Term 3 Life Science Remote Learning Booklet
Term 3 Life Science Remote Learning Booklet
Term 3 Life Science Remote Learning Booklet
GRADE 10
1
TERM 3
2
Week Topic Page
1&2 Cell division: mitosis 4
3 Animal tissues 13
3
SUB-TOPIC: Mitosis
The cell cycle is the series of events that takes place in a cell which results in DNA
replication and cell division.
1. Interphase during which the cell grows and replicates its DNA.
2. Mitotic phase (M-Phase) during which the cell divides and transfers one copy
of its DNA to two identical daughter cells.
1. INTERPHASE
4
MITOSIS
Mitosis can be divided into phases for convenience.
1. Prophase
iPMATc
2. Metaphase
the
nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrates
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase
Acentrosome
Cytokinesis forms centrioles.
1.centrioles
PROPHASE separate and move to opposite poles
- The nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate.
- The
The centrioles give
centrosome forms rise to the spindle fibres which
centrioles.
- form
Centrioles separatethe
between and poles.
move to opposite poles.
- Centrioles give rise to spindle fibres.
- Each
chromosome
Each chromosome is visible is
as visible as two
two chromatids joinedchromatids
together by a
centromere.
joined by a centromere
2. METAPHASE
chromosomes line up on the equator of
the cell.
2. METAPHASE
- EChromosomes
ach chromosome is attached
line up at the equator of the cell. to the
spindle fibres by its centromere.
- Each chromosome is attached to spindle fibres by its centromere.
3. ANAPHASE
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pulling each towards a spindle pole.
Each chromatid is pulled to opposite
poles
Spindle of the
fibres contract cell
pulling each chromatid to the opposite pole.
4. TELOPHASE
-The nuclear membrane reforms around the daughter chromosomes that have
gathered at each of the poles.
- The daughter chromosomes coil to form chromatin once again.
- The nuclear membrane reforms.
CYTOKINESIS
6
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MITOSIS IN ANIMAL CELLS AND PLANT CELLS
ROLE OF MITOSIS
7
Cells are constantly lost and replaced by new
ones in the body, for example in the skin and in
Cell replacement
the gut, red blood cells live for only four months,
and are replaced by mitosis.
CANCER
Benign: These are not cancerous. They either cannot spread or grow, or they do so
very slowly. If a doctor removed them, they do not generally return.
Malignant: They are cancerous. The cells can grow and spread to other parts of the
body.
QUESTION 1
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1.1 Each new cell produced by mitosis will have ...
A Growth
B Repair
C Asexual reproduction in unicellular organisms
D The formation of sex cells
1.3 If a cell divides by mitosis, how many cells will there be after three
divisions?
A 3 cells
B 4 cells
C 8 cells
D 16 cells
A 2
B 4
C 6
D 8
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1.5 In a cell nucleus, the thread-like structures are called ...
A centriole.
B centrosomes.
C centromeres.
D chromosomes. (5x2=10)
QUESTION 2
Give the correct biological term for each of the following descriptions. Write
only the term next to the question number (2.1 to 2.5) in your ANSWER BOOK.
QUESTION 3
3.2 The micrographs are not in the correct cell division sequence.
Use the letters only to write down the correct sequence. (4)
3.3 Is this a plant or animal cell? Give TWO visible reasons for your
answer. (3)
3.4 Name TWO places where this cell division occurs. (2)
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(10)
QUESTION 4
Complete the table
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(15)
12
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WEEK 3: TOPIC: Plant and Animal tissues
A tissue is a group of similarly differentiated cells which are adapted to perform a particular function.
Squamous
Sensory
Cuboidal
Nerve tissue Epithelial
tissue Columnar
Motor
Ciliated
Animal
tissue
Striated Areolar
Muscle Connective Dense
Smooth tissue tissue Cartilage
Bone
Cardiac
Blood
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Epithelial tissue
Epithelial tissue lines the cavities and surfaces of the body. It is usually separated
from the underlying tissue by a thin layer of connective tissue, called the basement
membrane.
