10982760, 2007, 10, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mop.22778 by Tubitak Ulakbim, Wiley Online Library on [27/02/2023].

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MULTILAYER FREQUENCY SELECTIVE
SURFACE WITH GRATING LOBE
SUPPRESSION
Guo Qing Luo,1 Wei Hong,2 Qing Hua Lai,2 and Ling Ling Sun1
1
Microelectronic CAD Center, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou
310018, People’s Republic of China; Corresponding author:
gqluo@emfield.org
2
State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Department of Radio
Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People’s
Republic of China

Received 26 March 2007

ABSTRACT: Conventional multilayer frequency selective surface com-

bined with substrate-integrated waveguide technique for grating lobe
suppression is studied in this letter. Simulation and experiment results
show that the grating lobe generated by middle dielectric layer can be
Figure 8 Far-Field radiation patterns of 3-D radiating element in 5.4 greatly suppressed using this structure. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
GHz on (a) xy plane, (b) yz plane, (c) xz plane Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2501–2503, 2007; Published online in
Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.
22778
construct radiators. The ratio of impedance bandwidth of 3-D
radiating element is improved up to 33% referring to the return Key words: frequency selective surface (FSS); substrate integrated
loss ⫺10 dB. The size of antenna has been greatly reduced of waveguide (SIW); grating lobe
which the total volume is 30 (L) ⫻ 5 (H) ⫻ 0.2 (W) mm3. The
radiator led to compact requirement, and the manufacture is there-
fore quite easy. The compact configuration as well as better elec- 1. INTRODUCTION
tric characteristic of wide-band than other internal sing-core wire Frequency selective surface (FSS) can be used as space filters in
antennas can be easily achieved. radome and multifrequency antenna, which are generally real-
ized by planar periodic structures. To get high performance
REFERENCES FSS, multiscreen cascading structures with dielectric layer
1. Y.J. Cho, H. Hwang, and S.-O. Park, A dual-band internal antenna with loading are the most popular. Main drawback of multilayer FSS
a parasitic patch for mobile handsets and the consideration of the is its close grating lobe. To make the grating lobe far from
handset case and battery, IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag Lett 4 (2005), passband, the interelement spacing of single free standing FSS
429 – 432. must be set less than ␭0/2 [1, 2]. In multilayer FSS with
2. Z.D. Liu, P.S. Hall, and D. Wake, Dual-frequency planar inverted-F dielectric spacer, it is better to set interelement spacing less than
antenna, IEEE Trans Antenna Propag 45 (1997), 1451–1458. ␭␧/2. Sometimes to get resonance, the interelement spacing
3. Z. Li and R.S. Yahya, Whip-PIFA combination in wireless handset must be set more than ␭␧/2 such as those in [3, 4]. So it is
application: A hybrid circuit model and full wave analysis, IEEE
important to find a way to suppress grating lobe when interele-
Antenna Propag Soc Int Symp, Monterey, CA (2004), 2747–2750.
ment spacing is more than ␭␧/2.
4. C.R. Rowell and R.D. Murch, A compact PIFA suitable for dual-
frequency 900/1800-MHz operation, IEEE Trans Antenna Propag 46 Recently a novel high impedance surface had been presented in
(1998), 596 –598. [5], in which surface wave can be suppressed effectively. It make
5. C.T.P. Song, P.S. Hall, P.S. Ghafouri-Shiraz, and D. Wake, Triple band us realize that substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) technique can
planar inverted F antennas for handheld devices, Electron Lett 36 be used to suppress surface wave propagation in FSS dielectric
(2000), 112–113. layer, and then suppress corresponding grating lobe. SIW was first
6. S.G. Pan, T. Becks, A. Bahrwas, and I. Wolff, N antennas and their applied to design bandpass FSS [6-8], in which cavity resonance
applications in portable handsets, IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 45 introduced by SIW cavity structure is utilized to form high selec-
(1997), 1475–1483. tivity FSS. In this letter, SIW technique is adopted to suppress
7. Dopod, www.Dopodasia.com
grating lobe.
© 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Figure 1 Geometrical configuration of proposed FSS unit cell

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 49, No. 10, October 2007 2501
 10982760, 2007, 10, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mop.22778 by Tubitak Ulakbim, Wiley Online Library on [27/02/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Figure 3 Response comparison of proposed FSS with variation of dp
Figure 2 Response comparison of proposed and conventional FSS

3. EXPERIMENT RESULTS
DESIGN PROCEDURE Sample of proposed FSS was fabricated using Rogers5880, which
Figure 1 depicts the unit cell configuration of three layer slot whole size is 150 ⫻ 150 mm2. Its photograph is shown in Figure
loaded FSS with SIW, which is similar to that in [3, 4]. The square 4. For the sample size which is not large enough compared with the
loop slots at top and bottom surfaces have the same dimension and aperture of horn antenna, the maximum incident angle in experi-
they are coupled by nonresonant square loop slot at middle layer. ments is restricted to less than 20°.
Metallic via array is set around each periodic slot to form SIW Measured transmission coefficients of proposed FSS excited by
cavity for grating lobe suppression. different polarized plane wave at different incident angles have
Typical frequency responses of FSS are shown in Figure 1 with been presented in Figure 5. Full-wave simulated result of proposed
(Proposed FSS) and without (Conventional FSS) SIW structures and conventional FSS at normal incidence with conductor loss
are shown in Figure 2, and corresponding parameters are listed in taken into account is presented in Figure 5(a). From measured
Table 1. From Figure 2 it can be found that grating lobe at 34.2 results it can be found that the grating lobe generated by dielectric
GHz in conventional planar FSS has been suppressed in proposed layer in conventional FSS has been fully suppressed in proposed
SIW FSS. FSS. From Figures 5(b) and 5(c) we can find that the proposed FSS
Grating lobe onset frequency can be computed with following performance is very stable at different incident angles and polar-
formula [1, 2]. ization states.

