Designation: D7900 − 13´1

Designation: 601

Standard Test Method for

Determination of Light Hydrocarbons in Stabilized Crude
Oils by Gas Chromatography1,2
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7900; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

ε1 NOTE—Eq 2 was corrected editorially in July 2014.

1. Scope D5134 Test Method for Detailed Analysis of Petroleum

1.1 This test method specifies a method to determine the Naphthas through n-Nonane by Capillary Gas Chroma-
boiling range distribution of hydrocarbons in stabilized crude tography
oil up to and including n-nonane. A stabilized crude oil is D6729 Test Method for Determination of Individual Com-
defined as having a Reid Vapor Pressure equivalent to or less ponents in Spark Ignition Engine Fuels by 100 Metre
than 82.7 kPa. The results of this test method can be combined Capillary High Resolution Gas Chromatography
with those from Test Method D7169 and IP 545 to give a full D6730 Test Method for Determination of Individual Com-
boiling point distribution of a crude oil. See Test Method ponents in Spark Ignition Engine Fuels by 100–Metre
D7169 (IP 545) for merging of these results to give a full crude Capillary (with Precolumn) High-Resolution Gas Chro-
analysis. matography
D6733 Test Method for Determination of Individual Com-
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
ponents in Spark Ignition Engine Fuels by 50-Metre
standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for
Capillary High Resolution Gas Chromatography
information purposes only.
D7169 Test Method for Boiling Point Distribution of
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the Samples with Residues Such as Crude Oils and Atmo-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the spheric and Vacuum Residues by High Temperature Gas
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- Chromatography
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- E355 Practice for Gas Chromatography Terms and Relation-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. ships
2. Referenced Documents 2.2 Energy Institute Standards:4
2.1 ASTM Standards: 3 IP 545 Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products—
D323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products Determination of Boiling Range Distribution of Crude Oil
(Reid Method) IP 475 Manual Sampling
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and IP 476 Automatic Pipeline Sampling
Petroleum Products 2.3 ISO Standard:5
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and ISO 4259 Petroleum Products—Determination and Applica-
Petroleum Products tion of Precision Data in Relation to Methods of Test
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on 3. Terminology
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.04.0L on Gas Chromatography Methods. 3.1 Definitions—This test method makes reference to many
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2013. Published January 2014. DOI: 10.1520/ common gas chromatographic procedures, terms, and relation-
D7900-13E01
2
This standard has been developed through the cooperative effort between ships. Detailed definitions can be found in Practice E355.
ASTM and the Energy Institute, London. The IP and ASTM logos imply that the
ASTM and IP standards are technically equivalent, but their use does not imply that
both standards are editorially identical.
3 4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Information on Energy Institute Standards can be obtained from the Energy
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Institute at www.energyinst.org.
5
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

1
 D7900 − 13´1
TABLE 1 Typical Chromatographic Conditions
Pre-column Pre-column Analytical Accelerated
A B Analytical
Column Length—metres 1.0 m 0.075 m 50 or 100 m 40 m
Column Internal Diameter—mm 2 mm 2.5 mm 0.25 mm 0.10 mm
Phase Loading 5% 10 %
Film Thickness 0.5 um
Injection Volume 0.1 µL 0.1 µL
Injector Split Ratio 100 : 1 600 : 1
Injector Temperature 300°C 100°C
Pre-column Temperature 200°C 100°C
Injector Prog. Rate °C/min 50°C/min
Final Injector Temperature 300°C
Initial Oven Temperature 35°C 35°C
Hold Time 30 min 2.6 min
Oven Program Rate °C/min 2°C/min 50°C/min → 45°C
(hold time 3 min)
5°C/min → 60°C
(hold time 3 min)
9.5°C/min →
Final Oven Temperature 200°C (hold time 20 min) 200°C (hold time 1 min)
Flame Ionization Detector 300°C 300°C

