TRAFFIC SIGNALS: A.

RED SIGNAL- SIGNAL FACE-It is provided for controlling one or more traffic movements
STEADY RED LIGHT FLASHING RED LIGHT RED ARROW on a single approach.
TRAFFIC CONTROL AID
* stop at a clearly marked stop line, * Drivers of vehicles shall stop * Traffic Shall not make the * PRIMARY SIGNAL FACE The signal face which is nearest to and facing
WHAT IS TRAFFIC SIGNAL ?? before entering the cross-walk on the before entering the nearest movement displayed by the the incoming traffic
near side of the intersection cross-walk at an intersection arrow * SECONDARY SIGNAL FACE A signal face showing the same indications
* shall remain standing until an or at a stop line when marked as on a primary signal face, usually further away from the incoming traffic
Any power operated traffic control device except a sign by
indication to proceed is shown. and on its off-side (right)
which traffic is regulated, warned, or alternatively directed
to take some specific action. SIGNAL PHASING & BAND DIAGRAM
a traffic signal is used as an instructing device that
indicates the road user to act according to the displayed
sign.

ORIGIN ON TRAFFIC SIGNALS

* 1st illuminated traffic signal - london - 1868.

-manually turned
-consisted two gas lamps (red & green) B.AMBER SIGNAL
-with semaphore arms atop a pole STEADY AMBER LIGHT FLASHING AMBER LIGHT AMBER ARROW PHASE I- 34SEC PHASE II- 18 SEC
* 1st first electric traffic signal - cleveland-1914 * You should start slowing down to Drivers of vehicles may Red arrow is about to be 2SEC 34 SEC 2 SEC 22 SEC
-green & red light with warning buzzer to indicate when the come to a stop in anticipation of red proceed through the displayed. Total cycle
light was about to change. light. intersection or pass such Time = 60
* 1st signal to use the familiar green, yellow, and red signal only with caution. Sec
lights - new york -1918.
38SEC 2 SEC 18SEC 2 SEC
-it was operated manually from an elevated observation
post in the middle of the street.
ADVANTAGES-
* Traffic signals help for movement of traffic securely without
any accident.
* Can increase the capacity of traffic handling at the In case of streets where central median not provided secondary signal may
intersection. C. GREEN SIGNAL be located on the right footpath.distance between primary & secondary
* Help for the safe movement of slow-moving traffic by STEADY GREEN GREEN ARROW should be 12m mimi. & 36 m maxi.
interrupting heavy traffic at regular intervals. * Lighttraffic can proceed in any * A Green arrow means go,
* The indications of the signals can be seen easily in foggy permitted direction,. but first you must make
weather or at night time. sure any vehicle, bicycle, or
* Accurate and economical as compared to traffic police pedestrian who is still in the
control. intersection passes safely
* provide for continuous motion of traffic along a specified through it
path.
* provide authority to the drivers to move with SIGNAL INDICATIONS – 1. VEHICULAR 2. PEDESTRAIN
confidence.control the speed of vehicles on main as well as 2. PEDESTRAIN -Pedestrian signals are used to inform pedestrians when to cross a road.
on secondary roads. * Movements of pedestrians shall be controlled with separate pedestrian signal heads.
* Pedestrians facing a steady green with human figure in readiness to move, may proceed
DISADVANTAGES-
across the roadway within the marked cross-walk adjacent to the pedestrian signal. *Pedestrians
* They delay the traffic by stopping the vehicles at the
facing a steady red with a standing human figure, shall not enter the roadway.
intersection during peak hours.
* When a flashing red with a standing human figure is exhibited, those pedestrians already on
* During signals breakdown, there are serious and
the carriageway shall quickly proceed to the nearest refuge island or foot-path and those on the
wide-spread traffic difficulties during peak hours.
foot-path or refuge island shall not enter the carriageway.
* Increasing traffic congestion, air pollution, and fuel
LOCATION OF SIGNAL-The primary requirement shall be visibility. drivers
consumption.
approaching at signalised inter-section or other signalised area, such as a
SIGNAL INDICATIONS – 1. Vehicular 2.Pedestrain mid-block cross-walk, shall be given a clear and unmistakable indication. TRANSVERSE LOCATION OF
1.VEHICULAR- A. RED- i) Light (Steady/flashing) The Primary shall be on the near side of the intersection at the stop line on the SIFNAL SUPPORT
ii) Arrow left side of the approaching traffic .
B.AMBER -i) Light (steady/flashing) Secondary shall be not less than 12 metre nor greater than 36 metre on the far
ii) arrow side of the intersection but to the right on the footpath or at the
C.GREEN -i) Light (steady) median island,
SIGN DATE SHRI S.D.PATIL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
ii) arrow if available.
NAME - AISHWARYA DEEPAK PATIL.
SUB. - ROAD SAFETY AND CIVIC SENCE
CLASS- FOURTH YEAR B.ARCH YEAR - 2022-23
SCALE-1:100 SHEET NO.- ROLL NO.- 05 STAMP STAMP
CO-ORDINATION OF TRAFFIC CONTROL -

Traffic control signals within 1 km of one another along major route or in a network of intersecting major routes should
be operated in co-ordination, preferably with inter-connected controllers.
* however, co-ordination need not be maintained across boundaries between signal systems which operates on
different time cycles.

