1. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space, and can exist in three states: solid, liquid, and gas. Elements are substances that cannot be broken down further, while compounds contain two or more elements chemically bonded together. Mixtures contain elements or compounds mixed without chemical bonding.
2. Properties of matter include physical properties like state, density, and boiling point as well as chemical properties involving chemical changes. Changes in matter can be physical changes that alter the state without composition changes, or chemical changes involving composition alterations and energy transfers.
3. Energy is the ability to do work and is associated with matter, taking various forms like heat, light, motion, and chemical energy. Energy cannot be
1. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space, and can exist in three states: solid, liquid, and gas. Elements are substances that cannot be broken down further, while compounds contain two or more elements chemically bonded together. Mixtures contain elements or compounds mixed without chemical bonding.
2. Properties of matter include physical properties like state, density, and boiling point as well as chemical properties involving chemical changes. Changes in matter can be physical changes that alter the state without composition changes, or chemical changes involving composition alterations and energy transfers.
3. Energy is the ability to do work and is associated with matter, taking various forms like heat, light, motion, and chemical energy. Energy cannot be
1. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space, and can exist in three states: solid, liquid, and gas. Elements are substances that cannot be broken down further, while compounds contain two or more elements chemically bonded together. Mixtures contain elements or compounds mixed without chemical bonding.
2. Properties of matter include physical properties like state, density, and boiling point as well as chemical properties involving chemical changes. Changes in matter can be physical changes that alter the state without composition changes, or chemical changes involving composition alterations and energy transfers.
3. Energy is the ability to do work and is associated with matter, taking various forms like heat, light, motion, and chemical energy. Energy cannot be
1. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space, and can exist in three states: solid, liquid, and gas. Elements are substances that cannot be broken down further, while compounds contain two or more elements chemically bonded together. Mixtures contain elements or compounds mixed without chemical bonding.
2. Properties of matter include physical properties like state, density, and boiling point as well as chemical properties involving chemical changes. Changes in matter can be physical changes that alter the state without composition changes, or chemical changes involving composition alterations and energy transfers.
3. Energy is the ability to do work and is associated with matter, taking various forms like heat, light, motion, and chemical energy. Energy cannot be
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CHAPTER 2
MATTER & ENERGY
Definition of terms: Matter - is anything that has mass and occupies space. Made up of tiny particles called atoms. Elements - are substances that cannot be broken into simpler substances by chemical means. They are the basic building blocks of matter. Mass - a measure of the amount of matter in an object. It is a fundamental property of matter, and it does not change with the object’s location or motion. Reactants - the starting materials in a chemical reaction. They are substances that are combined to form the products of the reaction. Products - the substances that are formed in a chemical reaction. They are substances that are produced when the reactants are combined.
Objectives: Understand the basic concepts of matter and energy Understand the different types of chemical reactions Be able to apply the concepts of matter and energy to solve problems in chemistry
The matter is anything that possesses weight or mass and occupies space. It can exist in three states-gas, liquid, and solid-depending on the temperature and pressure and the character of the substance. Weight is the measure of the earth’s attraction to a body. Solids are characterized by rigidity and definite form; liquids flow; gases diffuse and fill any container in which they may be placed. Most substances can be made to appear in all three of this states-for example, water may exist as a solid (ice), a liquid, or a gas (steam). By adding heat, a liquid may be changed to a gas; by subtracting heat, a liquid may be changed to a solid. Mass is the quantity of matter that a body possesses. The object's mass is the measure of its resistance to change in position or motion.
Composition of Matter The three general groups of matter on the basis of their properties are elements, compounds, and mixtures. Elements and compounds are pure substances with a definite composition, while mixtures consist of several elements or compounds with variable composition.
A. Elements are substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means. It is composed of only one kind of atom. 1. Metallic elements - Fe, Na, Cu, Sn, etc. Properties of metallic elements a. Ductility – may be drawn into a fine wire b. Malleability - maybe hammered or rolled into shape. c. Metallic luster 2. Non-metals - S, C, O, Cl, N, etc. Properties are opposite to those of metals 3. Metalloids- As, Sb, Bi, etc. They are borderline elements having certain properties characteristic of metals and non-metals.
B. Compounds are substances that contain two or more elements combined chemically in a fixed proportion. They can be decomposed into two or simpler substances by ordinary chemical means. 1. Acids are substances that yield hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water. Examples: HCl, H₂SO4, HNO3 2. Bases are substances that yield hydroxide ions (OH) when dissolved in water. Examples: KOH, Ca (OH)2, Fe (OH)3. 3. Salts are electrically neutral compounds made up of the cation of the base and the anion of the acid. C. Mixtures are materials composed of two or more substances each of which retains its characteristic properties. The components of a mixture retain their identity since their physical and chemical properties have not been changed by simple mixing. Most of the materials we encounter in everyday life are mixtures. Examples are food products, rocks, soil, and cement.
Mixtures that have visibly different parts are called heterogeneous mixtures. Solutions are homogenous mixtures of two or more substances, the relative proportions of which may vary within certain limits. It is like a compound in that it is homogenous but it is unlike a compound in that it has a variable composition. Example: solution of sugar and water. We may increase the amounts of sugar or water but still have a homogenous mixture of these substances.