Structure Location and function Diagram
Squamous epithelium Location
Cells are thin and Skin surfaces
irregular Lines the mouth,
Large flattened nucleus oesophagus, vagina,
Cells are tightly packed alveoli and blood vessels.
and resemble a Function
pavement Allows materials to pass
through by diffusion
Cuboidal epithelium Location
Cells are Lines the ducts of glands
square-shaped. Lines tubules of the kidney
Round nucleus at the Function
centre of the cell Secretion
Absorption
Columnar epithelium Location
Cells are elongated Lines the intestines and
Oval shaped nucleus the gallbladder
found at the base of the Function
cell Absorption
Contain goblet cells Secretion of mucous and
which secrete mucous enzymes
Connective tissue
Structure Location Function
Areolar connective tissue Location Function
A layer beneath the Prevents heat loss by
skin and loosely serving as insulating
connects the skin to material
underlying muscles Protects organs
Packing tissue between
organs, blood vessels,
nerves and muscles
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Dense connective tissue Location and function
Tendons joins muscle
to bones
Ligaments joins bone to
bone
Cartilage Location and function Function
Occurs between bones Connects them together
Lines joints Prevent dislocation
C-shaped rings in the Keeps tubes open
trachea
Pinna and tip of nose
Bone Location Function
Bones of the Give shape and rigidity
endoskeleton of to the body
vertebrates Protects the brain,
spinal cord, heart and
lungs
Muscle attachment to
make movement
possible
Blood cells are made in
bone marrow
Blood Location Function
Circulates in blood Red blood cells
vessels (erythrocytes) do not
have a nucleus and are
round biconcave discs.
Contain haemoglobin
White blood cells
(leucocytes) have one
or more nuclei and
produce antibodies that
fight infection.
Platelets are fragments
of red blood cells which
help blood clotting
Plasma is the fluid
component of blood
and transports
substances around the
body
Muscle tissue
Structure Location and function Diagram
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Skeletal muscle Location
Made up of a large Attached to bone and
number of muscle fibres muscle
which appear as stripes Function
therefore also known as Voluntary movement of
striated muscle the arms and legs for
Muscle fibres are made walking
up of myofibrils and
each one contains more
than one nucleus
Smooth muscle Location
Thin spindle-shaped Walls of the alimentary
muscle fibres. canal, bladder, blood
Each one contains a vessels
nucleus Function
Involuntary movement
such as contraction
and relaxation
Nervous tissue
Nerve tissue is made up of neurons (specialized cells).
Structure Function Diagram
Sensory neuron Transmits nerve impulses
from receptors to the
central nervous system.
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Motor neuron Transmits nerve impulses
from the central nervous
system to effectors.
QUESTION 1
A Cartilage
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B Tendon
C Ligament
D Blood
QUESTION 2
Give the correct biological term for each of the following descriptions. Write
only the term next to the question number (2.1 and 2.2) in your ANSWER
BOOK.
2.1 The type of epithelial tissue that forms the lining of the inner
surface of the mouth, vagina, oesophagus and blood vessels.
2.2 Neurons that transmit nerve impulses from sensory organs to the
central nervous system. (2)
QUESTION 3
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Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow:
3.2 Name ONE part of the body that is lined by this tissue. (1)
3.4 Describe TWO ways how the tissue above is structurally suited for
its functions mentioned in QUESTION 3.3. (4)
(8)
QUESTION 4
4.1 Study the data in the following table and answer the questions that
follow.
Comparison of the composition of the types of blood cells per
mm3 blood
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(a) who lives at a very high altitude. Provide a reason for your
answer (2)
(b) who will get sick if exposed to a virus. Provide a reason for
your answer. (2)
(c) who suffers from haemophilia (blood cannot clot). Provide a
reason for your answer. (2)
(d) who is probably anaemic. Provide a reason for your answer.
(2)
4.2 Study the following specialised cells of animal tissue and answer the
questions below.
4.2.3 Name ONE place in the human body where EACH of the following
tissue types occur.