WARRANTS FOR TRAFFIC SIGNAL INSTALLATION-

Traffic control signals should not be installed, unless one or more of the signal warrants specified herein are met.
* In- formation should be obtained by means of traffic and engineering studies and compared with the requirements
set forth in the warrants.
* If these requirements are not met, a traffic signal should neither be put into operation not continued in operation (if
already installed).
* when a traffic control signal is indicated as being warranted, it is presumed that the signal and all related traffic
control devices, and markings are installed according to the standards set forth in the previous sections.
* It is further presumed that signal indications are properly phased, roadways properly designed, and that there is
adequate supervision of operation and maintenance of the signal.
* All of its related device and traffic signal controller shall be selected on the basis of engineering study and
judgement.
* All the mechanical and electrical equipment shall conform to i.s.i, standards.
* An investigation of the need for traffic signal control should include where applicable, at least an analysis of factors
contained in the warrants.

WARRANT 1 — MINIMUM VEHICULAR VOLUME -

The minimum vehicular volume warrant is intended for application where the volume of intersecting traffic is the principal reason for
consideration of signal installation.

WARRANT 2 — INTERRUPTION OF CONTINUOUS TRAFFIC-

The interruption of continuous traffic warrant applied to operating conditions where the traffic volume on a major street is so heavy
that traffic on a minor intersecting street suffers excessive delay or hazard in entering or crossing the major street.

WARRANT 4—ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE

The accident experience warrant is satisfied when : (i) adequate trial of less restrictive remedies with WARRANT 5—COMBINATION OF WARRANTS
satisfactory observance and enforcement have failed to reduce the accident frequency, and (ii) five or more
reported accidents, of types susceptible of correction by traffic signal control have occurred within a period of In exceptional cases, signals may be justified occasionally where no signal warrant is satisfied but where two or
12 months, each accident involving personal injury or property damage to an apparent extent of rs 2000 or more of warrants 1,2 and 3, are satisfied to the extent of 80 per cent or more of the stated volume. adequate trial oi
more. (iii) the signal installation will not seriously disrupt traffic flow. other remedial measure which causes less delay and inconvenience to traffic should precede installation of signals
under this warrant.

SIGN DATE SHRI S.D.PATIL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

NAME - AISHWARYA DEEPAK PATIL.
TRAFFIC SIGNALS SUB. - ROAD SAFETY AND CIVIC SENCE
CLASS- FOURTH YEAR B.ARCH YEAR - 2022-23
SCALE-1:100 SHEET NO.- ROLL NO.- 05 STAMP STAMP
Traffic Islands: Dimensions & Turning Radii of Design Vehicles
* A Raised area in the middle of a road for separating traffic travelling Sr NO Vehicle Type Overall Overall Overhang Minimum Turning
in different directions, and sometimes where people who are crossing Width m Length m front m Rare Radius
the road can wait safely for traffic to go past. (m) (m)
* The carriage ways were separated by traffic islands to make 1. Passenger Car (P) 1.4-2.1 3 - 5.74 0.9 1.5 7.3
overtaking impossible 2. Single Unit Truck(S.U) 2.58 9 1.2 1.8 12.8

Round About: 3. Semi Trailer and

* Round about An island is the middle part of the road Single unit Bus wb12m 2.58 15.0 1.2 1.8 12.2
that you can wait on to cross, it usually has a yellow 4. Large Semi-Trailer 2.58 16.7 0.9 0.6 13.71
bollard on it! A roundabout is a roundabout! Roundabout. (WB-15m)
5. Large Semi-Truck
2.58 19.7 0.6 0.9 18.2
Turns and Turning radius: Length of Right Turning Lane
Trailer (WB - 18 m)
1.Left Turn.
Length of storage lane (km/h)
2.Right Turn. Design Speed(m)
including 30 • 45 m taper
Directional lanes:
3.Three-Point Turn. * A reversible lane is a lane in which traffic may travel in
4. U-Turn. (m) either direction, depending on certain conditions.
Left Turn: 120 200
* Typically, it is meant to improve traffic flow during rush
Turn on the left turn signal before you make the turn and 100 160 hours, by having overhead traffic lights and lighted street
slow down. Look both ways and make sure that the 80 130 signs notify drivers which lanes are open or closed to driving
oncoming lanes are clear. Make the turn from the 60 110 or turning.
designated lane (use left lane). Do not enter into the right * Reversible lanes are also commonly found in tunnels and
50 90
lane. on bridges, and on the surrounding roadways – even where
Right Turn: acceleration lane the lanes are not regularly reversed to handle normal
If right turning traffic from one approach is heavy, the deceleration lane changes in traffic flow.
green period of this approach 30mR * The presence of lane controls allows authorities to close or
may continue after the end of green period of the opposing reverse lanes when unusual circumstances (such as
arm sharing the same phase construction or a traffic mishap) require use of fewer or more
3 Point Turn: lanes to maintain orderly flow of traffic.
The three-point turn enables you to turn on a narrow road
by turning the steering wheel and moving your vehicle Pedestrian crossing:
three times * a special place in a road where traffic must stop to allow people to walk across
U Turn: * A pedestrian crossing is a place where pedestrians can cross a street and where motorists must stop to let them cross
a turn made so as to head in the opposite direction. used Rules of crossing
esp. of a vehicle in a street or road 1.Walk with care and with all sense.
Dimensions and Turning Radii of Some of the Typical Indian Vehicles 2.Look towards oncoming traffic.
3.Never assume driver has seen you when you are about to cross the road, its your responsibility to save yourself.
4.Avoid crossing road where drivers may not be able to see you..
Sr NO Male of vehicle length(m) Width(m) Turning Radius(M)
1. Amassdor 4.343 1.651
2. Maruti car 3.300 1.405 4.400
3. Tata (LPT2416) 4.343 2.440
4. Tata(LPO2010)
Full forward control bus chasis 9.825 2.434 10.030
5. Tata(LPO1616) Bus chasis 11.170 2.450
6. Leyland hypoo haulage 9.128 2.434 10.925
7. Leyland (18746)taurus 8.614 2.394 11.202
8. Leyland Beaver multi drive 12.000 2.500
9. Mahindra Nissan allwyn cabstar 5.895 1.870 6.608
10. Swaraj mazda truck(WT49) 5.974 2.170 6.400
11. DCM Toyato(bus) 6.440 1.195 6.900

