Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical

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Recent developments in International Organization for Standardization geometrical product

specification standards and strategic plans for future work
Henrik S Nielsen
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 2013 227: 643
DOI: 10.1177/0954405412466986

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Special Issue Article

Proc IMechE Part B:

J Engineering Manufacture
227(5) 643–649
Recent developments in International Ó IMechE 2012
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DOI: 10.1177/0954405412466986

geometrical product specification pib.sagepub.com

standards and strategic plans for

future work

Henrik S Nielsen

Abstract
Over the last 2 years, ISO TC 213, the committee that publishes the ISO geometrical product specification (GPS) stan-
dards, has published about 35 standards, more than double the number of the preceding 4 years. This rapid development
has brought many significant changes to the ISO-GPS system. The author is the chairman of that committee and gives an
overview of the more important ones in this article. The work is now at a crossroad, where items that have been on
the TC 213 work program for many years have been completed. This has allowed TC 213 to start new strategic initia-
tives that will guide the development of ISO-GPS standards over the next 8–10 years. This article will outline the two
stages of the strategic plan, the changes to the ISO-GPS standards complex that is envisioned, and how it will impact the
users of these standards; whether they are part of the specification community or the verification community.

Keywords
Dimensioning, tolerancing, standards, geometry, product specifications, ISO, geometrical product specifications (GPS),
TC 213

Date received: 16 July 2012; accepted: 16 October 2012

Introduction infinite frequency and an infinite number of data points

in the data set were necessary, if one wanted to digitize
The author started participating in International the measurement and use computers for filtering and
Organization for Standardization’s (ISO) standar- parameter calculations.
dization work in 1988 at a meeting of ISO TC 57 The nature of surface texture is such that for sur-
‘‘Metrology and properties of surfaces’’ in Bad faces that really matter, for example, surfaces that par-
Dürrheim, Germany. One of the major items of discus- ticipate in sliding or rolling contact or to which paint or
sion at the time was the implementation of digital mea- glue has to adhere, one cannot get to the right rough-
suring instruments. The discussion was centered ness parameter values through theoretical calculations.
around the necessary data density and trying to balance One has to measure surfaces and test them to see which
the ‘‘trueness’’ of the measured values with the abilities ones work to find the proper parameter values for the
of the computers of the day. specification.
In the end, the committee made a number of deci- This realization was the driver behind making sur-
sions that are still driving the way ISO geometrical face texture measurable as defined. Otherwise, it would
product specifications (GPS) standards are written be impossible to convert the data from the research and
today. One decision was that the committee wanted the
definition of surface texture to be measurable. Up until
that point, the measurand for surface texture was what HN Metrology Consulting, Inc., Indianapolis, IN, USA
an infinitely thin and sharp stylus would see. Apart
Corresponding author:
from the mechanical difficulties in designing such a sty- Henrik S Nielsen, HN Metrology Consulting, Inc., 10219 Coral Reef Way,
lus and in making it last, it also meant that a detector Indianapolis, IN 46256, USA.
and an amplifier with a flat frequency response to Email: hsnielsen@hn-metrology.com

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644 Proc IMechE Part B: J Engineering Manufacture 227(5)

development (R&D) experiments to specifications on ISO 17450 ‘‘General concepts’’