4. Summary of Test Method 6.4 Data System—A computer based chromatography data
4.1 An amount of internal standard is quantitatively added system capable of accurately and repeatedly measuring the
to an aliquot of the stabilized crude oil. A portion of this retention time and areas of eluting peaks. The system shall be
mixture is injected into a pre-column in series via a splitter able to acquire data at a rate adequate to accurately measure 10
with a capillary analytical column. When the n-nonane has to 20 points around an individual peak. For the accelerated
quantitatively passed to the analytical column, the pre-column methods (see Table 1), a sampling rate of at least 20 Hz is
is back-flushed to vent the higher boiling components. The recommended.
individual components are identified by comparison with 6.5 Sample Introduction—Sample introduction by means of
reference chromatograms and a database of hydrocarbon com- an automatic injection is highly recommended.
pounds (see Appendix X1). The boiling point distribution up to
and including n-nonane (n-C9) is calculated. 6.6 Flame Ionization Detector (FID), with sufficient sensi-
tivity to detect 0.01 % mass n-heptane with a signal to noise of
5. Significance and Use greater than five. When operating at this sensitivity level,
detector stability shall be such that a baseline drift of not more
5.1 Knowledge of the boiling point distribution of stabilized
than 1 % per hour is obtained. The detector shall be connected
crude oils is important for the marketing, scheduling, and
to the column so as to avoid any cold spots. The detector shall
processing of crude oil in the petroleum industry. Test Method
be capable of operating at a temperature equivalent to the
D7169 and IP 545 purport to give such a distribution in crude
maximum column temperature used.
oils, but are susceptible to significant errors in the light ends
portion of the distribution as well as in the mass recovery of the 6.7 Pre-Column Configurations:
whole crude oil due to the interference imposed by the diluent 6.7.1 Heated Valve Switching Box Configuration—For the
solvent. This test method allows for more accurate determina- isothermal 1-m pre-column, a heated valve box is needed with
tion of the front end of the boiling point distribution curve, in its own temperature control. The box will contain an automated
addition to providing important C1 to C9 (nonane) component six-port valve, which is used to back-flush the pre-column. The
level information, and more accurate mass recovery at C9 six-port valve should be made out of material that will not be
(nonane). corroded by the sample (some crude oils contain high amounts
of sulfur components). The valve shall be situated in a heated
6. Apparatus
isothermal oven and be attached to the injector, pre-column,
6.1 Gas Chromatograph, with the operational characteris- splitter, analytical column, and the detector without any cold
tics given in Table 1. spots. An example configuration is given in Fig. X2.1 in
6.2 Inlet—A temperature programmable vaporizing (PVT) Appendix X2. Alternatively, a Dean Switch type back-flush of
or split/splitless inlet. the petroleum may also be employed in place of a rotary valve.
6.2.1 Carrier Gas Pneumatic Control—Constant carrier gas 6.7.2 Injection Port Back-Flush Configuration—A tempera-
pressure or flow control is required. ture programmable injection port capable of containing a 7.5
cm pre-column, and this injection port must be equipped with
6.3 Column—A fused silica bonded polydimethylsiloxane
a back-flush option. This injector can be connected directly to
coated capillary column and pre-column are employed. See
the capillary column (Fig. X2.2, Appendix X2) or via a splitter
Table 1 for suggested columns. The analytical column shall
(Fig. X2.3, Appendix X2).
elute hydrocarbons in a boiling point order. The eluate from the
injector passes through the pre-column before eluting onto the 6.8 Analytical Balance, capable of weighing with an accu-
analytical column. racy of 0.1 mg.

