CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
A building structure be it industrial, commercial or residential is just a skeleton. Electrical

infrastructure breathes life into a building. Without it the building will be lifeless, which makes

the building inhabitable and unworkable. Therefore, we cannot do without electrical

infrastructure such as uprising, electrical poles, towers, wires and cables footings, line switches,

cross arms, transformers, generators, distribution box in our buildings. Its use can be seen in

production and processing in industries, good workable work space in commercial, entertainment

and daily running of household appliances for residential. Its importance cannot be over

emphasized in the running of our daily lives. Electrical infrastructure is prone to disturbances

which are faults imposed on the system such as over voltage, over loading, overcurrent, transient

over voltage and short circuit. This cause damages to the electrical infrastructure. The impact can

bring about a short- or long-term loss of electrical power in electrical infrastructure. Quick

attention to faults on the electrical infrastructure is vital in the system, avoiding harm and

instability to the system [1]. In this study, the distribution of electrical power to sub-circuit and

final sub circuit in a building is of utmost importance, which can be achieved through the use of

fuse boxes and distribution box. Fuse boxes, however employ the use of desirable fuse cartridge

with no other protection mechanism to distribute electrical power to the building. Effective

enough, these fuse boxes exposed live parts are common, which may not meet the modern

standard for electrical safety. The use of a distribution box containing protective devices, isolator

switches, circuit breakers and fuses to connect safety cables to the sub circuit and final sub

1
circuit of a building meets modern standard for electrical safety and effectively distribute power,

décor and aesthetics to the building [2].

Distribution box gets bad at a certain point, be it because of faults or ageing of materials which

goes unnoticed because there was no proper fault detector, locator and alert system, which give

rise to damaging of the distribution box, properties and lives. Faults that affect the distribution

box like over current, over voltage, over loading, transient over voltage and short circuit cannot

be prevented completely but can be located [1]. The faulty point due to the alert system is located

and treated accordingly. The study shows the relationship between the distribution box

components like miniature circuit breakers (MCB), earth-leakage circuit breaker (ELCB), cables,

neutral links, earth link, common bus bar, residual current device and the alert system and how

they work together. The study is focused at ending the stress of manually locating faults on a

distribution box, using an alert system [3].

1.2 Significance of Study

The

1.3 Justification of Study

This project is specifically designed to solve the problems associated with voltage, current and

over loading faults on a single-phase distribution box. Being able to successfully detect and

locate faults on the components of the distribution box using voltage and current sensors, and

alert users through the help of Liquid crystal display (LCD), buzzer and short message service

(SMS). The implementation of this project enhances the quick time response to electrical issues

arising from electrical line outage as a result of the distribution board and thereby improving

work power supply quality. This project also offers the ability to locate the particular circuit

2
breaker(s) in the board that is faulty and thereby eliminates the time taken to troubleshoot and as

a result improves work efficiency.

1.4 Statement of Problem

Faults on a distribution box are not easy to detect and locate, and can cause serious damage to

lives, property and damage the distribution box when faults are detected late. As electrical

personnel, be it an electrician or an electrical engineer, it is not easy to detect fault parameters

like over voltage, over current, over load, short circuit and thunder strikes on the distribution

box. The stress attached to tracing cables, manual testing of MCB to detect the particular fault

parameter and the faulty ones consumes time [1]. This project provides a solution to the

problems, by developing a system that monitors the fault parameters on the distribution box with

the help of sensors that alerts users when faults occur, and help locate the faults for easy, smooth

maintenance and usage of the distribution box.

1.5 Aim and Objectives

The aim of this project is to design and construct a distribution box fault locator with an alert

system.

Below are the objectives of this project:

i. To design a Distribution Box Detection System.

ii. To construct a Distribution Box Detection System

iii. To evaluate a Distribution Box Detection System with respect to the speed of its

operation.

1.6 Scope of Work

This project is limited to the detection of power failure in one or more circuit breaker(s) in

electrical distribution boards. A GSM notification containing information about one or more

3
faulty circuit breaker(s) such as the position of the circuit breaker in the distribution board is sent

as SMS to the phone of the operator. Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCB) with ratings 5A input is

implemented in this work.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

In this chapter, the theories and principles governing this project work will be discussed. This

chapter has three major sections: the first part which is the theoretical background which

comprises of the conceptual framework of this project which includes the major principles

guiding this project work; the second part of this chapter comprises of the review of related

works and the third section which centers on the major components and modules of this project

work.