technical drawings. As a consequence, the committee
ISO/TS 17450-23 was published in 2002. It built on the
defined the primary profile, that is, the profile on which
ideas of the Master Plan and the early work performed
the surface texture is defined, as the profile that a stylus
in TC 57 defining surface texture in terms of ideal mea-
of defined radius would see. It further defined a ls filter
suring instruments. As the work matured, the commit-
that removed the short-wave components of the surface
tee realized that it was really defining measurands, not
in a controlled manner, such that minor differences in
measuring instruments.
stylus radii would not result in appreciable differences
ISO/TS 17450-2 defines the basic terminology of
in measured values, because it is very hard to make a
operations, operators, and uncertainties. The commit-
stylus tip with a uniform radius of nominal value. This
tee began viewing specifications in terms of operators
is codified in ISO 3274.1 This way of thinking of specifi-
that consist of a number of operations in a defined
cations as definitions of measurands is carried through
order. Some operations are mechanical, such as the tac-
today in the work of ISO TC 213, as it writes the ISO-
tile sensing of the surface, whereas others are mathe-
GPS standards.
matical. These operators define characteristics, and
specifications put constraints on these characteristics.
By defining specifications in these terms, it is possible
ISO TC 213 and the GPS Master Plan
to map the verification (the measurement) to these
ISO TC 213 was set up in 1996 by combining ISO TC 3 operations. This allows comparison of the verification
‘‘Limits and Fits’’, ISO TC 10/SC5 ‘‘Technical draw- operator (i.e. what happens in the measurement) to the
ings, product definition and related documentation — specification operator (i.e. the definition of the
Dimensioning and tolerancing’’ and ISO TC 57. The measurand).
idea was that it was necessary to consolidate specifica- This comparison in turn allows a move away from
tion and verification standards in the same technical the binary thinking that there are correct ways and
committee, so there could be a dialogue between those incorrect ways of measuring a particular specification.
who specify geometry and those who measure it. Instead, the differences between the specification opera-
One of the first documents resulting from what was tor and the verification operator are quantified in terms
to become ISO TC 213 was ISO/TR 14638,2 the GPS of uncertainties. This allows users of the ISO-GPS sys-
Master Plan. This document defined fundamental, glo- tem to decide on a case-by-case basis whether a given
bal, general, and complementary GPS standards as measuring process is good enough to be used to verify
shown in Table 1. It also fits the general GPS standards a particular specification, or whether the uncertainty is
into a matrix that contained what is known as the too high.
chains of standards and defined the six chain links that ISO/TS 17450-1,4 which was published in 2005, for-
were necessary in order for a specification to be unam- mally introduced the duality principle (Figure 1) as the
biguous and the measuring result used to verify it trace- way to view the verification as ideally being a mirror
able as shown in Table 2. Since then, all GPS standards image of the specification, thus complementing the idea
have contained an annex that indicates where the par- that the two should mirror each other, but not necessa-
ticular standard fits into the GPS matrix. rily be the same.

Table 1. The GPS matrix model.

Global GPS standards

GPS or related standards that covers or have influence on several or all GPS chains of standards

General GPS matrix (chains of standards)

Fundamental GPS standards

1. Linear size 11. Orientation

2. Linear distance 12. Location
3. Radial distance 13. Circular runout
4. Arc length 14. Total runout
5. Angular size 15. Datums
6. Angular distance 16. Roughness
7. Form of a line (unrelated) 17. Waviness
8. Form of a line (related) 18. Primary profile
9. Form of a surface (unrelated) 19. Surface imperfections
10. Form of a surface (related) 20. Edges
Complementary GPS matrix
Process-specific chains of standards
Machine element-specific chains of standards

GPS: geometrical product specifications.

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Nielsen 645

Table 2. The general GPS matrix.

Chain link
1 2 3 4 5 6

Drawing Tolerance Definition of Measured value Definition of Calibration and

indication–code definition–theoretical the characteristic of the characteristic metrological verification of
definition of the on the real for the real characteristics for metrological
characteristic workpiece workpiece measuring equipment characteristics for
Specification Verification measuring
operator operator equipment
Specification of GPS characteristics Verification of GPS characteristics

GPS: geometrical product specifications.

Figure 1. The duality principle.