(a) Tissue D (1)
(b) Tissue F (1)
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WEEK 4 & 5: TOPIC: Plant tissues and Organs
Meristematic tissue
Apical Meristem: length
(Actively dividing
Lateral meristem: thickness
tissue)
Plant
tissues
Epidermis
Parenchyma
Permanent tissues
Collenchyma
(Differentiated
Sclerenchyma
tissues with specific
Xylem
function)
Phloem
Meristematic tissue:
Apical Meristem
Located at the growing points at the tips of roots and stems.
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This tissue is also called cambium. Cork cambium divides to produce the cork cells
that form the outer bark of a woody plant. Vascular cambium divides to make more
xylem and phloem tissue.
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Permanent tissues
Tissue Structure Function Illustration
Epidermal tissue Made up of a single They provide the inner
layer of cells tissues with protection.
Cells are thin walled They control the
and brick shaped. opening and closing of
There are 2 types of the stomata.
specialized epidermal The stomata allows for
cells: the entry and exit of
The epidermis of leaves gases.
and stems have a The root hair absorbs
L/S of Leaf
specialized epidermal water and mineral
cell called the guard salts.
cell.
The guard cells
surround an opening
called the stomata.
The epidermis of the
root has a specialized
cell called the root hair.
T/S of
Parenchyma Location: Acts as packing tissue root
Found in roots and Acts as a storage
stems. organ, when it stores
It is found between all food in the form of
the other tissues in starch and other
these organs. sugars.
Appearance: The air spaces between
the cells allows for the
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It is made up of thin movement of water
walled, irregularly and gases.
shaped cells.
The irregular shape
allows for the formation
of many air spaces
between the cells.
They are called
chlorenchyma when
they have chloroplast.
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It is found in roots,
stems, leaves, flowers
and fruit of plants.
Stone cells are also
found in the flesh of
some fruits for example
pears and in the shell of
nuts.
Appearance:
Its is made up of thick
walled cells.
The cell walls are
thickened with lignin.
These cells are closely
packed.
The cells are dead,
there are no cell
contents.
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Xylem Location: Xylem vessels and
This tissue is found in tracheids transport
the roots, stems and water and mineral
leaves salts from the roots to
Appearance: the stems of plants.
There are 4 different They are also able to
types of cells that provide the plant with
make up the xylem strength and support.
tissue. Xylem vessels are dead
They are the xylem cells with no cells
vessels and xylem contents to allow for the
tracheids. easy movement of
The vessels are water.
cylindrical. The cross walls are
They have cell walls absent or perforated to
that are thickened by allow for easy
lignin. movement of water.
The cross walls are The vessels are round in
completely absent or cross section to prevent
they are perforated, distortion when water
meaning that they have moves through it.
tiny pores in them. The vessels are able to
They are dead cells form continuous tubes
with no cell content. because they are dead
The vessels lie end to cells with no cell
end, forming a contents and have no
continuous tube. cross walls.
The tracheids are
elongated cells with
tapered ends.
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Their cell walls are also
thickened with lignin.
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They control the
function of the sieve
tubes.
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ACTIVITIES/WORKSHEETS/EXAM TYPE QUESTIONS
QUESTION 1
1.1 A tissue whose cells are capable of dividing and re-dividing is called a
…
A complex tissue.
B connective tissue.
C permanent tissue.
D meristematic tissue.
1.2 A learner was shown two slides of plant tissues: parenchyma and
sclerenchyma. Which of the features given below would be crucial in
identifying sclerenchyma?
A Location of nucleus
B Size of cells
C Thickness of cell walls
D Position of vacuoles
1.4 The cells of this tissue have thin cell walls, large vacuoles and dense
cytoplasm. This tissue is:
A Meristem
B Parenchyma
C Sclerenchyma
D Collenchyma
1.5 The diagrams below show the distribution of tissues in the stem and
root of a dicotyledonous plant.
Which tissues are xylem?