2
 D7900 − 13´1
7. Reagents and Materials
7.1 Gas Chromatograph Gases—All of the following gases
shall have a purity of 99.995 % (V/V) or greater. (Warning—
Gases are compressed. Some are flammable, and all gases are
under high pressure.)
NOTE 1—These specifications can be obtained by proper use of filtering
devices and meeting the FID specifications in 6.6.
7.1.1 Carrier Gas—Helium or hydrogen is required. Any
oxygen present shall be removed, for example, by a suitable
chemical filter. If hydrogen is employed as a carrier gas, the
user is advised to follow all manufacturer’s safety guidelines
for its use. (Warning—Hydrogen is an extremely flammable
gas under high pressure.)
7.1.2 Detector Combustion Gases, Air, Hydrogen, and
Make-up Gas (Helium or Nitrogen). (Warning—Hydrogen is
an extremely flammable gas under high pressure.) (Warning— FIG. 1 Calculation of Peak Skewness (See 9.3.1)
Compressed air is a gas under high pressure and supports
combustion.)
7.2 Internal Standard—The internal standard shall have R = the column resolution,
baseline resolution from any adjacent eluting peaks. Hexene-1 t1 = the retention time of the first peak (peak 1),
or 3,3–dimethylbutene-1 (99 % pure) have been found to be t2 = the retention time of the second peak (peak 2),
w1 = the peak width at half height of peak 1, and
suitable.
w2 = the peak width at half height of peak 2.
7.3 Valve Timing Mixture/Splitter Linearity Mix—A quanti- For example, if Hexene-1 is used as the internal standard, the
tative mixture of approximately 1 % mass of each normal resolution is determined between Hexene-1 and n-hexane. The
alkane from pentane to decane in hexadecane (99+ % purity). resolution shall be at least 2.0.
Accurately record the mass (g) of each normal alkane as well 9.3.3 Detector Response Factor Calculations—Calculate
as the hexadecane solvent and calculate the actual mass percent the flame ionization detector response factor relative to
of each alkane in the mixture. methane, which is considered to have a response factor of unity
7.4 Viscosity Agent, Carbon disulfide, 99+ % pure, (1), for each hydrocarbon group type of a particular carbon
(Warning—Extremely flammable and toxic liquid) is used as number using Eq 2.
a viscosity reduction agent in the preparation of samples. @ ~ C aw 3 C n ! 1 ~ H aw 3 H n ! # 3 0.7487
RRf 5 (2)
~ C aw 3 C n !
8. Sampling where:
8.1 Samples to be analyzed by this test method must be
RRf = relative response factor for a hydrocarbon type
obtained using the procedures outlined in Practice D4057 or
group of a particular carbon number,
Practice D4177 (IP 475 and IP 476, respectively).
Caw = atomic mass of carbon, 12.011,
8.2 The test specimen to be analyzed must be homogeneous Cn = number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon type
and free of dust or undissolved material. group, of a particular carbon number,
Haw = atomic mass of hydrogen, 1.008,
9. Preparation of Apparatus Hn = number of hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbon type
9.1 Chromatograph—Place in service according to manu- group of a particular carbon number, and
0.7487 = factor to normalize the result to a methane re-
facturer’s instructions. Typical operating conditions are given
sponse of unity, (1).
in Table 1.
9.3.4 Determination of Back-Flush Time—With the pre-
9.2 Column Preparation—Condition analytical columns in
column and analytical column in series, inject an aliquot of the
accordance with manufacturer’s instructions.
pre-column switch test mixture (7.3) and determine the ratio of
9.3 System Performance Specification: the alkanes.
9.3.1 Skewness—Determine the skew of the n-hexane peak 9.3.4.1 Non-Accelerated Analytical Column—Set the
by measuring the width of the leading part of the peak at 5 % switching time to one minute and repeat the analysis. Increase
peak height (A) and the width of the following part of the peak or decrease the valve time to ensure the complete recovery of
at 5 % peak height (B). The ratio (B)/(A) shall be not less than the highest alkane required (for example, n-nonane) and partial
1 or more than 4 (see Fig. 1). recovery of the next alkane (for example, decane). (See
9.3.2 Column Resolution—Determine the resolution be- example chromatogram (Fig. 3).)
tween the internal standard and the nearest n-paraffin peak. 9.3.4.2 Accelerated Analytical Column—Set the switching
R 5 2 3 ~ t2 2 t1! ⁄ 1.699~ w1 1 w2! (1) time to 30 s and repeat the analysis. Increase or decrease the
where: valve time to ensure the recovery of the highest alkane required

