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Mid Term Review

This document provides a summary of key concepts from Week 1 of a Linear Algebra mid-term review: [1] Vectors are parallel if they are scalar multiples of each other. A linear combination is a vector expressed as the summation of scalar multiples of other vectors. [2] The dot product of two vectors always results in a scalar and is used to determine if vectors are orthogonal (perpendicular) or the angle between them. [3] The norm/magnitude of a vector is its length, which is always positive. A unit vector has a length of 1, and normalization makes the length of a vector 1.

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19 views

Mid Term Review

This document provides a summary of key concepts from Week 1 of a Linear Algebra mid-term review: [1] Vectors are parallel if they are scalar multiples of each other. A linear combination is a vector expressed as the summation of scalar multiples of other vectors. [2] The dot product of two vectors always results in a scalar and is used to determine if vectors are orthogonal (perpendicular) or the angle between them. [3] The norm/magnitude of a vector is its length, which is always positive. A unit vector has a length of 1, and normalization makes the length of a vector 1.

Uploaded by

n.sinha121204
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Linear Algebra Mid-Term Review

Week 1 Summary
Parallel - Two vectors are parallel if they are scalar multiples.

Linear Combination - A vector is a linear combination if it can be expressed as a


summation of scalar multiples of a set of different vectors. v=5 u+2 w means v is a
linear combination of and w .

Dot Product - An operation that can be performed on vectors that always results
in a scalar.
u ∙ v=u 1 v 1 +u2 v 2 +…+ un v n

Orthogonal - Two vectors are orthogonal (perpendicular) if u ∙ v=0 .

Norm/Magnitude - The length of a vector that is always positive.


‖v‖=√ v ∙ v=√ v 12 +v 22 +…+ v n2‖v‖ =v ∙ v
2

Unit Vector - Any vector that has a length of 1.

Normalization - A vector is normalized once its length is one.


1
Normalization of v= v
‖v‖

Projections - The projection of a vector onto another (see notes for visualization).
u∙v
The projection of u onto v= proj v u= v
v∙ v

Angle Between Vectors - The angle θ between any two vectors.


u∙v
cos θ=
‖u‖‖v‖

Distance - The distance between two vectors can be found by:


d ( u , v )=‖u−v‖

Normal Equation - A normal equation is of the form:

1
n ∙ x=n ∙ p (General Form)
ax +by =c (Line in R2)
ax +by + cz=d (Plane in R3)
The coefficients [a , b , c ] form the normal vector which is not unique. If you plug in
a point and it equals d, then it is on the line/plane. An important relationship is
n ∙ d=0 which allows you to find possible normal or direction vectors.

Vector Equation - A vector equation is of the form:


x= p+t d (Line in R2)
x= p+ s v+ t w (Plane in R3)
In R3 the direction vectors v and w cannot be parallel (can't be scalar multiples).
The directions vectors are not unique and an important two important
relationship are n ∙ v=0 and n ∙ w=0 which can be used to possible normal and
direction vectors. Vector form is useful to obtain parametric equations by
distributing t and adding p.

Converting Between Normal and Vector Forms - Refer to questions 3,4,5,6,7 in


the planes and lines learning activity.

Intersection Between Lines and Planes - For questions like these you can either
use parametric equations and set them equal to each other or you can use the
normal equation and coefficients and see if the system is consistent using
matrices. (Check Q16 in Solving Systems of Equations Learning Activity.)

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