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Stem Root
A I and III
B I and IV
C II and III
D II and IV
A collenchyma
B sclerenchyma
C parenchyma
D meristem (12)
COLUMN I COLUMN II
2.1 Example of complex tissues A: Xylem
B: Phloem
2.2 Conducting tissue for water A: Xylem
and mineral salts B: Phloem
2.3 Tissue that is made of stone A: collenchyma
cells and fibres B: sclerenchyma
2.4 Plant cells without nuclei A: Parenchyma
B: Companion cells
(4x2) (8)
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Study the diagrams below and answer the questions that follow.
3.1 Provide the LETTER and the NAME of the tissue which:
(a) Transports water and minerals up a plant
(b) Provides mechanical support to the plant
(c) Allows diffusion of gases (6)
3.2 Explain TWO ways in which tissue B is structurally suited for its
function. (4)
3.3 Tabulate TWO visible differences between tissue A and C. (5)
(15)
QUESTION 4
Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.
A
B
C
D
E
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4.1 Name the parts labelled A, B and C. (3)
4.2 Give ONE function of part F. (1)
4.3 What is the collective name of the tissues that transport water and
food in the structure shown above? (1)
4.4 Draw a fully labelled diagram to illustrate the structure of part
labelled B. (5)
(10)
QUESTION 5
Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow
A
B
E
F
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:
WEEK 6: TOPIC: Support and transport systems in plants
A leaf consists of a flat lamina (leaf blade) which is attached to the main stem by
means of a petiole.
The veins of the leaf blade consist of xylem and phloem that are continuous with
the xylem and phloem of the root and stem.
1.The epidermis
The upper and lower surfaces of the leaf are covered by a thin transparent
epidermis.
The epidermis is thin and transparent so that the light can pass through for
photosynthesis.
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A thin waxy cuticle covers the epidermis and ensures that water is not lost
through the epidermis.
The lower surface of the epidermis has specialized cells called stomata.
The stomata consist of a kidney-shaped guard cell that open and close the
stomatal pores.
The stomata are responsible for gaseous exchange.
2. The mesophyll
There are two types of mesophyll cells i.e. palisade and spongy mesophyll. They
fill the spaces between the between the upper and lower epidermis.
The palisade mesophyll cells are thin-walled parenchyma cell, are elongated and
are situated just below the upper epidermis. They contain large number of
chloroplasts to absorb sunlight for photosynthesis.
The spongy mesophyll is round parenchyma that has many intercellular spaces
and air chambers to allow gases to diffuse easily. They have less chloroplasts than
the palisade.
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ACTIVITIES/WORKSHEETS/EXAM TYPE QUESTIONS
QUESTION 1
A transpiration.
B respiration.
C photosynthesis.
D Gaseous exchange.
1.2 Which one of the following has large intercellular spaces for gaseous
exchange?
A Palisade mesophyll
B Spongy mesophyll
C Upper epidermis
D Lower epidermis (4)
QUESTION 2
Give the correct biological term for each of the following descriptions. Write
only the term next to the question number (2.1 to 2.4) in your ANSWER BOOK.
COLUMN I COLUMN II
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water and mineral salts B Phloem
from the soil up the plant
(3 x 2) (6)
QUESTIO 4
N
Study the following diagram that illustrates organs and tissues of a plant and answer the
questions below.
4.1 Tissue C is responsible for the transport of water in a plant. Name the tissue. (1)
4.2 List THREE ways in which tissue C is adapted for the transport of water. (3)
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(a) Identify the structure (1)
(b) To which plant tissue group does this structure belong? (1)
(c) Supply a reason why this structure is not covered by a waxy cuticle. (2)
(10)
SUB-TOPIC: Transpiration
TERMINOLOGY
Term Description/definition
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Transpiration The loss of water vapour from the aerial parts of the plant
through the stomata of the leaf
Guttation The formation of drops of water around the margin of the
leaves of some plants as a result of root pressure
Humidity The amount of water vapour in the air
Wilt When a plant becomes limp and floppy because it has lost too
much water
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Sunken stomata: Air is trapped outside of stomata decreasing the diffusion
gradient
Thickened cuticle: Prevents water loss; the thicker the cuticle the lesser
transpiration
Small leaf surface: Small surface area for evaporation
Leaf arrangement: Lamina is not exposed to the sun to decrease evaporation
A POTOMETER
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ACTIVITIES/WORKSHEETS/EXAM TYPE QUESTIONS
ACTIVITY 1
An investigation was carried out to compare the rate of water absorption and
the rate of transpiration of plant over 24 hours. The results of the investigation
are shown in the table below:
1.1 Draw a line graph on the same set of axes to illustrate the
data in the table above.
