CH 2

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STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
• EIGHTH EDITION IN SI UNITS

• R. C. HIBBELER
• Module Leader: Aryanfar Haji
CHAPTER 2:
ANALYSIS OF STATISCALLY DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
2 Structural Analysis Eighth Edition l © 2012 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
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Chapter Outline
• 2.1 Idealized Structure
• 2.2 Principle of Superposition
• 2.3 Equations of Equilibrium
• 2.4 Determinacy and Stability
• 2.5 Application of the Equations of Equilibrium
2.1
IDEALIZED STRUCTURE
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Idealized Structure
 To develop the ability to model or idealize a structure so that the

structural engineer can perform a practical force analysis of the
members
 Support Connections
• Pin connection (allows some freedom for slight rotation)
• Roller support (allows some freedom for slight rotation)
• Fixed joint (allows no relative rotation)
Idealized Structure
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Idealized Structure
Idealized Structure
• In reality, all connections exhibit some stiffness toward joint rotations owing to friction &
material behavior
• If k = 0, the joint is pin, and if k -> , the joint is fixed
• When selecting the model for each support, the engineer must be aware of how the
assumptions will affect the actual performance
• The analysis of the loadings should give results that closely approximate the actual loadings
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Idealized Structure
Idealized Structure
 Idealized Structure
• Consider the jib crane & trolley, we neglect the thickness of the 2 main member & will
assume that the joint at B is fabricated to be rigid
• The support at A can be modeled as a fixed support
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Idealized Structure
• Consider the framing used to support a typical
floor slab in a building
• The slab is supported by floor joists located at even intervals
• These are in turn supported by 2 side girders AB & CD
Idealized Structure
• For analysis, it is reasonable to assume that the joints are pin and/or roller
connected to girders & the girders are pin and/or roller connected to columns
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Idealized Structure
 Tributary Loadings
• There are 2 ways in which the load on surfaces is transmitted to various structural
elements
1. 1-way system
2. 2-way system
Idealized Structure
1. 1-way system
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Idealized Structure
1. 2-way system
Idealized Structure
• Example 2.1
• The floor of a classroom is to be supported by the bar joists as shown. Each joist is
4.5 m long and they are spaced 0.75 m on centers.
• The floor itself is to be made from lightweight concrete that is 100 mm thick.
Neglect the weight of the joists and the corrugated metal deck, and determine the
load that acts along each joist.
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Idealized Structure
• Example 2.1 (Solution)
Dead load, weight of concrete slab

 (100)(0.015)
 1.50 kN/m 2
Live load  1.92 kN/m 2
Total load  1.50  1.92  3.42 kN/m 2
L1  0.75 m, L2  4.5 m
L1 / L2  2  1 - way slab
Uniform load along its length, w
 3.42 kN/m 2 (0.75 m)  2.57 kN/m
2.2
PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
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Principle of Superposition
 The total disp. or internal loadings (stress) at a point in a structure

subjected to several external loadings can be determined by adding
together the displacements or internal loadings (stress) caused by
each of the external loads acting separately
 Linear relationship exist among loads, stresses & displacements
 2 requirements for the principle to apply:
- Material must behave in a linear-elastic manner, Hooke’s Law is valid
- The geometry of the structure must not undergo significant change when the loads are
applied, small displacement theory
2.3
EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM
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Equations of Equilibrium
• For equilibrium:
 Fx  0  Fy  0  Fz  0
 M x 0  M y 0  M z 0
• For most structures, it can be reduced to:

 Fx  0
 Fy  0
 M o 0
2.4
DETERMINACY AND STABILITY
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Determinacy and Stability
 Determinacy
• Equilibrium equations provide both the necessary and sufficient conditions for equilibrium
• All forces can be determined strictly from these equations
• No. of unknown forces > equilibrium equation => statically indeterminate
• This can be determined using free body diagrams
 Determinacy
• For a coplanar structure
r  3n, statically determinate

r  3n, statically indeterminate
• The additional equations needed to solve for the unknown equations are obtained as
compatibility equations
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• Example 2.4
• Classify each of the beams as statically determinate or statically
indeterminate. If statically indeterminate, report the number of degrees
of indeterminacy. The beams are subjected to external loadings that are
assumed to be known and can act anywhere on the beams.

r  3, n  1,3  31
Statically determinate
r  5, n  1,5  31 Statically indeterminate to

the second degree
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r  6, n  2,6  32  Statically determinate
r  10, n  3,10  33