ISO 14253 ‘‘Inspection by measurement of conformance and nonconformance with a specification.

workpieces and measuring equipment’’ In essence, it requires the party making the proof to
count the uncertainty against itself; so components have
ISO 142535–7 is a series of standards that have to do to be measured to be inside the specification limits by
with uncertainty and how it applies to GPS. ISO 14253- more than the uncertainty in order for it to be proven to
15 of 1998 defines the fundamental rules for proving conform and outside the specification limits by more than

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646 Proc IMechE Part B: J Engineering Manufacture 227(5)

the uncertainty in order for it to be proven to not Finally, ISO 1101:2012 (‘‘Geometrical product specifi-
conform. cations (GPS) — Geometrical tolerancing — Tolerances
Only product that can be proven to conform shall be of form, orientation, location and run-out’’),12 which was
shipped to the customer, and only product that can be published recently, adds some new possibilities to geome-
proven to not conform shall be rejected and returned to trical tolerancing. However, the primary aim is to make
the supplier. If both parties adhere to these rules, there tolerances independent of the view plane, so they are
should never be a situation where a delivered product unambiguous when used on a three-dimensional (3D)
does not conform to specifications, nor a situation model in a computer-aided design (CAD) system.
where a conforming product is rejected and returned. ISO TC 213 has also developed a number of tools
These rules mean that it makes a difference whether that will be available for specifications in the next gen-
a customer requires the supplier to provide proof of eration of specification standards. In particular, the
conformance or relies on incoming inspection. They ISO 16610 ‘‘Filtration’’ series13 defines a number of new
also mean that there is a gray area where neither con- filtering tools, which allow the separation of different
formance nor nonconformance can be proven. kinds of surface features. One can think of it as separat-
ISO/TS 14253-26 of 1999 is a guide to estimating ing short-wave and long-wave surface components from
uncertainty for GPS measurement that introduces the each other, but in reality, it is much more complicated
novel idea of a target uncertainty and the Procedure for than that.
Uncertainty Management (PUMA) method that aims at Finally, on the surface texture front, a lot of work
proving that the actual uncertainty is less than the target has gone into developing the ISO 25178 ‘‘Surface tex-
uncertainty with minimum effort, rather than estimating ture: areal’’ series that expands the surface texture area
the actual uncertainty as accurately as possible. from two-dimensional (2D) profile-based evaluations
to 3D areal-based evaluations.
Overall, ISO TC 213 has approved 35 standards
ISO 8015 fundamentals—concepts, and other documents over the last 2 years. This com-
principles and rules pares to the nine completed between 2006 and 2009
Last amongst these fundamental standards is ISO (Figure 2). While many of these were conversions of
8015,8 which was published in a new and significantly Technical Reports (TR documents) and Technical
updated version in 2011. It formally states 13 basic Specifications (TS documents) into International
principles for GPS that up until then had been taken Standards, it does indicate a significant improvement
for granted, but not been available in a standard that in productivity and a desire to reach compromises to
could be referenced, or at least not in a form that pro- allow work to progress for the committee.
vided traceability between the principles and GPS This means that many of the work items that have
specifications. been active for many years have been concluded. The
revision of ISO 545911 has been on the work pro-
gramme for 15 years and the new ISO 110112 has been
Recent developments on the programme for the better part of a decade. It
also means that there are several tools available in
The standards discussed above all aimed at developing
terms of filtering and association that are not available
the structure behind the ISO-GPS system without pro-
to designers, because the drawing indications to invoke
viding much in terms of indications that would be visi-
these tools have not been standardized yet. This clean-
ble on technical drawings. However, with this
up in the work program has caused ISO TC 213 to
foundation in place, ISO TC 213 has started issuing
develop a strategic plan. This plan has two phases and
standards that dramatically increases the vocabulary of
is discussed in the next clauses.
the GPS language and allows designers to express
much more precisely what their requirements are to the
components they design.
ISO 14405-1:2010 (‘‘Geometrical product specifica-
tions (GPS) — Dimensional tolerancing — Part 1:
Linear sizes’’)9 gives a number of modifiers that allow
the designer to express requirements to linear sizes that
go far beyond the old-fashioned and expensive envelope
requirement that only is appropriate for fits. Srinivasan10
discusses this in more detail.
ISO 5459:2011 (‘‘Geometrical product specifications
(GPS) — Geometrical tolerancing — Datums and
datum systems’’)11 updates the concept of datums for
the first time in 30 years. To put this in perspective, the
previous version of this standard was issued in the same
year when IBM introduced the personal computer. Figure 2. ISO TC 213 standards approvals 2006–2011.