SIGN DATE SHRI S.D.PATIL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

NAME- AISHWARYA DEEPAK PATIL.
SUB. ROAD SAFTY AND CIVIC SENSE
CLASS- FOURTH YEAR B.ARCH YEAR - 2021-22
SCALE-1:100 SHEET NO.- ROLL NO.- 05 STAMP STAMP
Median: Diverging ,merging& weaving
The median strip, central reservation, roadway median, or traffic median is the Diverging: It is a traffic operation when the vehicles moving in one direction is separated into different streams
reserved area that separates opposing lanes of traffic on divided roadways according to their destinations.
such as divided highways, dual carriageways, freeways, and motorways. Merging: Merging is the opposite of diverging. Merging is referred to as the process of joining the traffic coming from
Types of Median:Based on material different approaches and going to a common destination into a single stream.
1)Paint lines(or A painted Island) Weaving: Weaving is the combined movement of both merging and diverging movements in the same direction.
2)Concrete Barriers * The design elements include design speed, radius at entry, exit and the central island, weaving length and width,
3)Curbs entry and exit widths. In addition the capacity of the rotary can also be determined by using some empirical formula. A
typical rotary and the important design elements
Openings:
* As per IRC norms on specifications and standards, median openings shall Design Considerations For Diverging ,merging& weaving
not be spaced closer than 2 km in open country. The design elements include design speed, radius at entry, exit and the central island, weaving
* In built up area, the spacing between median opening shall not be less than length and width, entry and exit widths
500 metres.
* The length of the opening should be 18 to 20 metre to facilitate vehicles to 1.Design speed 3.Width of the rotary
take 'U' turns from two sides * All the vehicles are required to reduce their speed at a rotary. * The entry width and exit width of the rotary is
Therefore, the design speed of a rotary will be much lower than governed by the traffic entering and leaving the
the roads leading to it. intersection and the width of the approaching road.
Traffic Claming: * The normal practice is to keep the design speed as 30 and 40 (e1+e2) e1= carriageway width entry
+3.5 e2= carriageway width exit
kmph for urban and rural areas respectively. W weaving= 2
* Traffic calming is a combination of mainly physical measures that reduce the negative effects of motor vehicle
use, alter driver behavior and improve conditions for non-motorized street users. 4.Capacity
* Traffic calming mainly consists of physical measures aimed at creating safe streets, including slowing drivers 2.Entry, exit and island radius * The capacity of rotary is determined by the
down, reducing collision frequency and severity, reducing the need for police enforcement, and increasing * The radius at the entry depends on various factors like design capacity of each weaving section.
access for different modes of transport. speed, super-elevation, and coefficient of friction. * Transportation road research lab (TRL) proposed
* By creating attractive streets and increasing the perception of safety for pedestrians, non-motorized users, and * The entry radius of about 20 and 25 metres is ideal for an urban the following empirical formula to find the capacity
those who work, play, and reside near those streets, traffic calming has the potential to inspire more residents to and rural design respectively of the weaving section. w= weaving width
use eco-friendly modes of transportation. * The exit radius should be higher than the entry radius. 280w(1+e/w)(1-p/3) e=avg width entry exit
Qw= l= length of weaving
1+w/l
Traffic Claming Component: p= proportion of weaving

Speed management and traffic calming include techniques such as discouraging traffic from entering certain areas and
installing physical speed reducing measures, such as road narrowing, roundabouts and road humps
Speed Brakers:
A speed breaker is a hump surface across the roadway having a rounded shape with width greater than the wheel
base of most of the vehicles using the road.
Table Top Crossing: Conflicting Point:
The purpose of a tabletop crossing is to reduce vehicle speeds and also emphasise the presence of the pedestrian * Conflicts at an intersection are different for different types of intersection.
crossing. Warning tiles should be laid wherever there is a pedestrian crossing (IRC: 103-2012, 6.7). Consider a typical four-legged
intersection as shown in figure. The number of conflicts for competing through
movements are 4, while
competing right turn and through movements are 8. The conflicts between
right turn traffics are 4, and
between left turn and merging traffic is 4. The conflicts created by pedestrians
will be 8 taking into
account all the four approaches. Diverging traffic also produces about 4
conflicts. Therefore, a typical four
legged intersection has about 32 different types of conflicts. This is shown in
figure
* The essence of the intersection control is to resolve these conflicts at the
intersection for the safe and
efficient movement of both vehicular traffic and pedestrians. Two methods of
intersection controls are
there: time sharing and space sharing. The type of intersection control that has
to be adopted depends on
the traffic volume, road geometry, cost involved, importance of the road etc.