3
 D7900 − 13´1
10.3 Sample Preparation—Weigh to the nearest 0.1 mg,
approximately 5 6 0.2 g of sample into a tared, screw capped
vial. Add approximately 0.15 6 0.02 g of internal standard and
reweigh to the nearest 0.1 mg. Where the mass of available
sample is less than 5 g, the internal standard shall be added to
create the equivalent of a 3 % concentration. Gently mix the
two liquids without causing the sample to degas. Carbon
disulfide can be added to improve the viscosity of the sample.
Fill the sample into GC vials with a minimum amount of
headspace. Store the vials in a sub ambient cupboard until use.
NOTE 2—The amount of sample and internal standard taken can vary
according to the level of C1 to C6 components in the sample and the
amount of the sample available.
10.4 Sample Analysis—Inject a suitable aliquot of the
sample and internal standard onto the inlet of the pre-column,
which is in series with the analytical column. At the time
determined above (9.3.4) switch the valve and back-flush the
high boilers to vent.
FIG. 2 Determination of Resolution (See 9.3.2)
NOTE 3—The valve time reflects the highest carbon number required.
As a general rule, if C(z) is required, then C(z + 1) should be eluted.
11. Calculation
(for example, n-nonane) and partial recovery of the next alkane 11.1 Calculate the individual hydrocarbons up to and in-
(for example, n-decane). (See example chromatogram (Fig. 3).) cluding nonane using:
9.3.5 Split Injection Linearity—For systems utilizing split
injection, injector linearity must be established to determine ~ Area component Q! 3 ~ RRFQ!
% m/m component Q 5 3 ~ % m⁄m IS!
proper quantitative parameters and limits. ~ Area IS! 3 ~ RRF IS!
9.3.5.1 Set the injector temperature and split ratio to the (4)
operating values as indicated in Table 1 for split inlets. where RRF Q and RRF IS are the relative response factors
9.3.5.2 Inject 0.1 µL of the splitter linearity mixture (7.3) relative to methane respectively for component Q and the
into the system. internal standard IS as calculated in 9.3.3. The generic response
9.3.5.3 Calculate the normalized area % of the n-C5 through factors for the components can be transformed to a specific
n-C9 paraffins using Eq 3: factor belonging to this internal standard, by dividing the
Corrected Normalized Area %C n generic response factors by the relative response factor of the
100 3 @ ~ Area C n 3 RRf C n ! ⁄ TA# (3) internal standard (in this case a C6 olefin for which the
where: response relative to methane is 0.874).
11.2 By summation of all the % m/m per peak up to and
Area Cn = integrated peak area of normal alkane Cn,
including nonane, the % m/m recovery of this fraction can be
RRf Cn = theoretical relative response factor for Cn (Eq 2),
calculated.
and
TA = sum of RRf corrected peak areas from C5 to C9. NOTE 4—Test Methods D6729, D6730, and D6733 contain information
that can be used to help with the identification of individual components.
9.3.5.4 The corrected normalized area percent of each
normal alkane must agree within 10 % or better from their 11.3 Calculation of boiling point distribution of fraction up
gravimetric values after the back-flush time is optimized. to and including nonane.
Values outside of this range may indicate possible mass 11.4 Plot for all peaks (beginning with the lowest boiling
discrimination, possibly due to liner issues, blockage of the point) the cumulative % m/m versus the boiling point up to the
split vent, an inlet leak, incorrect detector Air/H2 ratio, last peak of interest, for example, n-nonane. See Test Method
weathering of the gravimetric mixture, or premature back-flush D7169 (IP 545) for merging of the results to give a full crude
time. Correct any issues and perform the linearity check until analysis.
it passes the specification.
12. Report
10. Procedure 12.1 Report the cumulative mass percent versus boiling
point results to the nearest 0.01 % m/m, and 0.5°C (1°F)
10.1 Set the operating conditions of the gas chromatograph
respectively, up to the last peak of interest, for example
as shown in Table 1.
n-nonane.
10.2 Obtain a representative sample following the guide-
lines of Practice D4057 and any other applicable guidelines. 13. Precision and Bias
Take precautions to minimize the loss of light ends from 13.1 Precision—The precision of this test method was
volatile samples. determined by statistical evaluation of the interlaboratory test

