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Functions of Two or More Variables Partial Derivatives Limits and Continuity Differentiability Directional Derivatives and Gradients The Chain Rule Tangent Planes and Approximations Maxima and Minima ‘The Method of Lagrange Multipliers or v v emtin Range Figure 1 Cost Func. 50 associates with the real number x another real number f(x). We cal ued funetion of a teal variable. The second type of function, illustrated by x°,e"), associates with the real number x a vector f(x), We call ita vector- valued function of a real variable. ‘Our interest shifts now to a real-valued funetion of two real variables, that is, function f (Figure 1) that assigns to each ordered pair (x,y) in some set D of the plane a (unique) real number f(x, 3). Examples are wo faye ear Sng) 4 =x’ 2 wid) -2evy eras 4 Note that f(—1,4) = (—1)? + 3(4)? = 49 and g(-1, 4) = 2(-1) V4 = =, “The set D is called the domain of the function. If tis not specified, we take to be the natural domain, that is the set of all points (x,y) in the plane for Which the function rale makes sense and ives a real number value. For f(x.9) = x2 + 3y5 the natural domain is the whole planes for g(x,y) = 2vV¥. itis {(x,y}:— © 0 (a) flw.xy.2) 0) Gsictiensty) = oped = b= a) (0) Maistaeeta) = VIZ +m) 40, Sketch (as best you can) the graph of the monkey saddle 2 al2" ~ 3p"). Begin by noting where z = 0. 41. The contour map in Figure 24 shows level curves for @ ‘mountain 3000 feet high (4). What is special about the path to the top labeled AC? What is special about BC? (b) Make good estimates of the total lengths of path AC and path BC, 624 Chapter 12 Desivatives for Functions of Two oF More Variables Figure 24 4 Identify the graph (EAS Ror each ofthe functions in Problems 43-46, draw the graph and the corresponding comour plot 4. fly) =sinVEES DS aS 2, dsys2 A fly) = singa + yJO2+ 9°), 10,0) Qexs)-2sys2 x(a Qsxs2 46. f(xy) = (sin xsin y/(1 bP + YK-2 SS, sys) ‘moO at Answers to Concepts Review: 1, real-valued funetion of to real variables. 2, level curvescontour map 3. concentric ot f(ny)=a?— a+ 3y?+ — iteles_& paral lnes 2y ~ 13, state where iL attains its minimum value, and find this 12.2 Suppose that fis a function of two variables x and y. If v is held constant, say ivati = jy then f(s ) isa function ofthe single variable x, Its derivative at x — xyis Pantlal DEHWALVES TP pusil atadee off oth teed to rat agin) tow seed by Falso3) TH, ockes a feat den Meww | YO, BS False.) = fim, PE 8 ——__=___—____} anes Similarly the partial derivative of f with respect to y at (x.y) is demoxd bys Als 3) and is piven by 3 A 22 ‘pteey) ~ tim £200 8) = F09)|go 4 00 2D Praetiz | den coy Lz lc. ed ay Rather than calculate f,(o.) and f,(2 3) directly from the boxed detini- tions, we typically find f(y) and f(s.) using the standard rules for deriva- tives; then we substitute x — ky and y — yg, The key point here is that the rules for Cal Sin(ay?y] + sings?) 2) costey) 207) + sin(xy?)-2x cos xy") +y? + 2xsin(xy*) Goo. Go) = xy? cos(xy*) + 2xsin(xy*) CED : Gea, E cos(xy?}-2xy = 2xy cos( ry")! Gey, sen (Grrr) Us Geometric and Physical Interpretations Consider the surface whose equation is z = f(x, y). The plane y = 3p intersects this surface inthe plane curve QPR (Figure 1), and the value of f,(xo, ) is the slope of the tangent line to this eurve at P(x Sy f(o.3n))- Similarly, the plane x = xy intersects the surface in the plane curve LPM (Figure 2), and f(x. yo) isthe slope of the tangent Tine 0 this curve at. Partial derivatives may also be interpreted as (instantaneous) rates of change. Suppose that a violin string is fixed at points A and B and vibrates in the xz-plane. Figure 3 shows the position of the string ata typical time «If = = f(x) denotes the height of the string atthe point P with x-coordinate x at time f,then d2/8x is the slope ofthe string at P. and dz/at isthe time rate of change of height of P along the indicated vertical Hine. In other words, 2/0 isthe vertial velocity of P. EXAMPLE 3] The surface z= f(x,y) = V9— 2x? — y? and the plane y= | intersect in a curve as in Figure 1. Find parametric equations for the tangent tine at (V2, 1,2). SOLUTION Fy—ty) yo-22 FAXY) and s0 f( V2.1) = V2. This number isthe slope of the tangent line to the stint curve at (V3. 