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Ge 7 Lecture

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GE 7

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY,
and SOCIETY
SCIENCE
any system of knowledge that is concerned with the
physical world and its phenomena and that entails
unbiased observations and systematic experimentation.
In general, a science involves a pursuit of knowledge
covering general truths or the operations of
fundamental laws.
• TECHNOLOGY- the branch of knowledge that
deals with the creation and use of technical
means and their interrelation with life, society,
and the environment, drawing upon such subjects
as industrial arts, engineering, applied science,
and pure science.

• SOCIETY- a group of people living as a


community or an organized group of people for a
common purpose.
FORENSIC SCIENCE
may generally be defined as the application of scientific,
technical, or other specialized knowledge to assist courts
in resolving questions of fact in civil and criminal trials.
Forensic science is the application of science to law. Any
science can be applied to law, but some of the commonest
forensic science involves forensic biology, forensic
chemistry, and forensic toxicology. It also deals with facts
that maybe used as legal evidence. It plays a crucial role in
the justice system by providing scientific and foundational
information for investigations and the courts.
CRIMINALISTICS
- is the profession and scientific discipline directed
toward the recognition, collection, preservation,
identification, individualization, and evaluation of
physical evidence in legal proceedings by the
application of natural sciences.
Personal identification (dactyloscopy)- a method
of studying fingerprints to establish identification.

Forensic ballistics- the science of analyzing


firearm usage in crimes. It involves analysis of
bullets and bullet impacts to determine the type
and caliber of the firearm fired.
Forensic photography- the field covering the legal
application of photography in criminal jurisprudence and
criminal investigation. It deals with the study of
fundamental but pragmatic principle/concepts of
photography, application of photography in law
enforcement; and preparation of photographic evidence
needed by prosecutors and courts of law.
Lie detection (Polygraphy)- polygraph or lie detector test
is a scientific test that collects physiological data from a
person with the purpose of detecting reactions associated
with dishonesty. At least three systems in the human body
are recorded during a polygraph examination.

Questioned document examination- consists largely of


comparing questioned hand writing with known hand
writing to determine the writers’ identity. It includes the
examination of forgeries, typewriting, inks, paper, indented
and eradicated writing, rubber-stamped impressions,
charred paper and related items.
Forensic medicine- the scientific use of use
of medical and paramedical specialties, as
well as various dental, psychological,
biological, chemical, and mechanical
techniques, in investigating the cause of a
person’s death, disability, injury, or disease.
Introduction to personal identification
(dactyloscopy).
Fingerprint identification is the method of
identification using the impressions made by the
minute ridge formations or patterns found on the
finger tips. No two persons have exactly the same
arrangement of ridge patterns, and the patterns of any
one individual remain unchanged throughout life.
Fingerprints offer an infallible means of personal
identification. Other personal characteristics may
change, but fingerprints do not. (FBI)
Fingerprint identification is referred to as dactyloscopy, the
process of comparing questioned and known friction skin
ridge impressions from fingers, palms, and toes to
determine if the impressions are from the same finger (or
palm, toe, etc.). the flexibility of friction ridge skin means
that no two finger or palm prints are ever exactly alike
(never identical in every detail), even two impressions
recorded immediately one after each other. It is also
referred to as individualization, occurs when an expert
determines that two friction ridge impressions originated
from the same finger or palm (or toe, sole) to the exclusion
of all others.
Dactyloscopy
– a branch of criminalistics that studies the
structure of finger prints for the purposes of
criminal identification, registration and
investigation. The process of identification by
fingerprint comparison and the classification of
fingerprints.
Fingerprint
An impression of the friction ridges of all
or any part of the finger. A friction ridge
is a raised portion of the epidermis on
the palmar (palm and fingers) or plantar
(sole and toes) skin, consisting of one or
more connected ridge units of friction
ridge skin. These ridges are sometimes
known as "dermal ridges" or "dermal
papillae".
Poroscopy- scientific study of pores.
Podoscopy- science of identification through friction ridge
characteristics existing on the sole of human foot.
Chiroscopy- science of identification through friction ridge
existing on the palms.
Ridgeology- study of poroscopy, edgeoscopy, and the ridge
characteristics for the purpose of the positive identification
of fingerprints.
Edgeoscopy- study of characteristics formed by the sides
or edges of papillary ridges as a means of identification.
Koala one of the few mammals that have finger prints.
Dogmatic Principle of Fingerprint
1. Principle of Individuality – no two fingerprints
are exactly alike. In the over 140 years that
fingerprints have been routinely compared
worldwide, no two areas of friction skin on any two
persons (including identical twins) have been found
to contain the same individual characteristics in
the same unit relationship.
2. Principle of Permanency – configuration and
details of individual ridges remain constant and
unchanging. Fingerprint ridges are formed during the
fourth month of fetal development. these ridges consist
of individual characteristics called ridge endings,
bifurcations, dots and many ridge shape variances.
The unit relationship of individual characteristics does
not naturally change throughout life… until
decomposition after death.

3. Principle of Infallibility – fingerprint is the most


reliable means of identification.
EXCITED TO LEARN MORE
ABOUT DACTYLOSCOPY?

DO YOUR PART AND PASS YOUR


GE7 SUBJECT FIRST!

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