4
 D7900 − 13´1

FIG. 3 Example Chromatogram Showing Elution on n-Nonane and n-Decane for Determining Back-Flush Time (See 9.3.4)

TABLE 2 Precision Values

Recovery (% m/m)
results consisting of 14 labs (10 from Europe and 4 from the Repeatability, r 0.01982(x + 8)A
Reproducibility, R 0.1267(x + 8)A
U.S.) analyzing 8 crude oil samples in duplicate. The repeat-
A
ability and reproducibility were calculated following the proc- Where x = % m/m recovered.

dures of ISO 4259. The recovery up to n-nonane results in this

precision study ranged from 7.48 to 25.36 % m/m.6
13.1.1 Repeatability—The difference between successive ing in different laboratories on identical test material would, in
test results obtained by the same operator with the same the long run, exceed the following values only in one case in
apparatus under constant operating conditions on identical test twenty (see Table 2).
material would, in the long run, in the normal and correct NOTE 5—The degrees of freedom associated with the reproducibility
operation of the test method, exceed the following values only estimate from this round robin study was 29. Since the minimum
in one case in twenty (see Table 2). requirement of 30 (in accordance with ASTM requirements) is not met,
13.1.2 Reproducibility—The difference between two single users are cautioned that the actual reproducibility may be significantly
different than these estimates.
and independent results obtained by different operators work-
13.2 Bias—The procedure in this test method for determin-
ing the boiling range distribution of stabilized crude oils to
6
n-nonane by gas chromatography has no bias because the
Supporting data have been filed at the Energy Institute Headquarters and may
be obtained by requesting EI Research Report for method IP PM DL: Determination boiling range distribution can only be defined in terms of a test
of Light Hydrocarbons in Stabilized Crude Oil—Gas Chromatography Method. method.

5
 D7900 − 13´1
13.2.1 A rigorous, theoretical definition of the boiling range acterization. This would therefore result in a method-
distribution of stabilized crude oils to n-nonane is not possible dependent definition and would not constitute a true value from
due to the complexity of the mixture as well as the unquanti- which bias can be calculated.
fiable interactions among the components (for example, azeo-
tropic behavior). Any other means used to define the distribu- 14. Keywords
tion would require the use of a physical process such as a 14.1 boiling range distributions; crude oils; distillations; gas
conventional distillation of further gas chromatographic char- chromatography; petroleums; simulated distillations

APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. RETENTION INDEX DATA FOR IDENTIFYING INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS

X1.1 See Table X1.1 and Figs. X1.1-X1.6.

6
 D7900 − 13´1
TABLE X1.1 Retention Index Data for Identifying Individual Components
Time (min) Index Component Mass % Peak Area
2.234 200.0 ethane 0.0192 2,931
2.357 300.0 propane 0.3030 47,240
2.551 355.6 i-butane 0.2737 43,173
2.718 400.0 n-butane 0.9208 145,245
2.803 410.5 2,2-dimethylpropane 0.0155 2,468
2.899 421.9 - 0.0019 0,294
3.327 468.7 i-pentane 1.5965 253,586
3.510 486.8 - 0.0033 0,523
3.650 500.0 n-pentane 2.2348 354,958
3.859 511.7 3,3-dimethylbutene-1 0.0000 513,229
3.395 516.7 - 0.0049 0,781
4.041 521.3 - 0.0064 1,021
4.245 531.6 2,2–dimethylbutane 3.0259 482,529
4.425 540.3 - 0.0059 0,941
4.853 559.6 cyclopentane 0.1486 24,274
4.888 561.1 2,3-dimethylbutane 0.1291 20,580
4.985 565.2 2-methylpentane 0.9786 156,059
5.161 572.4 - 0.0020 0,321
5.369 580.7 3-methylpentane 0.5263 83,927
5.546 587.5 - 0.0010 0,167
5.892 600.1 n-hexane 1.9982 318,647
6.065 604.2 - 0.0045 0,721
6.783 620.2 2,2-dimethylpentane 0.0364 5,823
6.874 622.1 methylcyclopentane 0.5530 90,353
7.037 625.5 2,4-dimethylpentane 0.0699 11,194
7.268 630.1 - 0.0080 1,279
7.909 642.1 benzene 0.2380 41,875
8.216 647.7 3,3-dimethylpentane 0.0232 3,719
8.394 650.7 cyclohexane 0.5745 93,855
8.569 653.7 - 0.0020 0,326
8.939 659.7 2-methylhexane 0.4985 79,820
9.027 661.1 2,3-dimethylpentane 0.1221 19,550
9.176 663.5 1,1-dimethylcyclopentane 0.0905 14,788
9.473 668.0 3-methylhexane 0.5093 81,543
9.860 673.8 1c,3-dimethylcyclopentane 0.1467 23,973
10.048 676.5 1t,3-dimethylcyclopentane 0.1383 22,602
10.166 678.1 3-ethylpentane 0.0250 3,995
10.242 679.2 1t,2-dimethylcyclopentane 0.2436 39,795
11.842 700.0 n-heptane 1.9511 312,389
14.403 719.2 methylcyclohexane 1.3593 222,074
14.955 722.9 2,2-dimethylhexane + 1,1,3-trimethylcyclopentane 0.1056 16,933
16.279 731.3 2,2,3-trimethylpentane 0.0753 12,086
16.717 733.9 2,5-dimethylhexane + 2,2,3-trimethylpentane 0.0616 9,886
17.012 735.6 2,4-dimethylhexane 0.0653 10,473
17.833 740.2 3,3-dimethylhexane 0.0927 14,872
18.148 742.0 - 0.0197 3,162
19.169 747.3 - 0.0946 15,153
19.740 750.2 2,3,3-trimethylpentane 0.0198 3,170
20.288 752.9 2,3,4-trimethylpentane 0.6722 107,838
21.925 760.5 toluene + 2,3,3-trimethylpentane 0.0348 6,055
22.159 761.6 - 0.0602 9,652
23.670 768.1 2,3-dimethylhexane 0.6008 96,392
23.990 769.4 2-methyl-3-ethylpentane 0.1701 27,283
25.193 774.2 1t,4-dimethylcyclohexane 0.5018 81,983
25.426 775.1 4-methylheptane+3-methyl,3-ethylpentane 0.3569 57,252
25.655 776.0 - 0.2410 38,651
26.884 780.6 3-ethylhexane+1,trans-4-dimethylcyclohexane 0.0771 12,374
28.135 785.1 1,1-dimethylcyclohexane 0.0355 5,803
28.686 787.0 - 0.3530 5,661
29.023 788.1 1,1-methylethylcyclopentane 0.0505 8,252
30.085 791.6 1-methyl,trans-2-ethylcyclopentane 0.2087 34,089
32.103 798.0 1,trans,3-+1,cis-4-dimethylcyclohexane 0.1606 26,243
32.717 799.9 n-octane 1.6864 27,0548
33.992 808.4 N4 0.0096 1,573
35.312 817.1 N1 0.0115 1,873
36.222 822.8 N3 0.0138 2,248
37.242 829.2 2,4-dimethylheptane 0.0587 9,431
37.748 832.2 1,14-trimethylcyclohexane 0.0147 2,395
38.044 834.0 ethylcyclohexane + n-propylcyclopentane 0.0508 8,301
38.436 836.3 2-methyl-4-ethylhexane 0.3558 57,197
39.471 842.4 N6 0.5353 87,458
39.917 844.9 2,5-dimethylheptane 0.0412 6,625
40.575 848.6 N8 0.1385 22,629
40.902 850.4 - 0.0165 2,656
41.206 852.1 ethylbenzene 0.0112 1,941

