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General Chemistry Reviewer-Zara

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Chemical properties are present when


GENERAL CHEMISTRY substances change into or
1.MATTER: AN INTRODUCTION AND ITS interact with another
PROPERTIES substance/s. Some of chemical
properties are the following:
Matter is anything that
occupies space and has mass and
volume. Matter occurs commonly
in three physical forms called
states: SOLID, LIQUID, and GAS.

A substance undergoes chemical


change, also called a chemical
reaction, occurs when a
substance is converted into a
different substance.
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
A substance shows physical Other examples include:
properties when it shows by • Evolving bubbles or releasing
itself, without changing into or gas
interacting with another • Absorbing or releasing heat
substance. Some physical • Changing color
properties are the following: • Formation of a new chemical
species

A substance undergoes physical


change if a substance changes
its physical appearance but not
its composition.
Other examples include:
• Crushing a can SAMPLES:
• Melting an ice cube
• Chopping wood
• Sublimation of dry ice B. CHEMICAL
A. PHYSICAL CHANGE
C. PHYSICAL CHANGE
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
All measurable properties of
matter fall into two categories:
extensive properties and
MIXTURE
intensive properties. -is a combination of two or
Extensive property depends on more substances in which the
how much matter is being substances retain their
considered. Some extensive distinct identities
properties are:
• Mass

Homogenous heterogenous
• Length
mixtures are mixtures are
• Volume those with those
uniform without
Intensive property does not appearance, uniform
depend on the amount of matter appearance
being considered. Some intensive
properties are:
• Temperature
• Melting point
• Boiling point

GENERAL CHEMISTRY
2.FORMS OF MATTER

MATTER

PURE SUBSTANCE
-A pure substance is matter
that has distinct properties
and a composition that does not
vary from
sample to sample.

COMPOUND ELEMENTS
-composed of -are
two or more substances
elements, and that cannot
they contain be decomposed
two or more into simpler
atoms substances,
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
3.SIMPLE SEPARATION TECHNIQUES

Filtration separates the


components of a mixture on the
basis of differences in
particle size. It is used most
often to separate a liquid
(smaller particles) from a
solid (larger particles).
Filtration is a key step in
the purification of the tap
water you drink.

Extraction is also based


on differences in solubility.
In a typical procedure, a
natural (often plant or
animal) material is ground in
a blender with a solvent that
extracts (dissolves) soluble
compound(s)embedded in
insoluble material.

Crystallization is based
on differences in solubility.
The solubility of a substance
is the amount that dissolves
in a fixed volume of solvent
at a given temperature. Key
substances in computer chips
and other electronic devices
are purified by a type of
crystallization.
Chromatography is a third
technique based on differences
in solubility. The mixture is
dissolved in a
Distillation separateS gas or liquid called the
mobile phase, and the
components through
components are separated as
differences in volatility,
this phase moves over a solid
the tendency of a substance
(or viscous liquid) surface
tobecome a gas.
called the stationary phase.
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
4.STRUCTURE OF ATOMS

Law of Mass Conservation


This law states that the total
mass of substances does not
change during a chemical
reaction. The number of
substances may change and, by
definition, their properties
must, but the total amount of
matter remains constant.
Law of Multiple Proportions
This law states that if
elements A and B react to form
two compounds, the different
masses of B that combine with a
fixed mass of A can be expressed
as a ratio of small whole
numbers.

How Dalton’s Atomic Theory Explained the Mass


Laws

1. Law of Mass Conservation.


Law of Definite Composition Atoms cannot be created or
This law states that no matter destroyed or converted into
what its source, a particular other types of
compound is composed of the same atoms. Since each type of atom
elements in the same parts has a fixed mass, a chemical
(fractions) by mass. The reaction, in which atoms are
fraction by mass (mass fraction) just
is that part of the compound’s combined differently with each
mass that each element other, cannot possibly result in
contributes. It is obtained by a mass change.
dividing the mass of each
element by the total mass of 2. Law of Definite Composition.
compound. The percent by mass A compound is a combination of a
(mass percent, mass %) is the specific ratio of different
fraction atoms,
by mass expressed as a each of which has a particular
percentage. mass. Thus, each element in a
compound constitutes a fixed
fraction
of the total mass.

3. Law of Multiple Proportions.


Atoms of an element have the
same mass and are indivisible.
The
masses of element B that combine
with a fixed mass of element A
give a small, whole-number ratio
because different numbers of B
atoms combine with each A atom
in different compounds.

Structure of the Atom


An atom is an electrically
neutral, spherical entity
composed of a positively charged
central nucleus surrounded by
one or more negatively charged
electrons. An atomic nucleus
consists of protons and
neutrons. The proton has a
positive charge, and the neutron
has no charge; thus, the
positive charge of the nucleus
results from its protons. The
magnitude of charge possessed by
a proton is equal to that of an
electron, but the signs of the
charges are opposite. An atom is
neutral because the number of
protons in the nucleus equal the
number of electrons surrounding
the nucleus.

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