Difference between Properties of Mixture and Compounds
Mixtures Compounds 1. Heterogeneous or homogenous 1. Homogenous 2. Components retain the original identity 2. Constituents lose their identity 3. Components maybe present in any 3. Constituent elements are present in fixed proportion by mass. and invariable ratio by mass. 4. Can be separated by simple physical 4. Cannot be broken down into simpler means. substances by ordinary physical means. 5. Components are not chemically 5. Constituent elements are chemically. combined. combined.
Properties of Matter
Properties of matter are qualities or characteristics by which a given substance is identified. Each substance possesses a series of definite and characteristic attributes by which it may be recognized or identified and described. By this, you can distinguish a given material from another. Example: salt and sugar are both white, crystalline, odorless, and soluble in water, but salt is salty, does not melt unless heated to 804°C, does not turn brown when heated: and does not burn in air while sugar is sweet, melts, burns in air and turns brown when heated.
A. Extrinsic Properties are qualities that are not characteristics of the substance itself. Example: size, shape, length, weight, and temperature. B. Intrinsic Properties are qualities characteristic of any sample of a pure substance regardless of the size or shape of the sample. 1. Physical properties are those associated with physical changes or those that may be expressed without considering the possibility of transforming the given material into another substance. It may be perceived by the senses or measured by physical means. Examples: color, taste, odor, melting point, boiling point, density, malleability, and ductility. 2. Chemical Properties are those involved when matter undergoes chemical changes. They are those that express the capacity of the substance to be transformed into another substance. It is the tendency of a substance to undergo or resist chemical change. The rusting of iron is the chemical property of iron since a change of composition occurs and a new substance is formed. The physical properties are often the most convenient means of identifying it but its chemical properties are the most conclusive.
Changes in Matter
A. Physical or phase changes are those changes in which the identifying properties of the substance remain unchanged. There is a change in state or form of a substance but the fundamental nature of the substance is not altered. Examples: melting of ice, breaking of glass, freezing of liquid. B. Chemical changes are those changes that involve alteration in composition. The products of chemical changes are different in composition and structure from the original substances and thus will have larger or smaller amounts of chemicals. energy. If the final amount of energy is smaller, the energy liberated during the change is usually in the form of heat and sometimes electricity. Any chemical change which liberates heat as the reaction proceeds is said to be exothermic. If the final amount of energy is larger, energy is absorbed during the process. Any chemical change which absorbs heat energy as it proceeds is said to be endothermic. C. Nuclear changes are those changes that involved changes in the identity of atoms themselves. Example: the disintegration of radioactive atoms in successive stages to new nuclei.
Matter and Energy
Today we interpret our physical world in terms of matter and energy each of which can exist in a variety of forms. Energy is associated with matter but it is not a form of matter. Matter undergoes the change and energy causes the change or results from it. Changes in matter are accompanied by changes in energy. Energy is the ability to do work and manifests itself in any form. The more familiar forms of energy are heat, mechanical, radiant, and chemical energy. 1. Heat Energy – a measure of internal energy of a substance, which is due to its temperature, 2. Mechanical energy a. The kinetic energy in motion b. The potential energy of position 3. Radiant energy is associated with ordinary light, x-rays, radio waves, etc. 4. Chemical energy is stored energy or energy possessed by a substance that allows it to be changed into a new substance.
Though energy may pass from one form to another, energy is neither created nor destroyed. This law of nature is known as the Law of Conservation of Energy. Examples: 1. Heat from burning coal can be used to generate steam which in turn can operate a steam engine. The moving parts of a steam engine yield mechanical energy which may be transformed into electrical energy by means of a dynamo. 2. Electrical energy can be transformed into: a. light energy - light bulb b. heat energy-electric toaster, electric iron c. kinetic energy - floor polisher, electric fan
Matter and energy are interconvertible as shown by the German - American physicist Albert Einstein as given by the equation: E = me 2, where e represents energy. m is mass and e is the velocity of light (3. 0 x 1010 cm/s). If m is expressed in grams and e in centimeters per second, E is expressed in energy called an erg (g cm²/s²).
Laws of Chemical Change
Law of Conservation of Mass
The French chemist Lavoisier showed that there is no detectable gain or loss of mass in a chemical change. The total mass of substances entering into a chemical change (reactants) is equal to the total mass of the substances produced (products) as a result of the change. This principle called the Law of Conservation of Mass states that mass is neither created nor destroyed in any transformations of matter. In certain chemical reactions, it may seem that the reactants weigh more than the products (burning of wood) or the reactants seem to weigh less than the products (rusting of iron). But if we take into account all of the reactants and products, we find no change in total mass during the reaction.
Law of Definite Composition
When elements combine to form a given compound, they may do so in a fixed and invariable ratio by mass. Given the compound NaCl, the mass of NaCl is always 23% sodium and 35.5 percent chlorine.
Law of Multiple Proportions
Although elements always combine in a definite proportion to yield a given compound, they may also combine in a different proportion to yield a different compound. The Law of Multiple Proportions states that the weight of an element combined with a fixed weight of the second element in different compounds of the two elements is in the ratio of small whole numbers.
Examples:
Three oxides of lead on analysis gave the following data:
