Of celebrities, charity and trade

Unit 12 PAGE 103

Modal verbs of obligation

PAGE 105

Lobbies Career skUlsi Making a case

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www.longman~elt.com www.economist.com Dilemma: Selling up or selling out?

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Finding a voice

Keynotes
Organisations such as charities, pressure groups and industry groups campaign or lobby governments
or companies in an effort to persuade them to introduce or change policies. They can use any of the
following methods to influence opinion: dem onstrations - such as marches and sit-iris, petitions -
collecting names and signatures on a letter of protest, litigation - taking legal action against companies
or institutions, boycotts - refusing to buy products and services from a targeted company or celebrities
to raise public awareness of a cause.
 Preview Acts of protest
W h ich o f the fo llo w in g acts o f protest w o u ld you be w illin g to take
p art in ? W h y? / W h y not?
- demonstration against plans for a nuclear power plant near your home
- boycotting of clothes made by children in poor working conditions
- signing a petition against the killing of whales

Listening 1 Listen to three speakers describe successful protest cam paigns and
com plete the table below .

Who is being targeted?

What do the protesters want?

What method are they using?

• I
1H

25*5

Reading Fair trade

Read the fo llo w in g sentences taken from the text on the opposite
page. Then read the text and com plete it w ith the sentences.
a Sim ilar tactics helped to persuade the Bush administration to take a
fresh look at foreign aid.
b Africa’s share of world trade is a tiny two per cent, but the continent’s
exports are still ten times what it receives in aid.
c Europeans pay twice as much for a basket of groceries as do more liberal
New Zealanders.
d Oxfam has just released a fat report on trade, in which it denounces rich
countries’ tariff barriers against imports from poor countries, and their
subsidies for farmers,
e Bono spent two weeks touring Africa with Paul O’Neill, the US Treasury
Secretary.

Speaking Do you th in k celebrities should get invo lved in in tern atio n al p olitics
and econom ics? W h y? / W h y not?
Fairtrade

Of celebrities, charity and trade

Charities are not yet free-traders, but som e are halfway there
N THE energy-sapping heat of Uganda, if politicians in democracies don’t have That would be helpful. But there is
I women bend double to grow flowers
for export to Europe. According to Bono,
to do what voters want, they generally
do take their opinion seriously. So, if
also a selfish case for ending protection:
that it would save taxpayers a fortune
singer of Irish rock band U2, this scene charities want them to be nice to Africa, and make their food cheaper.
represents “ globalisation at its best” . they must persuade voters to demand 5___________ The farm bill that George
He is right, of course. Growing flow­ this. And to attract voters’ attention, it Bush signed is expected to cost the aver­
ers is hard work, but no more so than helps to have a few celebrities. age US household $4,377 over the next
subsistence farming, which is the alter­ This tactic succeeded spectacularly decade. Poor Americans w ill suffer
native; and it pays better. Everyone ben­ during the “Jubilee 2000” campaign for most, because they spend the largest
efits: Europeans get roses in winter and debt relief. By using Bono and other share of their incomes on food. This
Ugandan rose-growers eat better and famous people to draw attention to the continues partly because voters are
put their children through school. A problem, campaigners persuaded a unaware of it. “ Fair trade” charities and
number of organizations now recognise record 25m people to sign their petition, their celebrities could surely stir a lot of
that trade between developed and less which then pushed rich-country govern­ people to angry protest over farm subsi­
developed economies allows poorer ments into cancelling a large part of dies if they tried. But being charitable
countries to improve their economies. A poor-country debt. 3___________ Mr people they prefer to make liberalisa­
number of charities have also noticed O’N eill used to argue that aid was tion sound like the sacrifice it is not ■
that north-south trade is not always wasteful and created dependence; now
exploitative. 1___________ . Another lead­ he says that rich countries should give
ing charity has condemned northern grants, not loans. Glossary
protectionism. 4___________ A small increase in
2___________ It was an odd specta­ trade would make far more difference subsistence farming farming for
cle: US finance ministers do not often than a proportionately sim ilar rise in food not trade
spend time in African slums and rock aid. Bono is not very clear about how
stars rarefy take part in high-level dis­ this could be done, but DATA, the lob­ protectionism using tariffs to block
cussions jabout development economics. bying group he fronts, insists the rich imports
But the trip revealed a few things about world must lift quotas and duties on
slum overcrowded and poor area of
the-<hanging relationships between gov­ African exports, and cut subsidies that
ernments, charities and celebrities. Even harm African growers. a city

U n it 12 ■ 103
 vocabulary i Trade and lobbies
Put the w ords in the correct groups. Use a d ictio n ary to help you.
fairtrade subsidies celebrities aid tariff barriers campaigners
duties petition exports debt relief imports protectionism
charities quotas

International trade Lobbies

Q N o w use som e o f the w ords to com plete the text.

ML y fl fr ifl© SfeP IP*

# m M rM ffU §c
The internet has proved an essential tool in organising various groups of
1 campaigners. It has given them, once organised, a powerful and very effective
new weapon. Email makes it easy to gather activists and bombard the target with
signed 2____________from around the world. The internet has also played an
important role in highlighting issues such as labour and environmental
conditions in trade, and 3____________ for the poorest countries. It has also
helped to increase the influence of 4____________
5____________ , which restricts north-south trade.
Many economists and governments agree that
it would be beneficial to the north to do
business with the south rather than just
giving 6____________. They would also
like to see the tearing down of some of
the high 7____________designed to
make the 8____________ from poor
countries more expensive.
Governments and economists are
willing to listen to the so-called
'respectable' face of protest, like
Oxfam, rather than to large groups
of protesters who have
sometimes used aggressive;
even violent tactics to dr&w
attention to their cause.

Speaking Do you th in k internet petitions are a pow erful and effective tool or
ju st ju n k m a il? H ave you ever signed one? W h y? / W h y not?

104 ■ U n it 12
Language check Modal verbs of obligation
H Look at the fo llo w in g sentences from the text. W h ich express:
a obligation, necessity or prohibition?
b lack of obligation or prohibition?
c advice or recommendation?

1 Even i f politicians in democracies d o n ’t have to do w h a t voters w ant,

they generally do take their opinion seriously.
2 ... be nice to Africa, they m u s t persuade voters to dem and this.
3 ... he says ‘rich countries s h o u ld give grants’.

Q Com plete the table w ith the fo llo w in g verbs.

have to ought to needn’t mustn’t shouldn’t
need to must don’t have to

obligation, necessity or prohibition

Lack of obligation or necessity
advice or recommendation

3b For more information, see page 159.

Practice Look at the statem ents from a U K charity, w h ich donates com puters
to ch ild ren in poor com m unities throughout the w o rld and choose
the best option to com plete the sentences.
1 There are many U K charities which provide computers to poor children
in this country, so we feel w e ____________worry about those children.
a ought to b need to c don’t have to
2 We feel that w e ___________ concentrate our efforts in Africa.
a must b needn’t c mustn’t
3 We realise that w e ____________just send computers to countries where
there are no technology teachers.
a should b shouldn’t c needn’t
4 The ch ild ren ____________ learn how to use them as well.
a shouldn’t b need to c mustn’t
5 Therefore w e ____________ send teachers to some developing countries.
a have to b don’t need to c shouldn’t
6 If people wish to learn more about us th e y____________visit our website.
a must b ought to c have to

Speaking W h a t obligations affect you at w o rk/schoo l? Rem em ber to m ake the

difference between obligations and guidelines.

U n it 12 ■ 105
 Listening 2 0 Organising a campaign
Fe licity Green is the press o fficer fo r a ch arity that takes care o f
eld erly poor people. Listen to her talk about the im portance o f press
coverage and com plete the passages below .

1 What are the main

objectives to have when
planning a media
campaign?
a -Increa se understanding

b ___________

What does the key

message need to do?

3 What questions must you ask yourself when preparing a

news release?
f

g
h

Vocabulary 2 Q Felicity uses the follow ing discourse m arkers to structure and clarify
her ideas. Put these spoken w ords and phrases in the correct groups.
firstly therefore also in order to let’s say finally because
then for example what’s more and as you see so

1 showing sequence or order

2 introducing new information

linking cause and effect

4 exemplifying a point

□ W o u ld you use these discourse m arkers in form al letters or

in fo rm al em ails?

106 ■ U n it 12
5

Career skills Making a case

A good way to influence people's opinions is to find points they agree with and
then build on these to make your case. Look at the following phrases for
introducing ideas that you expect your listener to agree with.

It's obvious that... You have to remember that...

We ail know that... Don't you think ... ?
Have you considered ... ? Wouldn't you agree that... ?
I'm sure you must agree that... Surely you can see ...

Listening 3 §y§ Listen to fo ur short dialogues. Do you fin d the argum ents
effective? Rate them from 1-5 and explain w hy.
argum ent effectiveness (1-5)
1 _______________________
2 _______________________
3 _________________________ _________________________
4 _________________________ _________________________

lH Listen again and tick the phrases you hear from the list above.

Speaking W o rk in pairs. Choose one o f the topics below . Prepare argum ents
either fo r o r against the topic chosen and present them to the class.
Begin yo u r argum ent w ith points you th in k the class w ill agree w ith.
demonstrations are a waste of time
corruption is inevitable in politics
money is the only measure of success

Culture at work Attitudes to silence during discussions

In some cultures, when one person stops speaking another w ill start straight
away. In others it is a mark of respect to wait for silence until you start to
speak. Whereas in other cultures, several people can all speak at the same
time. How about in your country? What difficulties might these differences
cause in multicultural meetings?

U n it 12 ■ 107
 Dilerr
I

Dilemma: Selling up or selling out? Decision:

Brief

M ilton S Hershey founded Hershey Foods, the USA’s biggest chocolate Turn to page 146 to find out
maker, in 1903. M r Hershey was a model employer who built a town for what decision the Hershey
his employees with comfortable homes, inexpensive public transport trustees reached and how The
and good schools. In 1909 he established a school for disadvantaged Economist reported it.
children. Many of the company’s managers, including a former chief
executive, are graduates from the school. In 1918 he gave the school his
entire fortune of Hershey company shares. He put a board of trustees in
charge of the school and its finances.
In Ju ly 2002 the school’s trustees announced their plan to sell the
chocolate factory to one of its competitors. Campaigners from the
school, the company and former trust members joined residents of the
Hershey town, to protest against the sale. They were also supported by
the Pennsylvania state legal department. The board, who had never
expected such a reaction, were faced with a serious dilemma. To sell or
not to sell.

Task 1
Useful phrases
Work in pairs. Student A you
are a member of the trust. Turn 1 take yoiir point but...
to page 142. You are convinced
Have you considered ... ?
of the sound financial reasons
It's important you understand ...
for selling. Student B you are a
resident of Hershey. Turn to Have Sou taken into account ... ?
page 139. You want to persuade I don't think you get the point that
a trustee member that they Don't you see ... ?
should not sell the company.

Task 2

Look at the information at the back of the book and prepare your
arguments. Think what points the other person w ill agree with and
build on these points to make your case.

Task 3

Discuss the case with your partner and try to reach a

decision on whether or not the company should be
sold.

Write it up

Write a formal letter to the

local newspaper
explaining what the
board of trustees
should do and
why. (See Style
guide, page 16.)

108 ■ U n it 12
 Review 4
Language check 7 I got them on the internet,___________money.
8 It’s h a rd ___________ a more efficient business
Conditionals 1-3
model than eBay’s.
Com plete the sentences w ith the correct
form o f the verbs in brackets. Modal verbs of obligation
1 If I (fin d )___________ one on eBay, I (not / W h ich verb is the odd one out in each set?
b u y )___________ this, which probably costs must should have to can
1
twice as much as it should.
2 can able to must allowed to
2 More consumers (shop)___________ on the
3 may w ill might can
internet if there (be)___________ better security.
4 mustn’t can’t shouldn’t don’t have to
3 If I (see)___________ the fake version, I (not /
b u y)__________the genuine brand - but I didn’t. 5 ought to need to should could
4 If electronic markets (not / exist)___________
Consolidation
consumers (have)____________less choice.
5 If we (not / patent)___________ the design U n d erlin e the correct form s o f the w ords
soon, someone else (d o )___________before us. in italics.
6 If you (w ant)___________ this meeting finished
by three o’clock we (have)___________ to hurry. CAMPAIGNERS
for urgent debt
7 The protest (not / b e )___________as effective
if it (not / appear)___________ on the news
tonight.
8 People (buy)__________ far more branded their children, if
goods if they (not / b e )__________so expensive. they2didn’t have / won’t have to pay huge sums of
9 The supermarket (se ll)___________the grey money back to wealthy countries in debt
imports if we (not / take)___________legal repayments. The money, originally borrowed in the
action as quickly as we did. 1970s and 1980s, was often badly invested instead of
3to be / being used for worthwhile projects.
10 If I (be)__________ you, I (not / b u y)__________ 4Repaying / To repay the debt is going to be a
a fake watch as you’ve no guarantee it w ill work. huge millstone around the neck of the poorest
countries who 5should / m ust be concentrating their
Gerunds and in fin itiv e s resources on sustainable projects. So who is this
Com plete the sentences below w ith the money they can’t afford 6to pay / paying back owed
to?
follow ing verbs in the correct form .
The debts are mainly owed to two groups,
organise imagine develop come Western governments and global financial
save help buy find institutions including the IMF and World Bank.
They argue that if they7cancelled / had cancelled
1 Would you consider___________ on a debt altogether, which is not the case, it swould
demonstration with me next weekend? encourage / would have encouraged wealthy
2 I offered___________ them finish the project countries to be against9to lend / lending and to
but they refused. insist on 10to cut / cutting aid budgets. They also
3 new markets is our main insist that they11shouldn’t / don’t have to be blamed
objective for next year. for the debt problem.
But activists will never agree 12to stop / stopping
4 The department head proposed____________a
their campaign. They insist that most wealthy
meeting for tomorrow.
governments 13have had to / must write off debts
5 They are very interested i n ____________our owed to them already as they know developing
new range of products. countries will simply never succeed in 14gathering /
6 I h o p e___________ a job in Public Relations. to gather enough funds to pay off their debts.

109 ■
 Vocabulary check Career skills
K Com plete the text w ith the correct Giving reasons
option A-C. Com plete the sentences below w ith the
fo llow ing . Use each one o n ly once.
1 of real brands or2 goods in China are so that is to because as given
facing a smaller challenge than you might expect.
Given that the country is one of the biggest and best 1 The reason we want to take them to court
producers of3 and China s awful record on the __________ stop them counterfeiting our
protection of intellectual4 rights, you might products.
expect foreign5 brand makers to stay well away. 2 Developed economies pay more than they
However, the Swiss brand Omega is currently in should for fo o d __________ of protectionist
e with China to set up shops in big hotels there. barriers against cheaper producing countries.
They expect the7 for their products to be high, 3 they have many rivals, e-bay needs
based on salesto Chinese people in Hong Kong. to keep a close eye on competitors.
Meanwhile, Western consumer8 groups are 4 Counterfeiting w ill be hard to sto p __________
calling on people to9 cheap imports and the profits to be gained from it.
copies from less developed economies due to
growing concern about the working conditions of 5 We need to cancel the third world debt
people who make them.10 regularly gather __________ they can feed their children.
outside these countries' embassies around the world
in an effortto put pressure on governments to Making and responding to proposals
improve human rights conditions in their countries. Fin d and correct the m istake in each
|''A*1: | :H sentence.
1 I’m afraid I don’t can make it tomorrow
1 A Merchandisers B Dealers C Sellers
morning.
2 A genuine B valid C proper
2 That’s fine. I see you at five tomorrow.
3 A fabrications B fakes C falsifications
3 We can meet as late on Monday how you want.
4 A possessions B property C ownership
4 How about sometime on the afternoon?
5 A luxury B elegant C classic
5 That’s great. Can five o’clock be OK?
6 A chats B discussions C negotiations
6 I’m not sure. What time do you think of?
7 A supply B demand C flow
7 Would you be interesting in a 20 per cent
8 A demonstration B campaign C pressure discount?
9 A disapprove B boycott C dismiss 8 There’s not a way we can accept those terms.
10A Protesters B Opponents C Challengers
Making a case
0 Com plete the sentences below w ith the M atch the sentence halves.
correct form o f the fo llo w in g w ords.
1 It’s obvious that demonstrations ...
demonstrate forge fraud bribe deceive
2 You have to remember that last time ...
1 Appearances can be v e ry ___________ and 3 I’m sure you agree that he ...
sometimes fake products look like the real thing. 4 We all know the solution ...
2 The police advised retailers that a large number 5 Don’t you think ...
o f_______ 50 and 100 notes are in circulation.
3 A senior government official has been a we should stop now and resume tomorrow?
arrested and accused of seeking_________ b is to act now and get things done,
from companies competing for government c. is the obvious man for the job.
contracts.
d do work, look at the success we’ve had so far.
4 The protesters are organising a major
e we had two extra weeks to complete the project.
__________ in the city centre at the weekend.
5 Overcharging customers is a common
example o f __________ business activities.

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