SIGN DATE SHRI S.D.PATIL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

NAME-AISHWARYA DEEPAK PATIL.
SUB. ROAD SAFTY AND CIVIC SENSE
CLASS- FOURTH YEAR B.ARCH YEAR - 2021-22
SCALE-1:100 SHEET NO.- ROLL NO.- 05 STAMP
ROAD MARKINGS TRAFFIC LANE LINES PEDISTRIAN CROSSINGS
At intersections, the pedestrian crossings should invariably be preceded by
The traffic lane lines shall be normally be single broken lines. Their width
CENTRE LINE shall be 100 mm. a stop line at a
* Centre line separates the opposing streams of traffic and distance of 2 m to 3 m for unsignalised intersections and at a distance of
the length of line segment shall be 1.5 m. the gaps on straight reaches shall
facilitates their movemen Usually be 3 m long and 1m for signalized
no centre line is provided for roads having width less than 5 gaps on curved reaches and approaches to intersection shall be 1.5 m long
intersection (Refer Fig.10.)
m and for roads having more than Fig. The width of the pedestrian crossing is governed by the pedestrian
four lanes with the central verge. volumes crossing the
PAVEMENT EDGE LINE
* The centre line may be marked with single broken line, road and by local requirements but in no case should it be less than the
* Pavement edge lines are used to indicate the edges of carriageways which have
single solid line, double broken line, or double solid line width of footpath subject
no curbs.
depending upon the road and traffic requirements. to a minimum of 1.5 m. The width of the crossing generally lies between 2
* They serve as a visual guidance for the drivers, indicating to them the limits up to
* A centre line marking is provided to demarcate the centre m and 4 m.
which the driver can safely venture.
of a carriageway and to separate traffic in opposite Marking for pedestrian crossing mostly used is the Zebra pattern consisting
* They especially are useful during adverse weather and poor visibility where the
directions. of equally spaced
paved shoulder is of a lesser structural strength than the main pavement.
white stripes generally 500 mm wide and they should be marked.
CENTRE LINE MARKING FOR TWO LANE ROAD Edge lines are in the form of a single continuous line placed about 150 mm from the
edge.
On roads with less than four lanes or on those roads having four lanes and * The width of the line is 150 mm on multi lane roads without median the width may 3.50

on which parking be 200 mm as shown in Fig. Where flush kerbs are provided, the edge lines should

0.50
13.50

is permitted thus reducing the operational width, the centre lines shall be superimposed.

0.50
consist of single broken line 1.50

150mm wide of 3 m long segments with 4.5 m gaps. On curves and

approaches to intersections, 2.00

the gap shall be 3 meters as shown in Fig.1. The colour of the centre line
shall be yellow.
NO PARKING ZONE MARKINGS
It may be marked by a solid yellow line along the centre or a double yellow line. In CYCLIST CROSSINGS
3.50 4.00

the case of a double yellow line, the left hand element may be a solid barrier line, Bicycle lane markings should be provided when a portion of the
0.15

the right hand may be either a broken line or a solid line Fig. These solid lines are carriageway, being used by motorized vehicles, is earmarked for exclusive
also called barrier lines. When a solid line is to the right of the broken line, the use of cyclists.
Guidelines for Road Markings passing restriction shall apply only to the opposing · Guidelines for Road Markings
CENTRE LINE MARKING FOR FOUR LANE ROAD
traffic. The width of each line should be 100mm separated by 100 mm. 1. The bicycle lane marking shall consist of a 150 mm thick solid white
On undivided roads with at least two traffic lanes in line parallel to the curb of
each direction, the centre line marking the carriageway.
shall consist of a single solid continuous line of 150 1. The width of the lane shall be determined by the number of bicycles
mm wide with lane markings of 1.5 m using it and should be in accordance with IRC: 11-1962.
segments and 3 m gaps as shown in Fig 2. and 2. The cycle symbol should be marked on cycle lanes. The size of the
gaps on curved reaches and approaches to symbol can be any of the
intersection shall be 1.5 m long. The colour of the three sizes mentioned therein (Fig. 7)
centre line shall be yellow. STOP LINE MARKINGS
Double stop lines shall consist of two continuous lines each 200 mm wide spaced
300 mm apart and supplemented by a stop sign and a word message ³STOP´
3.50

1.50
0.10

3.00

marking on the carriageway be located so that the top of the word is 2 m to 3 m from
3.50
0.10

the nearest part of the double stop line. Fig. As far as possible, stop lines at
intersection shall be equidistant from the centre of the intersection.
1.50 3.50 3.50 1.50

CENTRE LINE MARKING FOR SIX LANE ROAD

On undivided roads with at least three traffic lanes in each direction,
the centre line marking
shall consist of a double solid continuous line of 150 mm wide
0.60 0.30

separated by a space of 100 mm

0.30

0.2
0.20

2.00

with lane markings of 1.5 m and 3 m gaps as shown in Fig 2. and

E:\Siddharth MADBT\stop marking.jpg

gaps on curved reaches and

approaches to intersection shall be 1.5 m long. The colour of the
centre line shall be yellow.
SIGN DATE SHRI S.D.PATIL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
0.15

1.14
2.28

NAME - AISHWARYA DEEPAK PATIL.