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Nielsen 647

Strategic plan initiatives The aim of this initiative is to define characteristics

and actual values for geometric specifications and to
The strategic plan for ISO TC 213 has six broad initia-
define a signed and global characteristic (actual value)
tives as described in the following sections.
for each workpiece. This, in turn, will form the basis of
another initiative that is aimed at providing tools to
specify population characteristics.
Initiative 1: rules-based standards
Many of the ISO-GPS standards are based on examples
rather than rules. ISO 110112 is the most prominent Initiative 3: form standards
example of this standardization approach. The example- ISO TC 213 has recently converted ISO 12180,17,18
based standards are enticing because they look simple ISO 12181,19,20 ISO 12780,21,22 and ISO 1278123,24
and easy to understand at first glance. The problem is from TS to International Standards. These standards
that the examples given are often too simple and do not cover cylindricity, roundness, straightness, and flatness.
cover the complexities one is likely to encounter on real While these standards cover all the necessary concepts,
components. The example-based standards force the they are written from a measurement perspective rather
user to interpolate between examples and extrapolate than from a specification and measurand definition
when actual usage goes outside what the examples perspective. In addition, due to lack of consensus,
cover. many defaults are missing (e.g. filter values); therefore,
Rule-based standards, however, often seem compli- unless the designer specifies values for these para-
cated at first glance. Typically, many rules are needed meters, the specification is incomplete.
and most of them focus on exceptions and special cases; As part of the review during the conversion, it was
so it appears that the standard is more concerned with decided that the concepts covered in these standards
those than with what the average user needs every day. should be covered for all geometrical characteristics,
However, the clear advantage of rules-based standards that is, all the 14 symbols given in ISO 1101.12 It was
is that there is much less guesswork and they are much further decided that consensus should be sought for
less open to interpretation; so the common understand- defaults on more, if not all, parameters. Currently, pre-
ing of what the standards mean will be much broader liminary work is going on to define the features to
among practitioners, and the implementation of the which the specifications apply, that is, the details of
standards in, for example, CAD/computer-aided manu- extraction, filtering, data density and so on, as well as
facturing (CAM) systems and coordinate measuring the characteristics that can be specified.
systems will be much more uniform.
ISO TC 213 has converted some standards to Initiative 4: new specifications
rules-based standards, in particular ISO 2692
(Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — This initiative includes population characteristics, or
Geometrical tolerancing — Maximum material require- what is commonly referred to as statistical tolerancing.
ment (MMR), least material requirement (LMR) and The aim is to define all the relevant and necessary char-
reciprocity requirement (RPR))14 and ISO 5459.11 It is acteristics, not just a ‘‘statistical-tolerancing’’ modifier.
the intent under this initiative to convert ISO 1660 It also includes the ability to specify contacting features,
(‘‘Technical drawings — Dimensioning and tolerancing specifications that apply under the application of speci-
of profiles’’)15 ISO 5458 (‘‘Geometrical product specifica- fied forces and specifications on assemblies including
tions (GPS) — Geometrical tolerancing — Positional tol- moveable assemblies such as rolling bearings.
erancing’’),16 and ultimately, ISO 1101 (‘‘Geometrical
product specifications (GPS) — Geometrical Initiative 5: general tolerancing update
tolerancing — Tolerances of form, orientation, loca-
Many disputes between suppliers and customers come
tion and run-out’’)12 to rules-based standards.
down to general tolerances as defined in ISO 2768-125
for dimensional tolerances and ISO 2768-226 for geo-
metrical tolerances. Both these standards were pub-
Initiative 2: characteristics
lished in 1989 and do not reflect the needs of modern
For geometrical tolerancing, only tolerance zones are manufacturing.
defined. This means that, strictly speaking, geometrical General tolerances are popular among designers
tolerances as defined in ISO 110112 cannot be measured because they provide a pleasant feeling of having com-
in a way that reports a value, but can only be measured pleted the drawing and having a safety net, even if
in a way that has an yes/no answer to check whether a some tolerances have been forgotten. They are equally
feature or a set of features fit within their tolerance unpopular among suppliers because they add hidden
zones. Coordinate-measuring machines make this type tolerances to the drawings. Work on this initiative is
of measurements anyway, by interpreting the zone defi- yet to be initiated, but the aim is to significantly update
nition and (usually) reporting the size of the smallest these standards, so that they become less of a focal
zone that would allow the feature to pass the tolerance. point for disputes.

