or hinders learning.

This report discusses the findings of our research on incorporating smartphones into classroom

instruction. The research was conducted via a survey and an interview/discussion with a student

focus group. We discovered that people use their smartphones to get teaching materials or

supporting information that would ordinarily be available via the Internet. Students utilize

smartphones as learning tools for a variety of reasons, including convenience, portability,

friendliness. They also use smartphones to communicate with teachers outside of class and to

organize group work. However, incorporating cellphones into a classroom-teaching environment

is a difficult process. Anshari, M et al. (2017).

Important

In this concept, Higgins, et al. (N.D.), found that digital technology can have a positive

impact on student achievement, engagement, and access to resources. It can also be used to

provide personalized learning experiences and support for students with diverse learning needs.

Not important

In this concept, it greatly affects the attention and Focus of the students. Research

indicates that the presence of digital devices, such as smartphones or laptops, in the classroom

can lead to reduced attention and focus. Students may be tempted to engage in non-academic

activities like texting, social media browsing, or gaming, which can divert their attention away

from the lesson (Rosen, Lim, Carrier, & Cheever, 2011). It is also found that excessive device

use during class time can be detrimental to learning outcomes. Students who frequently use

digital devices for non-academic purposes in the classroom tend to have lower academic

performance, reduced comprehension, and decreased information retention (Junco, 2015;

Hembrooke & Gay, 2003).

Distraction

Devices can be a source of distraction for students, with the temptation to engage in non-

academic activities like social media, gaming, or browsing the internet. This distraction can lead
to reduced focus, decreased productivity, and hindered learning Rosen, et al., (2011). According

to Beland & Murphy (2016). Studies suggest a negative correlation between device use in the

classroom and academic performance. Excessive device use, particularly for non-academic

purposes, can lead to lower grades and hinder information retention and comprehension.

Jiahui Wang, Christopher J. Dede, and Tingting Zheng (2018) studied the impact of

digital devices on student engagement in the classroom. Results showed that students who used

digital devices more frequently reported higher levels of cognitive and behavioral engagement,

as well as accessing course materials, taking notes, and staying organized. However, there are

potential downsides to device use, such as distraction and decreased face-to-face interaction, that

should be taken into account when designing technology-enhanced learning environments.

Higgins, et al. (N.D.) found that digital technology can have a positive impact on student

achievement, engagement, and access to resources. It can also be used to provide personalized

learning experiences and support for students with diverse learning needs. However, effective

implementation and careful planning are needed to ensure that technology is used in a way that

supports learning goals.