K 0P共sin␪i ⫹ Kf/K0 兲 ⫽ 2n␲, (1) 4. CONCLUSIONS

By using SIW structure combined with conventional planar mul-
where n is an integer, K0 and Kf are propagation constants in free tilayer FSS, grating lobe generated by dielectric layer can be
space and FSS, respectively, ␪i is incident angle. At outer surfaces effectively suppressed. Simulated and measured results show the
of proposed FSS and conventional FSS their Kf are identical to K0, proposed FSS still keep stable performance with grating lobe
and so the grating lobes generated by surface wave at outer suppressed.
surfaces of these two FSS emerge at the same frequency 46.1 GHz.
Kf in middle dielectric layer of these two FSS is different greatly.
Kf in proposed FSS dielectric layer is greatly reduced by SIW
structure introduced. Surface wave in dielectric layer is prohibited
by the metallic via array. The spurious resonance at 41.4 GHz is
generated by high-order mode in dielectric layer.
Variation of parameter dp of proposed SIW FSS is investigated
and results shown in Figure 3. From the figure we can find that the
grating lobe generated by dielectric layers in the proposed FSS can
still be suppressed with large dp, but with large dp high-order
resonance is coming closer to passband. To get better performance
a small dp is a good choice.

TABLE 1 Geometric Parameters of Proposed (Unit: mm)

p 6.0 h 0.254
r 0.2 dp 0.6
l 3.08 w 0.16
lc 0.68 wc 0.06
Figure 4 Photograph of proposed FSS used in experiments

2502 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 49, No. 10, October 2007 DOI 10.1002/mop
 10982760, 2007, 10, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mop.22778 by Tubitak Ulakbim, Wiley Online Library on [27/02/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
REFERENCES
1. B.A. Munk, Frequency selective surfaces. Wiley: New York, 2000.
2. R.J. Luebbers and B.A. Munk, Some effects of dielectric loading on
periodic slot arrays, IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 26 (1978), 536-542.
3. A. Abbaspour, K. Sarabandi, and G.M. Rebeiz, Antenna-filter-antenna
arrays as a class of bandpass frequency selective surfaces, IEEE Trans
Microwave Theory Tech 52 (2004), 1781-1789.
4. R. Pous and D.M. Pozar, A frequency-selective surface using aperture
coupled microstrip patches, IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 39 (1991),
1763-1769.
5. D. Sevenpiper, L. Zhang, R. Broas, N. Alexopolous, and E. Yablonovitch.
High impedance frequency selective surfaces with a forbidden frequency
band, IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech 47 (1999), 2059-2074.
6. G.Q. Luo, W. Hong, Z.C. Hao, et. al, Theory and experiment of
novel frequency selective surface based on substrate integrated
waveguide technology, IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 53 (2005),
4035-4043.
7. G.Q. Luo, W. Hong, H.J. Tang, and K. Wu, High performance frequency
selective surface using cascading substrate integrated waveguide cavities,
IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon Lett 16 (2006), 648-650.
8. G.Q. Luo, W. Hong, H.J. Tang, et. al, Filtenna consisting of horn
antenna and substrate integrated waveguide cavity FSS, IEEE Trans
Antennas Propag 55 (2007), 92-98.

© 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

THE DESIGN OF PRINTED RHOMB

SHAPED ANTENNA WITH SLITS FOR
WIMAX SYSTEMS
Wen-Shan Chen and Yen-Hao Yu
Department of Electronic Engineering, Southern Taiwan University of
Technology, Yung-Kang city, Tainan, Taiwan 710, Republic of China,
Corresponding author: chenws@eecs.stut.edu.tw

Received 26 March 2007

ABSTRACT: The article proposed and studied a coplanar waveguide

CPW-feed antenna. In this design, broadband structure covers from 2.43
to 7.2 GHz, which has impedance bandwidth above of 100%. The reso-
nant frequency was obtained by adjusting the length of notch and the
distance between radiation patch and ground plane. Furthermore, em-
bedded the symmetrical slits close to a quarter wavelength on the rhomb
patch and ground plane, respectively. It plays a role as a filter to elimi-
nate the useless band. The proposed antenna with band-rejection char-
acteristic is calibrated for WiMAX (worldwide interoperability for mi-
crowave access, IEEE 802.16a/d/e/2004) applications which cover the
band from 2.495 to 2.69 GHz, 3.3 to 3.8 GHz, and 5.25 to 5.85 GHz.
And, this antenna has advantages of good radiation characteristic, com-
pact size, and omni-directional patterns. Details of the proposed an-
tenna configuration and the experimental results are discussed. © 2007
Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2503–2508,
2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.
com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22777

Key words: coplanar waveguide; band-reject; broadband antenna;

WiMAX antenna

1. INTRODUCTION
Recently, there has been much research on broadband and multiband
Figure 5 Measured results of proposed FSS at different polarization. (a) operation antennas for various wireless communication systems.
Normal incidence, (b) oblique incidence with TE polarization, (c) oblique WiMAX (worldwide interoperability for microwave access) technol-
incidence with TM polarization ogy is a worldwide wireless networking standard that addresses in-
teroperability across IEEE 802.16a/d/e/2004 standard-based products.
The technology can reach a theoretical 30-mile coverage radius and
achieve data rates up to 75 Mbps for mobile broadband wireless

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 49, No. 10, October 2007 2503