Statically indeterminate to the first degree

• Example 2.5
• Classify each of the pin-connected structures as statically determinate or
statically indeterminate. If statically indeterminate, report the number of
degrees of indeterminacy. The structures are subjected to arbitrary
external loadings that are assumed to be known and can act anywhere on
the structures.
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r  7, n  2,7  6 Statically indeterminate to the first degree
r  9, n  3,9  9 Statically determinate

r  10, n  2,10  6 Statically indeterminate to the fourth degree
r  9, n  3,9  9 Statically determinate
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 Stability
• To ensure equilibrium of a structure or its members:
• Must satisfy equations of equilibrium
• Members must be properly held or constrained by their supports
 Partial constraints
• Fewer reactive forces than equations of equilibrium
 Fx • 0 will not be satisfied
• Member will be unstable
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 Improper constraints
• In some cases, unknown forces may equal equations of equilibrium in number
• However, instability or movement of structure could still occur if support reactions are
concurrent at a point
 Improper constraints
Pd  0
• Rotation about O will take place
• Similarly instability can occur if all reactive forces are parallel
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• Example 2.7
• Classify each of the structures as stable or unstable. The structures are
subjected to arbitrary external loads that are assumed to be known.
Idealise Structure
Stable,
statically determine
Unstable
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Idealise Structure
Unstable
Unstable
2.5
APPLICATION OF THE EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM
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Application of the Equations of Equilibrium

• Example 2.8
• Determine the reactions on the beam as shown.

  Fx  0; Ax  270 cos 60 0  0
Ax  135 kN
With anti - clockwise moments in the  direction,
 M A  0;  270 sin 60 (3)  270 cos 60 (0.3)  B y (4.2)  67.5  0
0 0
B y  173.4 kN
   Fy  0;  270 sin 600  173.4  Ay  0
Ay  60.4 kN
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• Example 2.11
• The compound beam shown is fixed at A. Determine the reactions at A, B,
and C. Assume that the connection at B is a pin and C is a roller.

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Segment BC :
 M c  0;  8  B y (4.5)  0  B y  1.78 kN
   Fy  0;  1.78  C y  0  C y  1.78 kN
  Fx  0; Bx  0
Segment AB :
 M A  0; M A  36(3)  (1.78)(6)  0  M A  97.3 kN • m
   Fy  0; Ay  36  1.78  0  Ay  34.2 kN
  Fx  0; Ax  0

• Example 2.13
• The side of the building is subjected to a wind loading that creates a
uniform normal pressure of 15 kPa on the windward side and a suction
pressure of 5 kPa on the leeward side. Determine the horizontal and
vertical components of reaction at the pin connections A, B, and C of the
supporting gable arch.
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• Since the loading is evenly distributed, the central gable arch supports a
loading acting on the walls & roof of the dark-shaded tributary area. This
represents a uniform distributed load of (15 kN/m2)(4 m)=60 kN/m on the
windward side and (5 kN/m2)(4 m)=20 kN/m on the suction side.

• By applying equilibrium equations in the following sequence,
Entire Frame :
 M A  0;  (180  60)(1.5)  (254.6  84.9) cos 45 (4.5)
o
 (254.6 sin 45o )(1.5)  (84.9 sin 45o )(4.5)  C y (6)  0

C y  240.0 kN
   Fy  0;  Ay  254.6 sin 45o  84.9 sin 45o  240.0  0
Ay  120.0 kN
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Member AB :
 M B  0;  Ax (6)  120.0(3)  180( 4.5)  (254.6)(2.12)  0
Ax  285.0 kN
  Fx  0;  285.0  180  254.6 cos 45o  Bx  0
Bx  75.0 kN
   Fy  0;  120.0  254.6 sin 45o  By  0
By  300.0 kN
Member AB :
  Fx  0;  C x  60 84.9 cos 45o  75.0  0
C x  195.0 kN
Thank
you
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9/28/2019

• EIGHTH EDITION IN SI UNITS

• Module Leader: Aryanfar Haji

 To develop the ability to model or idealize a structure so that the

Dead load, weight of concrete slab

 The total disp. or internal loadings (stress) at a point in a structure

• For most structures, it can be reduced to:

Determinacy and Stability

Determinacy and Stability

r  3n, statically determinate

Determinacy and Stability

Determinacy and Stability

r  5, n  1,5  31 Statically indeterminate to

Determinacy and Stability

r  6, n  2,6  32  Statically determinate

r  10, n  3,10  33

Determinacy and Stability

Determinacy and Stability

r  7, n  2,7  6 Statically indeterminate to the first degree

r  9, n  3,9  9 Statically determinate

Determinacy and Stability

r  10, n  2,10  6 Statically indeterminate to the fourth degree

r  9, n  3,9  9 Statically determinate

Determinacy and Stability

Determinacy and Stability

 Fx • 0 will not be satisfied

• Member will be unstable

Determinacy and Stability

Determinacy and Stability

Determinacy and Stability

Application of the Equations of Equilibrium

Application of the Equations of Equilibrium

Application of the Equations of Equilibrium

Application of the Equations of Equilibrium

Application of the Equations of Equilibrium

Application of the Equations of Equilibrium

Application of the Equations of Equilibrium

Application of the Equations of Equilibrium

 (254.6 sin 45o )(1.5)  (84.9 sin 45o )(4.5)  C y (6)  0

Application of the Equations of Equilibrium

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