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648 Proc IMechE Part B: J Engineering Manufacture 227(5)

Initiative 6: edges Summary

Edges play a significant role in the function of work- This article summarizes the work and developments
pieces, both in assembly and in making sure the that have taken place since the formation of ISO TC
intended features interface with each other. The tools 213, the work that is going on right now, and the work
for specifying edges are currently quite rudimentary, that is planned for the next 10 years. Much of the 16
unless geometrical tolerances are used and those are years since the formation of ISO TC 213 has been spent
often seen as being too cumbersome to use for defining on building a sound theoretical foundation for the GPS
edges. Work on this initiative is yet to be initiated, but system. A comparatively large part of the deliverables
the vision is to provide a more convenient and com- over this period has focused on the behind the scenes
plete set of tools for specifying edges. parts of GPS: the fundamental rules, the concepts of
operators and uncertainties, rigorous definitions of fea-
tures, operations and characteristics, and tools for
Strategic plan phase 1 extraction and filtering. Much of this material has had
The strategic plan is divided into two phases, each of little impact on and created little interest from the end
which is expected to last for 3–5 years. The first phase users of GPS standards.
has deliverables for each of the six initiatives as dis- This is now about to change. The new ISO 545911
cussed earlier. In addition, an update to ISO and ISO 14405-19 have been the first standards to have
1101:201212 that primarily adds modifiers to enable the direct impact on what can be expressed on a technical
designer to specify filtering and association for the tol- drawing. There are more tools available for expressing
eranced feature as well as the datum features is in the functional needs for datums, datum targets, and datum
works. It is also intended to provide more precise tools systems precisely. Size is no longer just size; there is a
to indicate requirements to groups of features and lock- series of modifiers that allows the designer to indicate
ing patterns of tolerance zones together. This update is precisely what is meant by a size tolerance. Next comes
a major expansion of the tolerancing language and ISO 1101:2012,12 which adds some new possibilities, but
enables much more precise control over toleranced fea- the major update of geometrical tolerancing will be in
tures using geometrical tolerances than what is possible the next update of ISO 1101, which is expected in 2015.
today. It is expected to be the most significant update It will have as profound an impact on geometrical toler-
to ISO 1101 ever. However, it is not converting ISO ancing, as ISO 14405-19 has had on the concept of size.
1101 into a pure rules-based standard.
Funding
This research received no specific grant from any fund-
Strategic plan phase 2 ing agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit
The aim for phase 2 is to convert ISO 1101 into a mul- sectors.
tipart standard to strengthen the ISO 1101 brand. The
new standard is intended to encompass ISO 1101,12 Acknowledgements
ISO 1660,15 ISO 2692,14 ISO 5458,16 ISO 5459,11 ISO
The author would like to acknowledge the contribu-
10579 (‘‘Geometrical product specifications (GPS) —
tions of the experts in the ISO TC 213 standards com-
Dimensioning and tolerancing — Non-rigid parts’’),27
mittee to the developments reported in this article.
the deliverables for initiative 3, and other geometrical-
tolerancing deliverables from phase 1.
Collecting all these standards under one standard References
number is intended to provide awareness among users 1. ISO 3274:1996. Geometrical product specifications
that this information belongs together and that these (GPS) — Surface texture: Profile method — Nominal
standards cannot be read in isolation. It is also expected characteristics of contact (stylus) instruments.
that the conversion will reduce the perceived need for 2. ISO/TR 14638:1995. Geometrical product specifications
repeated information in different standards, which is a (GPS) — Master Plan, 1995.
3. ISO 17450-2:2002. Geometrical product specifications
significant problem. Every time information is repeated,
(GPS) — General concepts — Part 2: Basic tenets, speci-
it is usually phrased differently, increasing the possibil-
fications, operators and uncertainties, 2002.
ity for differing interpretations that can all be supported 4. ISO 17450-1. Geometrical product specifications (GPS)
by reference to standards. By eliminating repeated — General concepts — Part 1: Model for geometrical
information, the standard becomes less ambiguous. It specification and verification.
also becomes more modular, making it easier to main- 5. ISO 14253-1:1998. Geometrical product specifications
tain, because we can update one part of the standard, (GPS) — Inspection by measurement of workpieces and
without creating contradictions with other parts of the measuring equipment — Part 1: Decision rules for prov-
standards. ing conformance or nonconformance with specifications.

