General Chemistry: Dr. Nguyen Viet Hung

General Chemistry
Dr. Nguyen Viet Hung
Chapter 1.Matter and

Energy
Objectives
Use the basic vocabulary of matter

and energy
Distinguish between chemical and
physical properties; and between
chemical and physical changes
Recognize various forms of matter
Understand the concepts: mixture,
substance, compounds, element,
molecule and atoms
Matter:
Matter is anything that has mass and

occupies space
Mass is a measure of the quantity of
matter in a sample of any material
Mass and weight
Difference between mass

and weight
1) Mass is a measurement of the amount of

matter something contains, while Weight is
the measurement of the pull of gravity on
an object.
2) The Mass of an object doesn't change

when an object's location changes. Weight,
on the otherhand does change with
location.
Energy
Energy is defined as the capacity

to do work or transfer heat
Many forms of energy, including
light energy, electrical energy and
heat energy.
Energy can be classified into 2
principle types: kinetic energy and
potential energy
Potential energy
Rock atop a mountain
Coal
Example
Which of the following illustrate

the concept of potential energy
and which ilustrate kinetic energy?
(a) water stored in a water tower
(b) a rubber band stretched (c) a
comet moving through space (d)
the roof of a house
Exothermic and
endothermic processes
Exothermic
Endothermic
The law of conservation of matter: there is

no observable change in the quantity of
matter during a chemical reaction or
during a physical change
The law of conservation of energy: energy
cannot be created or destroyed. I can only
be converted from one form to another
The combined amount of matter and
energy in the universe is fixed
The relationship between energy and
matter:
E= mc2 (c is the speed of light)
States of matter
Solid: substances are rigid and have

definite shapes
Liquid: flows and assume the shape of
its container
Gases are much less dense than
liquids and solids, can be compressed
easily
Iodine
Bromine
Chlorine
Chemical and Physical

properties
Chemical properties are exhibited by

matter as it undergoes changes in
composition
All substances also exhibit physical
properties that can be observed in the
absence of any change in composition
Color, density, hardness, melting point,

boiling point and electrical and thermal
conductivities
Extensive and intensive

properties
Extensive: The volume and mass

of a sample depend on and directly
propotional to, the amount of
matter in that sample
Intensive: the color and the
melting point are the same for a
small sample and for a large one
Chemical and Physical

changes
In any physical change (no change

in chemical composition) (3 states
of matter)
In any chemical change
One or more substances are used up

One or more new substances are
formed,
Energy is absorbed or released
Physical changes that occur

among the three states of
matter
lim
Su
b
Solid
Freezing
n
io
Melting
at
on
ti
ra
po
s
en
a
Ev
at
io
n
nd
ep
os
it
io
n
Co
Gas
Liquid
Example
Which of the following are chemical

properties, which are physical
properties?
(a) Striking a match causes it to burst
into flames. (b) A particular type of steel
is very hard and consists of 95% iron,
4% carbon, and 1% other elements. (d)
Fine steel wool burns in air
Example
Label each of the as either a

physical process or a chemical
process:
(a) rusting of an iron bridge, (b)
melting of ice; (c) burning of a
wooden stick; (d) digestion of a
baked potato
Atoms and Elements
All of the different substances are

composed of only around 100 elements
Each atom of a specific element is
chemically identical to every other atom
and contains the same number of
protons in its nucleus
The number of protons in the nucleus of
each atoms of an element is the atomic
number of the element
Mixtures, substances,
compounds and elements
Mixtures: combinations of two or more

pure substances in which each
substance retains its own composition
and properties (can be seperated by
physical means)
Substance (pure substance): cannot be
further broken down or purified by
physical means.
A compound is a substance that can be
decomposed by chemical means into
simpler substances, always in the same
ratio by mass (H2O through electrolysis
form H2 and O2)
Electrolysis of water
An element is a substance that cannot be

decomposed into simpler substances by
chemical changes (H, O)
Atoms: the smallest particle of an element
that maintains its chemical identities
through all chemical and physical changes
Atoms consist principally of three
fundermental particles: electrons, protons
and neutrons
Scheme for classification

of matter
Matter
Mixture
Variable composition
Can be seperated
Physical changes
Pure substances
Fixed composition
Cannot be seperated (phys)
But by chem. method
Homegeneous mixturesHeterogeneous mixtures

Not same composition Compounds
Same composition
Distinguishable
Components
Elements
Can be
indistinguishable
decomposed Cannot be
Chemical changes
A molecule is the smallest particle

of an element or compound that
can have a stable independent
existence. In nearly all molecules,
two or more atoms are bonded
together
An ion is an atom or group of

atoms that carries an electric
charge. Ions that posses a positive
charge are called cations. Those
carrying a negative charge are
called anions.
Symbols of the most

common elements
the only metal that is a liquid

At room temperature
Sulfur is solid at roomtemperatu
Abundance of elements in
the Earths crust
Example
Classify each of the following as

element, a compound, or a mixture
(Explain)
A soft drink, seawater, air, chicken

noodle soup, table salt, copper wire,
popcorn, ice cream
Gasoline, tap water, calcium
carbonate, ink from a ball point pen,
toothpaste, aluminum foil

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General Chemistry

Dr. Nguyen Viet Hung

Chapter 1.Matter and

Use the basic vocabulary of matter

Matter is anything that has mass and

Mass and weight

Difference between mass

1) Mass is a measurement of the amount of

2) The Mass of an object doesn't change

Energy is defined as the capacity

Rock atop a mountain

Which of the following illustrate

The law of conservation of matter: there is

Solid: substances are rigid and have

Chemical and Physical

Chemical properties are exhibited by

Color, density, hardness, melting point,

Extensive and intensive

Extensive: The volume and mass

Chemical and Physical

In any physical change (no change

One or more substances are used up

Physical changes that occur

Which of the following are chemical

Label each of the as either a

Atoms and Elements

All of the different substances are

Mixtures: combinations of two or more

An element is a substance that cannot be

Scheme for classification

Homegeneous mixturesHeterogeneous mixtures

A molecule is the smallest particle

An ion is an atom or group of

Symbols of the most

the only metal that is a liquid

Sulfur is solid at roomtemperatu

Classify each of the following as

A soft drink, seawater, air, chicken

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