SECTION
SUB. - ROAD SAFETY AND CIVIC SENCE
0.10

CLASS- FOURTH YEAR B.ARCH YEAR - 2022-23

3.50

3.00
0.10

SCALE-1:100 SHEET NO.- ROLL NO.- 05 STAMP STAMP

0.15
REFLECTIVE SIGN TYPE OF MATERIAL USED FOR ROAD MARKING 3. Double Solid - Double solid line indicates the driver must not cross the lanes but can be
exempted in case of emergency.4. Dotted Line - Dotted line provides warning about route
Reflective signs are used when visibility is vital. 1. Solvent-based or Water-based PaintWater-based paint is variation aheadThe classification of longitudinal markings is as follows.
A reflective signs uses ambient light (i.e. environmentally friendly and less hazardous to workers. • Centreline
headlights from a car) to illuminate itself and is 2.Thermoplastic Marking Paint • Traffic lane lines
used both by muncipalities and the general
public. It is applied in the form of a hot molten state to the pavement • No passing zones
and gets solidified instantly at an ambient temperature. • Warnings Lines
Thermoplastic markings are highly durable and dry at a fast Edge lines
pace.
3. Cold Applied Plastic Paints
It is best suited for colored pavement marking and it is also
more durable when compared to thermoplastic markings. It is 2. TRANSVERSE MARKINGS
also used to provide audible raised pavement
marking for edge lines. Transverse pavement markings are marked along the direction of traffic where immediate action
is required by the driver. Such asStop Line Marking - Stop line must be marked where traffic
LED ROAD SIGNS 4.Preformed adhesive tapes
lanes approach the traffic control devices (traffic signals) indicating the driver to stop the vehicle
These are available in the form of rolls which are laid on the behind the line whenever requiredPedestrian Crossing - The pedestrian line indicates the
VMS, or variable message signs, are electronic and intelligent display panels pre-marked line and rolled for great compaction.
movement or passage of pedestrians and indicates the driver to slow down or to stop the vehicle
for road traffic management. they allow text and graphic variable messages
when required.Directional Arrows - These lines are marked to provide proper direction to the
to be combined, resulting in a more effective means of controlling traffic. ADVANTAGES OF PAVEMENT MARKING drivers and easy traffic flow.
application to display:
- incident and accidents information 1. Helps to avoid traffic confusion and allows easy flow of traffic.
- hazard and traffic restrictionsweather and road conditions information 2. The marking is environmentally friendly and highly durable.
- detects all metals, alloys and ferrites
- traffic and travel information
at road infrastructure like express highways, toll, tunnel & bridges Types Of Road Marking
The 7 different types of pavement marking are as follows:
1. Longitudinal markings
2. Transverse markings
3. Arrow markings
4. Hazard markings
5. Block markings
6. Directional markings or Word Messages
7. Facility markings or Parking
DIFFERENT COLORS USED IN THE ROAD MARKING
1.LONGITUDINAL MARKINGS
1. White - White mark separates the traffic flow in the same direction
* Longitudinal markings are marked or painted in the same .2. Yellow - Yellow line separates the traffic flow in opposite direction.
direction of traffic on the pavement surface to direct the driver 3. Red/Purple - This line is recommended for no parking.
in a proper position on the pavement. 4. Blue Blue is generally used for public transportation and dedicated bus lanes.
* These are generally located parallel and adjoining to the
traffic flow and help to separate the traffic flow in the same
DYNAMIC SIGNS direction.The pavement marking must be done while
Dynamic speed signs and displays are usually radar-activated signs considering its visibility during day and night time, and marking
that display approaching speeds dynamically for individual vehicles must be distinctly understandable by an individual.
and/or display messages, such as your speed, slow down, or reduce * The most commonly used color for marking is White, While
speed, particularly when an approaching vehicle exceeds a certain the Yellow color is used for separating the traffic flow in
speed opposite direction and also helps in separating pavement
edges.
* The lines marked on the pavement can be either broken,
solid, or double solid, or dotted.
1. Broken Lines caution. - Broken lines allow the driver to
cross between the lanes with

2. Solid Lines - Solid lines do not allow the drivers to cross

between the lanes; only entry at the initial point and exit at the
endpoint is allowed.

SIGN DATE SHRI S.D.PATIL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

NAME - AISHWARYA DEEPAK PATIL.
SUB. - ROAD SAFETY AND CIVIC SENCE
CLASS- FOURTH YEAR B.ARCH YEAR - 2022-23
SCALE-1:100 SHEET NO.- ROLL NO.- 05 STAMP STAMP
 ROAD JUNCTIONS-

1.T-JUNCTION 2.Y-JUNCTION 3.ACUTE ANGLED JUNCTION 4.STAGGERED JUNCTION 5.MULTIPLE JUNCTION 6.GRADE SEPARATORS
T-Junction is formed when a local road Y-Junction is formed when one This type of Junction is formed This type of Junction is formed when two road This type of Junction is JUNCTION :
meets with the other local or main road road meets the other at some when two road cross each other cross each other at right angles at different places formed when more than two When two roads cross
at right angle acute angle. at acute angle. roads cross one another . each other at different
grades they can be
seperated by allowing
one to pass over or
under the other by
means of a bridge or fly
over this is called as
grade separator .

Before channelization Before channelization Before channelization After channelization Before channelization
Before channelization INTERCHANGES :
When the two through
roads are interconnected
by link roads to help the
traffic to pass through one
Circular type intersecting road to the
Turbine Type
other, such grade
separators are called
Interchanges.

After channelization
After channelization After channelization Elliptical Time Tangent type After channelization

INTERCHANGES-

(1) Diamond Crossing. (2) Y-type Crossing. (3) Trumpet type Crossing (IV) Clover-leaf crossing
· This is the simplest form of interchange and is very · The shape of the interchange resembles the Y-letter · This resembles a trumpet in plan and hence the · It is an improved type of diamond crossing.
much suitable for city locations. and hence the name. name. · It was first used in America.
· In diamond crossing arterial road used for fast · It comes under three leg interchange. · The disadvantage is that the vehicles leaving the · The plan resembles the clover-leaf and hence the
moving traffic is taken over the bridge at the centre main road have to run through a small radius. name.
whereas the local road carrying the slow traffic · This also comes under three leg interchange. · It comes under four leg interchange.
goes underneath through the bridge. · It requires large area of land, and therefore is
· There are only left turns and no right turns, hence very costly.
there are no chances of collision. · But it is most effective
· It also helps a large volume of traffic to move
smoothly without reducing their speeds.

