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    Chapter VII

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    Tadesse Bitew
    This document discusses 3D transformations including translation, rotation, scaling, and shearing. Translation moves an object by adding offsets to the x, y, and z coordinates. Rotation in 3D requires specifying both an angle of rotation and axis of rotation. Scaling changes the size of an object by multiplying coordinates by scaling factors. Shearing slants an object by manipulating coordinate values. All transformations can be represented by transformation matrices.

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    Chapter VII

    Uploaded by

    Tadesse Bitew
    13 views4 pages
    This document discusses 3D transformations including translation, rotation, scaling, and shearing. Translation moves an object by adding offsets to the x, y, and z coordinates. Rotation in 3D requires specifying both an angle of rotation and axis of rotation. Scaling changes the size of an object by multiplying coordinates by scaling factors. Shearing slants an object by manipulating coordinate values. All transformations can be represented by transformation matrices.

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    This document discusses 3D transformations including translation, rotation, scaling, and shearing. Translation moves an object by adding offsets to the x, y, and z coordinates. Rotation in 3D requires specifying both an angle of rotation and axis of rotation. Scaling changes the size of an object by multiplying coordinates by scaling factors. Shearing slants an object by manipulating coordinate values. All transformations can be represented by transformation matrices.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    13 views4 pages

    Chapter VII

    Uploaded by

    Tadesse Bitew
    This document discusses 3D transformations including translation, rotation, scaling, and shearing. Translation moves an object by adding offsets to the x, y, and z coordinates. Rotation in 3D requires specifying both an angle of rotation and axis of rotation. Scaling changes the size of an object by multiplying coordinates by scaling factors. Shearing slants an object by manipulating coordinate values. All transformations can be represented by transformation matrices.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Chapter VII Three Dimensional Transformations

    Translation
    In 3D translation, we transfer the Z coordinate along with the X and Y coordinates. The
    process for translation in 3D is similar to 2D translation. A translation moves an object
    into a different position on the screen.
    The following figure shows the effect of translation −

    A point can be translated in 3D by adding translation coordinate (tx,ty,tz)(tx,ty,tz) to the


    original coordinate X,Y,ZX,Y,Z to get the new coordinate X′,Y′,Z′X′,Y′,Z′.
    T=⎡⎣⎢⎢⎢⎢100tx010ty001tz0001⎤⎦⎥⎥⎥⎥T=[100001000010txtytz1]
    P’ = P∙T
    [X'Y'Z'1]=[XYZ1]⎡⎣⎢⎢⎢⎢100tx010ty001tz0001⎤⎦⎥⎥⎥⎥[X′Y′Z′1]=[XYZ1]
    [100001000010txtytz1]
    =[X+txY+tyZ+tz1]=[X+txY+tyZ+tz1]

    Rotation
    3D rotation is not same as 2D rotation. In 3D rotation, we have to specify the angle of
    rotation along with the axis of rotation. We can perform 3D rotation about X, Y, and Z
    axes. They are represented in the matrix form as below −
    Rx(θ)=⎡⎣⎢⎢⎢10000cosθsinθ00−sinθcosθ00001⎤⎦⎥⎥⎥Ry(θ)=⎡⎣⎢⎢⎢cosθ0−sinθ0010
    0sinθ0cosθ00001⎤⎦⎥⎥⎥Rz(θ)=⎡⎣⎢⎢⎢cosθsinθ00−sinθcosθ0000100001⎤⎦⎥⎥⎥Rx(θ)=[1
    0000cosθ−sinθ00sinθcosθ00001]Ry(θ)=[cosθ0sinθ00100−sinθ0cosθ00001]Rz(θ)=[cosθ−sinθ00s
    inθcosθ0000100001]
    The following figure explains the rotation about various axes −

    Scaling
    You can change the size of an object using scaling transformation. In the scaling
    process, you either expand or compress the dimensions of the object. Scaling can be
    achieved by multiplying the original coordinates of the object with the scaling factor to
    get the desired result. The following figure shows the effect of 3D scaling −
    In 3D scaling operation, three coordinates are used. Let us assume that the original
    coordinates are X,Y,ZX,Y,Z, scaling factors are (SX,SY,Sz)(SX,SY,Sz) respectively,
    and the produced coordinates are X′,Y′,Z′X′,Y′,Z′. This can be mathematically
    represented as shown below −
    S=⎡⎣⎢⎢⎢⎢Sx0000Sy0000Sz00001⎤⎦⎥⎥⎥⎥S=[Sx0000Sy0000Sz00001]
    P’ = P∙S
    [X′Y′Z′1]=[XYZ1]⎡⎣⎢⎢⎢⎢Sx0000Sy0000Sz00001⎤⎦⎥⎥⎥⎥[X′Y′Z′1]=[XYZ1]
    [Sx0000Sy0000Sz00001]
    =[X.SxY.SyZ.Sz1]=[X.SxY.SyZ.Sz1]

    Shear
    A transformation that slants the shape of an object is called the shear transformation.
    Like in 2D shear, we can shear an object along the X-axis, Y-axis, or Z-axis in 3D.
    As shown in the above figure, there is a coordinate P. You can shear it to get a new
    coordinate P', which can be represented in 3D matrix form as below −
    Sh=⎡⎣⎢⎢⎢⎢1shxyshxz0shyx1shyz0shzxshzy100001⎤⎦⎥⎥⎥⎥Sh=[1shxyshxz0shyx1shyz0sh
    zxshzy100001]
    P’ = P ∙ Sh
    X′=X+ShyxY+ShzxZX′=X+ShxyY+ShxzZ
    Y′=ShxyX+Y+shzyZY′=ShyxX+Y+shyzZ
    Z′=ShxzX+ShyzY+ZZ′=ShzxX+ShzyY+Z

    Transformation Matrices
    Transformation matrix is a basic tool for transformation. A matrix with n x m dimensions
    is multiplied with the coordinate of objects. Usually 3 x 3 or 4 x 4 matrices are used for
    transformation. For example, consider the following matrix for various operation.

    T=⎡⎣⎢⎢⎢⎢100tx010ty001tz0001⎤⎦⎥⎥⎥ S=⎡⎣⎢⎢⎢⎢Sx0000Sy0000Sz00001⎤⎦⎥ Sh=⎡⎣⎢⎢⎢⎢1shxyshxz0shyx1shyz0shzxs


    ⎥T=[100001000010txtytz1] ⎥⎥⎥S=[Sx0000Sy0000Sz00001] hzy100001⎤⎦⎥⎥⎥⎥Sh=[1shxyshxz0shyx1
    shyz0shzxshzy100001]

    Translation Matrix Scaling Matrix Shear Matrix

    Rx(θ)=⎡⎣⎢⎢⎢10000cosθsinθ00−sin Ry(θ)=⎡⎣⎢⎢⎢cosθ0−sinθ00100sinθ Rz(θ)=⎡⎣⎢⎢⎢cosθsinθ00−sinθcosθ0


    θcosθ00001⎤⎦⎥⎥⎥Rx(θ)=[10000cosθ− 0cosθ00001⎤⎦⎥⎥⎥Ry(θ)=[cosθ0sinθ0 000100001⎤⎦⎥⎥⎥Rz(θ)=[cosθ−sinθ00si
    sinθ00sinθcosθ00001] 0100−sinθ0cosθ00001] nθcosθ0000100001]

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