S4 Chem Ch.1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
S4 Chem Ch.1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
S4 Chem Ch.1 Fundamentals of Chemistry
Chemistry is the study of matter. The chemist makes observations and takes measurements. finds patterns in the observations. finds explanations. The observations and measurements are called facts or data. In science, a good guess is called a hypothesis. Laws are statements of important patterns.
1.2 Matter
What is matter? Matter is anything, which occupies space and has mass. There are three states of matter: solid, liquid and gas.
The evidence of the particle in the matter Diffusion (E.g., Blue ink spreads out through water.) The properties of matter - kinetic theory 1. All matter is made up of very small particles. 2. There are spaces between the particles. 3. Particles are in constant motion and have kinetic energy. 4. Temperature average kinetic energy .
B. Compound
A compound is a pure substance made up of two or more elements chemically combined together. e.g. Water (h2o), glucose (C6H12O6) Carbon + Oxygen Carbon dioxide
(Reactants) Water
Calcium carbonate Calcium oxide + Carbon dioxide (by heating) C. Mixture A mixture consists of two or more pure substance (elements or compounds) which have not chemically combined together. e.g. Sea Water (h2o + NaCl), Alloy (Coin: Cu + Ni ; Steal: Fe + C), Air
The differences between mixtures and compounds: Mixture
Composition by mass Changes in formation variable no chemical reaction takes place; usually no heat change in making mixture each constituent substance retains its own properties constituents can be separated by differences in physical properties Does not have a sharp m.p. or b.p.
Compound
fixed chemical reaction takes place; heat is usually given out or absorbed when compound is made. properties are entirely different from those of its constituent elements constituent elements can only be separated by chemical reaction, not by differences in physical properties | Has a sharp m.p. and b.p.
Fractional distillation Fractional distillation separates mixtures of miscible liquids. The mixture can be separated by fractional distillation if the boiling points of the liquids are different. The important uses of fractional distillation in industry are: To separate crude oil into different fractions To increase the concentration of ethanol in alcohol drinks. The test for a pure substance If the substance is a solid, we check its melting point. If the substance is a liquid, we check its boiling point.