SIGN DATE SHRI S.D.PATIL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

NAME - AISHWARYA DEEPAK PATIL.
SUB. - ROAD SAFETY AND CIVIC SENCE
CLASS- FOURTH YEAR B.ARCH YEAR - 2022-23
SCALE-1:100 SHEET NO.- ROLL NO.- 05 STAMP STAMP
MODE OF TRANSPORTATION. Modes of Transportation
* In old days the transport was on head-load and animals like mules, elephant etc. horse
bullakos, CammelNext came animals driven vehicals like bullock carts, tangas etc. In all
these speed OF Communication. and carrying capacity. was very much limited.Later on Land Transport AirTransport
Water tansport
due to invention of Steam engine.
* local traing Came into existance. account of internal combustion engine, automobiles like
motor cars, buses & trucks became popular means of transportation.
LAND TRANSPORT : land transport is a transpond or movement of people animals or PathWays Road Ways Rail Ways ocen or seatranspor inland water transport passenger cargo
goods from one location to another location on land

Path ways:- 1. head loads. HeadLoads Vehicular

2. Pack animals
PackAnimals NonVehicular
PACK ANIMAL :The type of Pack animals used is
HEAD LOAD :- Carrying load URBAN STREETS
A usually native to region in which it is wed. Pacle
on the head or body by a * In the hierarchy of street transportation facilities, urban streets are ranked between local streets and multilane suburban and rural highways.
animals include.: oxen, reindeer, elephants sheep,
person, Bags or good Carried * Arterial streets are roads that primarily serve longer through trips. However, providing access to abutting commercial and residential land uses is
goat yaks, buffaloes
upon heads. also an important function of arterials
* Multilane suburban and rural highways :
roadside development is not as intense, density of traffic access points is not as high, and signalized intersections are more than 3.0 km apart

TYPES OF ROAD 5.VILLAGE ROAD(VR) 5.APPROCH ROAD:9m to 15m an access road to

REGIONAL ROADS 15 m Village roads connect the nearby a house, station, airport, village etc
villages. They lead to a nearby town or URBAN ROADS
1.ASIAN ROAD (AH):The Asian Highway
district roads. Usually, low-quality roads are Design Speed
Network is a regional transport cooperation S No. Road Classifications
VEHICULAR :-In vehicular road ways involves the vehical which are run on way. like provided as village roads because of low km/h
platform aimed at enhancing the efficiency and
car,bus,rikshaw,scooter, traffic
development of the road infrastructure in Asia 1 Arterial 80
URBAN ROADS 2 Sub Arterial 60
NON VEHICULAR :-Non vehicular roads are 2.NATIONAL ROAD (NH):60 M National
involves in local roads. 1.ARTERIAL ROAD:30 m Arterial roads 3 Collector road 50
highways are the main roads that connect all
These roads are used for residential units, shopping facilitate mobility across the city and 4 Local street 30
major cities to the capital of the country. They run
and business centres. connect to long distance destinations
* They therefore from the pocket or precinct roads
throughout the length and breadth of the country.
within/outside the city, ACCORDING TO MATERIAL
A minimum two-lane road is provided for national
mainly to serve the non-vehicular traffic. The width of highways. 2.SUB ARTERIAL ROAD:24 m 1. GRAVEL ROADS
these roads sh not be less than 7 m to 10 m These are larger collector streets 2.EARTHEN ROADS
3.STATE HIGHWAY(SH):45m State highways 3.W.B.M. ROADS
WATER TRANSPORT :Water transport is INLAND WATER TRANSPORT :They are meant for movement through
are the second main roads that connect 4.BITUMINUS/SUB-BITUMINUS ROADS
the cheapest and the oldest mode of artificial waterways made for the purpose of neighborhoods and to connect to
significant parts of the state within it. State 5 CONCRETE ROADS
transport. It operates on a natural track irrigation or navigation or both. Canal arterial roads.
highway ultimately connects to the national
and hence does not require huge capital transport requires a huge amount of capital 3.COLLECTOR ROAD:20 m A Street
highways.
investment in the construction and investment in construction and maintenance for collecting and distributing traffic
4.MAJOR DISTRICT ROAD (MDR):24 m from and to local streets and also for
maintenance of its track except in case of of its track i.e., the artificial waterways.
District roads are provided within the cities and providing access to arterial/sub
canals.
connect markets and production places to state arterial roads. They shall be designed
* Water transport consists of:
and national highways. Two types of district with dedicated footpaths.
1.Inland water transport
roads are there namely : Roads
2.Ocean transport 4.LOCAL ROAD:15 m A street primarily for
1. Major district roads
OCEAN TRANSPORT:Ocean transport is indispensable for foreign trade. It has brought access to residence, business or other
2.Minor district roads
the different parts of the world closer and has knitted together all the nations of the world abutting property. Its primary function shall
5.OTHER DISTRICT ROAD(ODR)
into one big world market. be for local activities and access to
By-pass Roads:
AIR TRANSPORTATION :Air transport is an important properties and not through movement of
Express ways:
enabler to achieving economic growth and development. traffic. Local streets may not have a
free ways:
Air transport facilitates integration into the global dedicated footpath and can be designed as
economy and provides vital connectivity on a national, shared space that gives priority to NMT
regional, and international scale modes.