1,2): thatis,~V3/1 i the ratio of rs o um along the tangent in. om yicn) Tt follows that this line has direction veetor (1, 0,2) and, since it goes through (v2.1.2), x=V24q0 yu 2=2= Vee Figure 3 provide the required parametric equations . 626 Chapter 12 Derivatives for Functions of Two or More Variables Tungnen Jai Gedy One ors = et — SOLUTION 2 Ariss) : a = 43% ee Hef) goes 2 aye fy) = ae + Sen(2) +20y BEEXASPEES) the volume ofa certain gap is elated tits temperature Zand its pressure P by the gas law 2 107", where V is measured in cubic inches, P in pounds per aquare inch, and Tin degrees Kelvin. If Vis kept constant at S0,what is nfeadte rate of change of prestre with respect to temperature when 7 200? Ketegatan TWA = Gatien ae SOLUTION See P= P= 1oriV, 7 ne ov P Oo 20 ° “Thus the pressute is increasing at the rate of £ pound per square inch per degree Kelvin, . Higher Partial Derivatives Since a partial derivative of a function of x and {vis in general, another function of these same two variables it may be differenti ‘ated partially with respect to either x oF y, resulting in four second partial deriva- ives tf a ? pe tw 5) = day=Z| B-a, fan Gn BE) - SE [EXAMPLES] Find the four second partial derivatives of fs.) = x0? — sin(x/y) + ey > = fi afte) > ssi ) +62 ae ian? fol y) = sols) + pa) vee GryeGrey Notice thatin Example 5, fy = fy: Which is usually the ease for the functions ‘of two variables encountered in a first course. A criterion for this equality will be given in Section 123 (Theorem C).. Partial derivatives of the third and higher orders are defined analogously, and ‘the notation for them is similar. Thus, if isa function of the two Variables x and y, the third partial derivative of f obtained by differentiating f partially, first with re- spect to x and then twice with respect 10 y, will be indicated by alG)|-lGm) ~ ae Altogether, there are eight third partial derivatives. Feb. 9) = sie)-Saee 8 Section 12.2 Partial Derivatives 627 Se Ga More Than Two Variables Let fhe a funetion of three variables, x,y. and y partial derivative of f with respect to x at (x,y, 2) is denoted by fy(4, ¥, 2) ar f(x, », 2)/ax and is defined by ov x fie yee) = jim F* Bez) = flnez) 4 x Xe Ae ea) = ey ar “LY ‘Thus. f(x. », 2) may be obtained by treating y and 2 as constants and differentiat- Bx ing with respect to. ‘The partial derivatives with respeet to yand z are defined in an analogous way. delka Partial derivatives of functions of four or more Variables are defined similarly (see Problem 49). Partial derivatives, such as fiy and f,,., that involve differentiation with respect to more than one variable are ¢alled mixed partial deri Tray, SOLUTION To get f,, we think of y and z as constants and differentiate with respect to the variable ¥. Thus, ay + 2yz + Bex, find ff, and f. Fale yse) = y + 32 To find f, we treat x and z as constants and differentiate with respect toy: Aloay2) =x +e Similarly, Filey.) = 2y +38 . It T(x. yt) = 22 fi wag LO ET ag PT wax ax au! a i all first partial derivatives SOLUTION The four first partials are TB ayeteee com ar a T 8 (agetseeys eneay ST Byer) = Dye 8 titty aly Fee) ‘The other partial derivatives are PTF _yaterivy 2 rygees seas wax” dwax D> yg ate fe ier weeey = dunce’ ar Concepts Review 1. Asa limit, f,(%. yo) 8 defined by __and is called the 3. Another notation for f,,(x, y) is__. G0 A. 1/89) = C2) + MN thEH Fly 2 f(xy) FOG ¥) = Bl hs lt ¥) A(1,2) = —_. Py, then f0,2) = and 628 Chapter 12 Des Problem Set 12.2 In Problems 1-16, find all frst paral derivatives of each function. 2 flay) = x= 4 Flay) = Gx ~ yy" aren= a seen SK fan=Oine 6 Slayers yy 7 fixy) = & f(u.v) =e" % Bixy) =e" 10. f(s,¢) = Inf? — 2) 1 fxs)

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