(7)
1.2 Identify
(a) Dependent variable (1)
(b) Independent variable
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(1)
1.3 Give TWO ways to ensure that the results are valid. (2)
1.4 At what time was sunrise? Give a reason for your answer. (2)
1.5 At what time of the day was the rate of transpiration at its
maximum? (1)
1.6 At what time of the day was the rate of absorption at its
maximum? (1)
1.7 Between which hours was the rate of transpiration greater
than the rate of water absorption? What do you think
happened to the plant during these hours? (3)
1.8 Was there a net loss or a net gain of water by the plant
during the 24-hour period? Show how you arrived at your
answer. (4)
1.9 Explain what happens to the plant to cause absorption to
rise after 8:00. (3)
(25)
Xylem Tissue
43
Vessels are composed of dead tissue at maturity, such that vessels are hollow with no
cell contents
Phloem
Moves materials via the process of active translocation
Transports food and nutrients to storage organs and growing parts of the plant
(bidirectional transport)
Phloem occupy the outer portion of the vascular bundle and are composed of sieve
tube elements and companion cells
Vessel wall consists of cells that are connected at their transverse ends to form porous
sieve plates (function as cross walls)
Vessels are composed of living tissue, however sieve tube elements lack nuclei and
have few organelles
44
Minerals are actively transported into the xylem vessels. This lowers the water
potential in the xylem and water flows by osmosis. Root pressure pushes some of the
water upwards. Water evaporates from the surface of leaf by transpiration and water is
lost. The water must be replaced as it moves out of the xylem into the leaf, creating a
low hydrostatic pressure and tension. Water molecules are attracted to each other by
forces of cohesion creating a continuous column of water so that water can be pulled
upwards. Water molecules are also attracted to the walls of the xylem by forces of
adhesion and causing capillary action.
Translocation is the movement of organic compounds (e.g. sugars, amino acids)
from sources to sinks
The source is where the organic compounds are synthesised – this is the
photosynthetic tissues (leaves)
The sink is where the compounds are delivered to for use or storage – this includes
roots, fruits and seeds
45
Organic compounds are transported from sources to sinks via a vascular tube system
called the phloem
Sugars are principally transported as sucrose (disaccharide), because it is soluble but
metabolically inert
The nutrient-rich, viscous fluid of the phloem is called plant sap.
QUESTION 1
46
D. epidermis.
1.1.2 The layer of cells that encloses the vascular tissue in the central region
of a root is the …
A. Endodermis
B. Cortex
C. Epidermis
D. Apical meristem
A. Fibers.
B. Companion cells.
C. Sieve tube elements.
D. Tracheids. (6)
1.2 Give the correct biological definition for each of the following biological
terms:
1.2.1 Capillarity
1.2.2 Translocation
1.2.3 Root pressure
1.2.4 Transpiration pull
1.2.5 Xylem.
(5)
1.3 Study the table below and complete it by writing the Letter and the
correct answer:
TRANSPORTATION VS TRANSLOCATION
Transportation Translocation
Type of Water A
substance
transported
Type of tissue B C
involved
Movement D Up and down.
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(4)
QUESTION 2
2.1 Make a labelled diagram of the structure which absorbs water from
soil. (5)
2.2 Name the process by which the plant absorbs water. (1)
2.3 Describe the structural suitablity of the xylem in performing its function. (3)
2.4 Study the table below which illustrates the rate of water absortion
and the rate of transpiration by the leaves.