SIGN DATE SHRI S.D.PATIL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

NAME-AISHWARYA DEEPAK PATIL..
SUB. ROAD SAFTY AND CIVIC SENSE
CLASS- FOURTH YEAR B.ARCH YEAR - 2021-22
SCALE-1:100 SHEET NO.- ROLL NO.- 05 STAMP STAMP
 ROADS PAVEMENT:
PAVEMENT
Pavement portion of a Road Structure :-
This consists of the following parts:-
(a) Base course also called soling,
(b) Bearing course and
(c) Wearing course.
The function of pavement is to:-
(i) distribute traffic loads over the soil formation also called sub- grade;
(ii) protect the sub-grade from ravages of weather, abrasive effect of traffic and Private proparty
2.5
footpath with tree
2.00
cycle track
2.50
parking
9.00
Service Road
1.00
Divider
12.00
Carriageway
4Lanes
2.00
median
12.00
Carriageway
4Lanes
1.00
Divider
9.00
Service Road
2.50
parking
2.00
cycle track
2.5
footpath with tree Private proparty

(iii) provide a smooth riding surface. The thickness of pavement of road crust 60.68

depends upon the nature and extent of the traffic and the sub-grade condition 60M. Cross section

Notes:
(a) Blindage is spread over the consolidated road metal @ 0.9 cu m per 100 sq m.But when the
surface is to be painted blindage is not to be used.
(b) Tack coat may be with bitumen tar or emulsion @ 73.kg to 146 kg per 100 sq m (depending
upon thickness), 73kg over existing road surface, 114 kg over water-bound Macadam is essential
before laying carpet over an old road surface if it is smooth.
(c) Priming coat is necessary over dusty, porous or soft roads before applying bitumen @ 48
to 146 kg per 100 sq depending upon the porosity of the road materials. 100 kg is for Water-Bound Private proparty
2.5
footpath with tree
2.00
cycle track
2.00
parking
5.50
Service Road
5.50
Carriageway
2Lanes
1.00
median
5.69
Carriageway
2Lanes
5.70
Service Road
2.00
parking
2.50
local Bus Stop
Footpath +150mm
2.00
cycle track
Private proparty

Private proparty
2.5
footpath with tree
2.00
cycle track
2.00
parking
6.00
Service Road
0.50 9.00
Carriageway
3Lanes
1.03 9.00
Carriageway
3Lanes
0.50 6.00
Service Road
2.00
parking
2.00
cycle track
2.5
footpath with tree Private proparty

Macadam Road. Private proparty

2.5
footpath with tree
2.00
cycle track
9
Carriage way
asphalt[level+0.00m]
2lane
1
Center Verge
paving
Level+150mm
9
Carriage way
asphalt[level+0.00m]
2.00
parking
2.50
local Bus Stop
Footpath +150mm
2.00
cycle track
Private proparty 36.00
36M. Cross section
45.00
45M. Cross section

(d) Seal coat is a dressing of ter or bitumen, binded with sand, grit, etc. @ 127 kg per cum of
2lane

30

30M. Cross section

sand applied to open texture bituminous surface, so as to fill the voids in the chippings and thus to
render the surface water tight. Seal coat which acts as a renewal coat of surface dressing should be
tried to avoid in order to reduce the cost.
(e) Sub-grade :- The finished and compacted surface of earthwork which directly receive the traffic
loads from the pavement is called sub-grade formation. The finished surface of the natural ground concrete roads :- The structural
called sub-grade consists of the required camber and gradient. Its function is to provide an adequate components of concrete pavements
and uniform bearing to the road structure. generally consist of
(a) Sub-grade
(b) Sub-base and
(c) Concrete slab
ROAD BOUNDARY

FORMATION OR
CREST OR ROADWAY ROAD MARGIN
PAVEMENT SURFACE

LAYER OF FILLER MATERIAL

(d)base course.
CRUST OR CARRIAGE WAY SHOLDER BRICK EDGING LAYER OF STONE The concrete slab may be plain or
SIDE SLOPE BASE COURSE

SUB-BASE CONSISTING
reinforced with joints at regular intervals.
BERM
SHOULDER
OF COURSE SAND

SHOULDER Private proparty

2.5
footpath with tree
2
cycle track
2
parking
6.00
Carriage way
asphalt[level+0.00m]
1
Center Verge
paving
6
Carriage way
asphalt[level+0.00m]
2.50
local Bus Stop
2
cycle track
Private proparty Longitudinal joint in concrete roads along
the centre is provided when the pavement
2lane Footpath +150mm
Level+150mm 2lane
24 2.5 6 1 6 2.5
BOR ROWPIT 24M. Cross section
Private proparty footpath with tree Carriage way
asphalt[level+0.00m]
Center Verge
paving
Carriage way
local Bus Stop
Private proparty

width exceeds 4.5 m. Transverse joints are

asphalt[level+0.00m]
2lane Level+150mm Footpath +150mm
2lane
18
18M. Cross section
provided in the transverse direction of the
road slab at distance of 5 m (maximum)
RIGHT-OF-WAY

(G) Super-elevation: The inward tilt or transverse inclination

CLAYEY SUBGRADE
A ROAD IN EMBANKMENT
provided to the cross section of a carriage way at horizontal intervals and at right angles to the centre
Preparation of sub-grade or sub-base for W. B. M.[water bound macadam] road:- curved portion of a road to reduce the centrifugal force on a line of the road. These joints may be filled
Except rock cutting areas, sub-gradeis in the form of a trench. The bottom of the trench is fixed after moving vehicle is called super-elevation.Objects of E
up with a sealing compound such as
deducting the pavement thickness from thefinished formation level. So a trench is dug in conformity super-elevation are:- bitumen. When concrete roads are
(i) To counteract the effect of centrifugal force on the moving the B reinforced longitudinal joints provide tie
with the lines, grade and cross-section. The sub-gradeis then thoroughly compacted by rolling. vehicle can move at the same speed on a curved path as on a tan0=e=E/B bars of 12 to 15 mm diameter of about 1 m
(F) Camber:- The term camber implies the convexity provided to the surface of carriageway or the straight path without any vehicle danger of overturning, length are placed at 600mm intervals
rise of the centre of the road above its edges on straight portion of a road. It is the difference in level (ii) It provides drainage for the ro, and as such super-elevation PCos0
across the joint. For transverse joints 15 to
should not be less than the camber of the road. For hilly roads a P 18 mm diameter dowel bars of 300 to 600
between the crown and the edge of the carriageway. It is also expressed as the slope of the line WSin0

mm in length are placed at 300 to 500 mm

steeper super-elevation is provided. But greater the
joining the crown with the edges of the carriageway and the horizontal line between the edges and is super-elevation,more the inconvenience to slow moving traffic. 0
intervals .

