TYPES OF CELLS Eukaryotic Cell

PROKARYOTIC - any cell or organism that possesses a

clearly defined nucleus.
EUKARYOTIC - The eukaryotic cell has a nuclear
Prokaryotic Cell membrane that surrounds the nucleus, in
which the well-defined chromosomes are
- does not have a true nucleus or located.
membrane-bound organelles. - Eukaryotic cells have a membrane bound
- organisms within the domains Bacteria – nucleus and membrane bound
and Archaea are based on the organelles.
prokaryotic cell.
Parts and Functions of the Eukaryotic Cell
Parts and Functions of the Prokaryotic Cell

Part Function Part Function

Capsule Found in some bacterial cells, Plasma The plasma membrane separates
this additional outer covering membrane the cell from the outside
protects the cell when it is environment.
engulfed by other organisms, Cell wall It provides shape to the cell and
assists in retaining moisture, helps in cell-to-cell interaction.
and helps the cell adhere to It is a protective layer that
surfaces and nutrients. protects the cell from any injury
Cell wall The cell wall is an outer or pathogen attacks.
covering that protects the Cytoskeleton Present inside the cytoplasm,
bacterial cell and gives it which consists of
shape. microfilaments, microtubules,
Cytoplasm Cytoplasm is a gel-like and fibers to provide perfect
substance composed mainly of shape to the cell, anchor the
water that also contains organelles, and stimulate the cell
enzymes, salts, cell movement.
components, and various Endoplasmic It is a network of small, tubular
organic molecules. reticulum structures that divides the cell
Cell Membrane/ The cell membrane surrounds surface into two parts: luminal
Plasma the cell's cytoplasm and and extraluminal.
Membrane regulates the flow of Nucleus The nuclear envelop consists of
substances in and out of the two layers- the outer membrane
cell. and the inner membrane. Both
Pili Hair-like structures on the the membranes are permeable to
surface of the cell that attach to ions, molecules, and RNA
other bacterial cells. Shorter material.
pili called fimbriae help Golgi It is made up of flat disc-shaped
bacteria attach to surfaces. apparatus structures called cisternae.
Flagella Flagella are long, whip-like It is absent in red blood cells of
protrusions that aid in cellular humans and sieve cells of plants.
locomotion. It is an important site for the
Ribosomes Ribosomes are cell structures formation of glycoproteins and
responsible for protein glycolipids.
production. Ribosomes These are the main site for
Plasmid Plasmids are gene-carrying, protein synthesis and are
circular DNA structures that composed of proteins and
are not involved in ribonucleic acids.
reproduction. Mitochondria It consists of an outer membrane
Nucleoid region Area of the cytoplasm that and an inner membrane. The
contains the single bacterial inner membrane is divided into
DNA molecule. folds called cristae.
They help in the regulation of
cell metabolism.
 Lysosomes They are known as “suicidal
bags” because they possess
hydrolytic enzymes to digest
protein, lipids, carbohydrates,
and nucleic acids.
Plastids These are double-membraned
structures and are found only in
plant cells.

TISSUES
4 BASIC TYPES OF TISSUES:
Two organizations of epithelial tissues
EPITHELIAL
- Simple
CONNECTIVE o single layer of cells; typically
MUSCLE found where absorption and
filtration occur or a single layer
NERVOUS of epithelial is needed
- Stratified
Epithelial tissue
o layers of cells; common in areas
- Protects the body by covering the where protection is needed like
internal and external surfaces and the skin
produces secretions.
Connective tissue
o Skin
▪ Covers the outside of the - Tissue that connects, supports, binds, or
body: epidermis separates other tissues or organs,
▪ Lines the inside of the typically having relatively few cells
body. embedded in an amorphous matrix, often
o Membrane (serous) with collagen or other fibers, and
▪ Two thin layers of tissue including cartilaginous, fatty, and elastic
that join together. tissues.
▪ Cells may secrete a fluid - The most abundant and widely
▪ E.g., pleural & distributed of all the tissues.
pericardial - Major Functions: binding and
▪ Outer part is called supporting, protecting, insulating,
parietal membrane. storing reserve fuel, Transporting
▪ Peritoneal lines the substances within the body
abdominal cavity.
- Essentially large sheets of cells covering
all the surfaces of the body exposed to
the outside world and lining the outside
of organs. Makes up 3% of your body
weight, they don’t move
- They don’t send messages; their cells are
all touching one another. Of all tissues,
they are the most widely varied in
structure and function.
- Protects from physical & chemical injury
and protects against microbial infection.
Contains nerve endings which respond to
stimuli. Filters, secretes & reabsorbs
materials and secretes fluids to lubricate
joints
Three basic shapes of epithelial tissues
- Squamous
o like scales, or pancakes (“being
squashed like a pancake”)
- Cuboidal
o looks like cubes
- Columnar
o longer and look like columns
General properties of connective tissues Cartilages of connective tissues
- Composition Adipose
o Cells
▪ Fixed
• Fibroblasts
• Adipocytes
• “Tissue
macrophages”
▪ Free
• Immune cells
(lymphocytes)
• Inflammatory
cells (neutrophils
& activated
macrophages)
Fibrocartilage
o Fibers & ground substances
(extracellular matrix)
- Functions
o Architectural framework of the
body
o Bind together and provide
mechanical support for other
tissue (metabolic, defense,
transport, storage)
o Wound repair / inflammatory
response
Fibers in connective tissues Elastic cartilage
- Collagen
o most abundant protein in human
body (up to 30% dry weight)
o multiple types: fibril-forming or
fibril-associated (in skin, tendon,
cartilage, bone, dentin, blood
vessels); cross-linked networks
(in all basement membranes)
- Reticular fibers
o specialized type of collagen
(Type III; reticulin) Connective tissue proper
o associated with smooth muscle in
organs subjected to changes in - Besides bone, cartilage and blood all
volume, forms the stroma in mature connective tissues belong to the
lymphatic and hematopoietic Connective Tissue Proper class.
organs - We can break these into loose
- Elastic fibers connective or dense connective.
o thin fibers or fenestrated sheets
composed of various
glycoproteins, including the - Loose connective tissue proper
protein elastin, providing elastic o Areolar connective tissue
properties to tissues that ▪ Gel-like matrix with all
experience repeated deformation three connective tissue
(in skin, blood vessels, lung, fibers
bladder) ▪ Fibroblasts, macrophages,
mast cells, and some
white blood cells
▪ Wraps and cushions
organs
▪ Widely distributed
throughout the body
o Adipose connective tissue
 ▪ Matrix similar to areolar
connective tissue with
closely packed adipocytes
▪ Reserves food stores,
insulates against heat
loss, and supports and
protects
▪ Found under skin, around
kidneys, within abdomen,
and in breasts
▪ Local fat deposits serve
nutrient needs of highly
active organs
o Reticular connective tissue
▪ Loose ground substance
with reticular fibers
▪ Reticular cells lie in a
fiber network
▪ Forms a soft internal
skeleton, or stroma, that
supports other cell types
▪ Found in lymph nodes,
bone marrow, and the
spleen
- Dense regular connective tissue
proper
o