7
 D7900 − 13´1
TABLE X1.1 Continued
Time (min) Index Component Mass % Peak Area
41.852 855.6 N10 0.0969 15,838
42.288 858.0 I3 0.2068 33,244
42.493 859.1 - 0.0131 2,102
43.036 862.0 p-xylene 0.0118 2,038
43.397 863.9 2,3-dimethylheptane 0.6270 10,0781
43.587 864.9 3,4-dimethylheptane 0.1962 31,531
44.123 867.6 N13 0.0979 15,987
44.394 869.0 4-ethylheptane 0.0083 1,331
44.538 869.8 N14 0.0158 2,577
44.762 870.9 I5 0.0044 0,706
44.991 872.1 4-methyloctane 0.0191 3,076
45.524 874.7 N16 0.1642 26,823
45.704 875.6 - 0.2321 37,291
45.988 877.0 3-ethylheptane 0.0626 10,062
46.312 878.6 3-methyloctane 0.0206 3,309
46.472 879.4 o-xylene 0.0264 4,562
46.706 880.6 - 0.2667 42,854
46.910 881.5 1c,2t,4c-trimethylcyclohexane 0.2356 38,490
47.155 882.7 1,1,2-trimethylcyclohexane 0.0139 2,268
47.645 885.1 I6 0.0040 0,649
47.946 886.5 I7 0.0328 5,267
48.112 887.3 N18 0.2223 36,312
48.435 888.8 N20 0.0769 12,559
48.895 891.0 N21 0.0085 1,387
49.155 892.2 i-butylcyclopentane 0.0160 2,610
49.629 894.3 - 0.0130 2,089
50.103 896.5 N23/t-nonene-2 0.0279 4,555
50.356 897.6 N23 0.0110 1,804
50.571 898.6 I10 0.0209 3,365
50.850 899.9 n-nonane 1.6827 270,498
51.023 901.3 1,1-methylethycyclohexane 0.0141 2,307
51.211 903.0 N24 0.0166 2,719
51.829 908.6 - 0.0202 3,249

8
 D7900 − 13´1

FIG. X1.1 Example Chromatogram Belonging to Report Data of Table X1.1 from 0 to 10 min

9
 D7900 − 13´1

FIG. X1.2 Example Chromatogram Belonging to Report Data of Table X1.1 from 10 to 20 min

10
 D7900 − 13´1

FIG. X1.3 Example Chromatogram Belonging to Report Data of Table X1.1 from 20 to 30 min

11
 D7900 − 13´1

FIG. X1.4 Example Chromatogram Belonging to Report Data of Table X1.1 from 30 to 40 min

12
 D7900 − 13´1

FIG. X1.5 Example Chromatogram Belonging to Report Data of Table X1.1 from 40 to 50 min

13
 D7900 − 13´1

FIG. X1.6 Example Chromatogram Belonging to Report Data of Table X1.1 from 50 to 60 min

X2. VARIOUS APPARATUS CONFIGURATION SCHEMATICS

X2.1 See Figs. X2.1-X2.3.

14
 D7900 − 13´1

FIG. X2.1 Typical Configuration Using a Heated Valve Switching Box (See 6.7.1)

FIG. X2.2 Typical Configuration Using a Temperature Programmable Injection Port with Direct Connection to the Capillary Column (See
6.7.2)

15
 D7900 − 13´1

FIG. X2.3 Typical Configuration Using a Temperature Programmable Injection Port with a Connection
Via a Splitter to the Capillary Column (See 6.7.2)

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