usually expressed as the percentage of rise given to the crown above its ends; sometimes called W
PCos0,Wcos0

cross slope or cross fall. 0.63

LONGITUDINAL SLOP
SHOULDER

Objects of camber:- W TRANSVERSE

SLOP/JOINT

(i) To drain off rain water quickly from the surface of carriage way towards the edges of a road. CL [4-6]M

(a)PARABOLIC SHAPE[Y=2X/NW]

(ii)To separate the traffic on the road. Excessive camber drivers to drive their vehicles near the crown W/2n
of the road, leading to accidents and the uneconomical use of the highway. W 2-2.5%

(b)STRAIGHT LINE CAMBER 2.75 6.50 2.75 CEMENT CONCRETE[JOINTED]

Recommended Values of Camber in Road: PARABOLIC

footpath Carriageway footpath
BASE COURSE [NON-EROSIVE]

{The value of camber recommended by IRC is mentioned in below table} STRAIGHT STRAIGHT 12.00 SUBBASE COURSE[IF NEEDED]

The camber of road is subjected to minimum 3.0% and maximum 5.0% Typical cross section for local SUBGRADE[EXISTING SOIL]
(C)COMBINATION OF STRAIGHT AND PARABOLIC SHAPE.
for earth shoulder. streets-plain/rolling terrain
SIDE DRAINAGE

NOTE:VERTICAL SCALE IS ENLARGED IN THE ABOVE SKETCHES.

SIGN DATE SHRI S.D.PATIL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

NAME - AISHWARYA DEEPAK PATIL.
SUB. - ROAD SAFETY AND CIVIC SENCE
CLASS- FOURTH YEAR B.ARCH YEAR - 2022-23
SCALE-1:100 SHEET NO.- ROLL NO.- 05 STAMP STAMP
 TYPES OF TRAFFIC SIGNS • A warning sign is a type of sign which indicates a potential
hazard, obstacle, or condition requiring special attention.
1.REGULATORY/ MENDETORY SIGNS
• Some are traffic signs that indicate hazards on roads that
2. WARNING SIGNS may not be readily apparent to a driver.

WARNING SIGNS
3.INFORMATORY SIGNS Sign to indicate indicate that stop Sign in case of a Sign to indicate a traffic
4. INDICATION SIGNS change of to indicate Single and go traffic reverse bend, where control in an alternate Sign to traffic from
direction to left Chevron in a control established first bend is a left one way movement left is merging
5. DIRECTION SIGNS C temporary diversion turn ahead through a portal
using Flagman
6. PLACE IDENTIFICATION SIGNS signal.

7. ROUTE MAKER SIGNS

Traffic signs provide valuable information to
drivers and other road users. They represent
rules that are in place to keep you safe, and help to Sign to indicate Sign to indicate to Sign to warn that Sign to warn that two Sign to warn that one Sign to warn that one to indicate the to indicate the To indicate slow
that right traffic pavement width pedestrians are way movement is (right) lane closure (right most) lane road works temporary traffic ahead due
communicate messages to drivers and pedestrians lane tapers widens ahead crossing in work ahead as part of out of two lanes closure out of three to road works
progresses ahead traffic diversion
that can maintain order and reduce accidents. zone WTMP lanes

 Regulatory signs are to

instruct road users of
traffic laws or regulations
MANDATORY SIGNS

and to indicate the Traffic is required to Prohibit drivers must give way Prohibit prevent any traffic has to
Is used to Is used to assign The sign shall be Vehicles are not entry is prohibited for
turn in one direction overtaking parking parking wait when red
applicability of legal stop vehicle right of way to the located at the entry allowed to enter on to oncoming vehicles. vehicles whose axle load
light blows
vehicles controlled to the one-way account of Work zone exceeds a particular limit
C requirements that would
not otherwise be
apparent.
 These regulatory or mandatory
signs indicate rules that should be
followed strictly

speed limit Ahead direction sign shows keep right The arrow shall be right if
particular length The sign shows vehicle The sign shall mean pathway or opening
the deflection is to the right
is prohibited can pass either side that only pedestrians is kept for entry of
of approach direction.
work traffic

PLACE IDENTIFICATION
 Place identification sign, more fully
INFORMATORY SIGNS

defined as a direction, position, or

indication sign by the Vienna
Convention on Road Signs and
Signals, is any road sign used
primarily to give information about
the location of either the driver or

SIGNS
 The information signs serve the road users about a facility prepared either permanently or temporarily as part of traffic management plan at work zones. possible destinations.
 It may serve for vehicular traffic, pedestrians and cyclist.
 The sign shall be rectangular in shape with white symbols/ letters in yellow background.

 Route markers indicate numbers,

INDICATION SIGNS

names or other designations of

ROUT MAKER SIGNS

DIRECTION SIGNS

roads.

Direction signs at strong

turn on road

 The direction sign is a directional sign. Guide signs provide

mileage and directional information to travelers.

 Indication signs are provided for showing upcoming nearby services and
amenities near to road REFERENCE:GUIDELINES ON TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT( IRC:SP:55-2014)