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WEEK 9 & 10: TOPIC: Support system in animals
49
Human
skeleton
Axial Appendicular
1. The axial skeleton is made up of all the bones around the axis of the body.
This includes the skull bones, vertebral column and thoracic cage.
2. The appendicular skeleton are the upper and lower limbs as well as the
shoulder and pelvic girdles. It’s bones “append” to the axial skeleton.
In the diagram below the axial skeleton’s labels are on the left-hand side and the
appendicular skeleton’s labels are on the right-hand side.
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Lacrimal – Paired bones that form the wall of the orbit (eye socket)
Mandible – Bone that forms the lower jaw.
Maxilla – Bone that forms the upper jaw.
Nasal – Paired bones that form the bridge of the nose.
Zygomatic arch – Paired facial bones that form the cheeks.
The skull has an opening at the bottom where the spinal cord enters the skull.
We call this opening the foramen magnum.
The top part on the inside of the mouth is called the palate it separates the
mouth cavity from the nose cavity. So, that you can eat and breath at the
same time.
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The Cranium of the skull:
The cranium of the skull is the part where the brain is situated. It forms a bony casing
which protects the brain.
Ossicles- three bones in ear, helps with hearing (smallest bones in body)
The Spine
It is the central support of the body. It provides a framework to support the trunk and
rigid protection for the spinal cord. Portions of the spine surround the spinal cord
providing bony protection for the spinal cord just as the skull protects the brain with a
bony shell. The Spinal Column made up of 24 Vertebrae. These bones are stacked
on top of one another.
A normal vertebral column creates a double-S curve when viewed from the side of
the body. The cervical vertebrae gently curve inward, while the thoracic spine curves
gently outward, followed by the lumbar spine, which curves inward again. This
structure gives the spinal column great strength and shock-absorbing qualities.
The sacrum is a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine that forms by the
fusing of 5 sacral vertebrae. Immediately below the sacrum are 3 to 5 small bones
that naturally fuse together at adulthood forming the coccyx or tailbone.
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The Appendicular skeleton
The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the shoulder girdle, the upper
limbs, the pelvic girdle, and the lower limbs.
The pectoral girdle bones provide the points of attachment of the upper limbs to the
axial skeleton. The human pectoral girdle consists of the clavicle (or collarbone) in
the anterior (front), and the scapula (or shoulder blades) in the posterior(back).
The pelvic girdle attaches to the lower limbs of the axial skeleton. Because it is
responsible for bearing the weight of the body and for locomotion, the pelvic girdle is
securely attached to the axial skeleton by strong ligaments. It is composed of ilium,
Ischium and pubis bones.
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Diagram of the shoulder, arm, elbow and hand Diagram of the hip, leg, knee and foot
QUESTION 1
A Foramen magnum
B Cranium
C Orbit
D Zygomatic arch
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1.3 Bones that make up the pelvic girdle:
QUESTION 2
Give the correct biological term for each of the following descriptions. Write
only the term next to the question number (2.1 to 2.8) in your ANSWER BOOK.
2.1 The opening through which the spinal cord enters the skull
2.2 Twenty-four stacked bones that forms part of the spine.
2.3 Girdle where the legs attach to the axial skeleton.
2.4 Bony part that separate the mouth cavity from the nose cavity
2.5 The upper bone of the leg.
2.6 Part of spine that is composed of 12 vertebrae.
2.7 The bone that forms part of the knee.
2.8 Scientific name for the collar bone. (8)
COLUMN I COLUMN II
(3 x 2) (6)
QUESTION 4
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Study the diagrams below and answer the questions that follow.
4.2 Write down the LETTER and NAME of the structures that forms part
of the pectoral girdle. (4)
4.3 Name THREE bones that are connected to the elbow. (3)
4.4 Which bones do the feet and hands have in common? (1)
(15)
QUESTION 5
Cut out the bones on the following page and build your own human skeleton by
pasting them in the correct place.
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