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OOPs (Object-Oriented Programming System)

Object-oriented programming uses key concepts like objects, classes, inheritance, polymorphism, abstraction, and encapsulation. Objects are instances of classes that have state and behavior. Classes are blueprints that define objects. Inheritance allows objects to acquire properties of parent objects. Polymorphism allows one task to be performed in different ways. Abstraction hides internal details and shows functionality. Encapsulation binds code and data into a single unit. Other concepts include coupling, cohesion, association, aggregation, and composition, which define relationships between objects.

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Aarushi Saxena
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27 views

OOPs (Object-Oriented Programming System)

Object-oriented programming uses key concepts like objects, classes, inheritance, polymorphism, abstraction, and encapsulation. Objects are instances of classes that have state and behavior. Classes are blueprints that define objects. Inheritance allows objects to acquire properties of parent objects. Polymorphism allows one task to be performed in different ways. Abstraction hides internal details and shows functionality. Encapsulation binds code and data into a single unit. Other concepts include coupling, cohesion, association, aggregation, and composition, which define relationships between objects.

Uploaded by

Aarushi Saxena
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OOPs (Object-Oriented Programming System)

Object means a real-world entity such as a pen, chair, table, computer, watch, etc.
Object-Oriented Programming is a methodology or paradigm to design a program
using classes and objects. It simplifies software development and maintenance by
providing some concepts:

○ Object

○ Class

○ Inheritance

○ Polymorphism

○ Abstraction

○ Encapsulation

Apart from these concepts, there are some other terms which are used in
Object-Oriented design:

○ Coupling

○ Cohesion

○ Association

○ Aggregation

○ Composition
Object

Any entity that has state and behavior is known as an object. For example, a chair,
pen, table, keyboard, bike, etc. It can be physical or logical.

An Object can be defined as an instance of a class. An object contains an address


and takes up some space in memory. Objects can communicate without knowing the
details of each other's data or code. The only necessary thing is the type of message
accepted and the type of response returned by the objects.
Example: A dog is an object because it has states like color, name, breed, etc. as well
as behaviors like wagging the tail, barking, eating, etc.

Class

Collection of objects is called class. It is a logical entity.

A class can also be defined as a blueprint from which you can create an individual
object. Class doesn't consume any space.

Inheritance

When one object acquires all the properties and behaviors of a parent object, it is
known as inheritance. It provides code reusability. It is used to achieve runtime
polymorphism.

Polymorphism

If one task is performed in different ways, it is known as polymorphism. For example:


to convince the customer differently, to draw something, for example, shape, triangle,
rectangle, etc.

In Java, we use method overloading and method overriding to achieve


polymorphism.

Another example can be to speak something; for example, a cat speaks meow, dog
barks woof, etc.

Abstraction
Hiding internal details and showing functionality is known as abstraction. For
example phone call, we don't know the internal processing.

In Java, we use abstract class and interface to achieve abstraction.

Encapsulation

Binding (or wrapping) code and data together into a single unit are known as
encapsulation. For example, a capsule, it is wrapped with different medicines.

A java class is the example of encapsulation. Java bean is the fully encapsulated
class because all the data members are private here.

Coupling

Coupling refers to the knowledge or information or dependency of another class. It


arises when classes are aware of each other. If a class has the details information of
another class, there is strong coupling. In Java, we use private, protected, and public
modifiers to display the visibility level of a class, method, and field. You can use
interfaces for the weaker coupling because there is no concrete implementation.

Cohesion

Cohesion refers to the level of a component which performs a single well-defined


task. A single well-defined task is done by a highly cohesive method. The weakly
cohesive method will split the task into separate parts. The java.io package is a
highly cohesive package because it has I/O related classes and interface. However,
the java.util package is a weakly cohesive package because it has unrelated classes
and interfaces.

Association

Association represents the relationship between the objects. Here, one object can be
associated with one object or many objects. There can be four types of association
between the objects:
○ One to One

○ One to Many

○ Many to One, and

○ Many to Many

Let's understand the relationship with real-time examples. For example, One country
can have one prime minister (one to one), and a prime minister can have many
ministers (one to many). Also, many MP's can have one prime minister (many to
one), and many ministers can have many departments (many to many).

Association can be undirectional or bidirectional.

Aggregation

Aggregation is a way to achieve Association. Aggregation represents the relationship


where one object contains other objects as a part of its state. It represents the weak
relationship between objects. It is also termed as a has-a relationship in Java. Like,
inheritance represents the is-a relationship. It is another way to reuse objects.

Composition

The composition is also a way to achieve Association. The composition represents


the relationship where one object contains other objects as a part of its state. There
is a strong relationship between the containing object and the dependent object. It is
the state where containing objects do not have an independent existence. If you
delete the parent object, all the child objects will be deleted automatically.

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