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Nielsen 649

6. ISO/TS 14253-2:1999. Geometrical product specifications 16. ISO 5458:1998. Geometrical product specifications (GPS)
(GPS) — Inspection by measurement of workpieces and — Geometrical tolerancing — Positional tolerancing.
measuring equipment — Part 2: Guide to the estimation 17. ISO 12180-1:2011. Geometrical product specifications
of uncertainty in GPS measurement, in calibration of (GPS) — Cylindricity — Part 1: Vocabulary and para-
measuring equipment and in product verification. meters of cylindrical form.
7. ISO/TS 14253-3:2002. Geometrical product specifications 18. ISO 12180-2:2011. Geometrical product specifications
(GPS) — Inspection by measurement of workpieces and (GPS) — Cylindricity — Part 2: Specification operators.
measuring equipment — Part 3: Guidelines for achieving 19. ISO 12181-1:2011. Geometrical product specifications
agreements on measurement uncertainty statements. (GPS) — Roundness — Part 1: Vocabulary and para-
8. ISO 8015:2011. Geometrical product specifications (GPS) meters of roundness.
— Fundamentals — Concepts, principles and rules. 20. ISO 12181-2:2011. Geometrical product specifications
9. ISO 14405-1:2010. Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Roundness — Part 2: Specification operators.
(GPS) — Dimensional tolerancing — Part 1: Linear sizes. 21. ISO 12780-1: 2011. Geometrical product specifications
10. Srinivasan V. Reflections on the role of science in the evo- (GPS) — Straightness — Part 1: Vocabulary and para-
lution of dimensioning and tolerancing standards. In: meters of straightness.
12th CIRP conference on computer aided tolerancing 2012, 22. ISO 12780-2: 2011. Geometrical product specifications
Huddesfield, UK, 18–19 April 2012. (GPS) — Straightness — Part 2: Specification operators.
11. ISO 5459:2011. Geometrical product specifications (GPS) 23. ISO 12781-1:2011. Geometrical product specifications
— Geometrical tolerancing — Datums and datum systems. (GPS) — Flatness — Part 1: Vocabulary and parameters
12. ISO 1101:2012. Geometrical product specifications (GPS) of flatness.
— Geometrical tolerancing — Tolerances of form, orien- 24. ISO 12781-2:2011. Geometrical product specifications
tation, location and run-out. (GPS) — Flatness — Part 2: Specification operators.
13. ISO 16610-1:2006. Geometrical product specifications 25. ISO 2768-1:1989. General tolerances — Part 1: Toler-
(GPS) — Filtration — Part 1: Overview and basic ances for linear and angular dimensions without individ-
concepts. ual tolerance indications.
14. ISO 2692:2006. Geometrical product specifications 26. ISO 2768-2:1989. General tolerances — Part 2: Geome-
(GPS) — Geometrical tolerancing — Maximum material trical tolerances for features without individual tolerance
requirement (MMR), least material requirement (LMR) indications.
and reciprocity requirement (RPR). 27. ISO 10579:2010. Geometrical product specifications
15. ISO 1660:1987. Technical drawings — Dimensioning and (GPS) — Dimensioning and tolerancing — Non-rigid
Tolerancing of profiles. parts.

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