2.2 Theoretical Background

In order to provide greater effectiveness and efficiency, electrical power system protection has

evolved from simple procedures to more complicated processes [4]. This evolution can be

divided into three distinct time periods: the traditional protection era, which spans the years 1900

to 1970; the contemporary protection era, which spans the years 1970 to 1990; and the new

development era, which spans the years 1990 to the present. Relays and other electromechanical

devices were utilized during the traditional era of protection [5]. Later, these relays experienced a

succession of improvements that used semiconductors and integrated circuits, leading to more

complex and efficient devices like microprocessor-based digital relays that were the standard of

the modern period. The contemporary period also brought about more advancements in power

4
protection, including adaptive protection and protection methods based on artificial intelligence.

[6] While artificial intelligence was applied to relay technology, artificial neural networks,

evolutionary algorithms, and fuzzy logic were used in the relay protection field. The idea behind

adaptive relays was to improve system response, which is one of the requirements for electrical

protection. Additionally, the new development phase brought forth advancements in substation

integrated automation technology, which led to the creation of the fuse between integrated

automation and relay protection [7]. As a result, electrical protection systems may now perform

sophisticated activities like monitoring, control, and protection measuring. The power network

control center can receive information about malfunctioning parts from the power system and

transmit it there.

2.1.1 Types of Electrical fault

Fault states are the various types of issues that could arise in an electrical power system. It's

critical to understand the various fault states so that the appropriate electrical power protection

system can be used in an electrical power system [8]. The fault states are as follows:

i. Overload: One of the electrical defects in electrical systems is overload. When an

electrical circuit is subjected to more load than it was intended to, it happens. This means

that the circuit starts handling more power than it is designed to manage. As a result, the

circuitry becomes extremely hot, which may cause its components to be destroyed.

ii. Ground fault: When an electrical circuit fails due to faulty connections, improper wiring

that puts the hot wire in direct contact with the ground, or worn-out wire insulation,

ground is the result, which is an electrical fault state. When this happens, high current at

low impedance is transmitted through the circuit, which may damage the circuit's

5
 components because the current intended to discharge through the neutral wire connected

to the ground instead seeks out another electrical pathway to the ground.

iii. Over voltage and under voltage: When a power system's voltage level is abruptly

boosted above its upper limit design for a limited period of time, overvoltage occurs in an

electrical circuit. Voltage transients or voltage surge are other names for it. Electrical and

electronic equipment is designed to operate within a defined range of voltage; therefore,

voltage exceeding that range causes harm to electrical equipment by putting stress on the

insulation of the circuit or by completely destroying the electrical circuitry. Direct

lightning strikes, induced voltage brought on by atmospheric variations along a line's

length, and electrostatically induced voltage brought on by charged clouds are a few of

the reasons of excess voltage. Contrarily, under voltage describes a decline in average

voltage levels below the anticipated three-phase power system lower limit. Additionally,

it is known as brown-out. Undervoltage causes electrical equipment to draw more current

than they were intended to, which leads to overheating, which can harm the electrical

device's crucial insulation. Utility transformers that are overloaded or are too small are

the main causes of low voltage.

iv. Short Circuit: A short circuit is an electrical circuit where there is a connection between

two conductors of the power supply with a low electrical impedance. Due to this, an

excessive amount of current is generated and is allowed to flow through the circuit. As a

result, the electricity takes a "short" path, short-circuiting the circuit. When a live wire

conductor makes touch with a neutral wire, a short circuit happens. It can also happen

when a grounded component of an electrical system comes into touch with a live wire

conductor carrying current. This frequently causes overheating, fire, explosion, or general

6
 circuitry damage. Some of the causes of the short circuit include unsecured wire

connections, poor appliance wiring, and outdated or damaged wire insulation.

2.1.2 Circuit Breakers

Electrical circuit breakers are electro-mechanical devices that can be manually or automatically

activated to interrupt the flow of electricity in a circuit with the main objective of securing the

circuit from faulty circuit circumstances [9]. At the generation, transmission, and delivery points

of electrical power systems, circuit breakers are utilized, with very minor design variations to

meet the usual power system architecture. Plate I shows a Miniaturized Circuit Breaker.

Some of the properties of circuit breakers include the ones listed below [9]:

 It has the ability to break a circuit either manually or automatically.

 It is designed in various sizes and rating to suit the electric circuit.

 It breaks a circuit automatically in faulty conditions.

7
 Plate I: A typical Miniaturized Circuit Breaker
2.1.2.1 Operation of Circuit Breakers
According to operational needs, circuit breakers are largely in charge of turning electrical

circuitry on or off. A conventional circuit breaker consists of electrodes that are typically closed

while the circuit is running normally. These electrodes, which are also known as contacts, open

manually or automatically if the gadget malfunctions. This is made possible by the trip coils

being activated, which moves the contacts in a way that creates an open circuit. Circuit breakers'

operation is controlled by a relay mechanism. [9]

2.1.2.2 Classification of Circuit Breakers

A variety of criteria can be used to categorize circuit breakers [9]. Some of the classifications for

circuit breakers include the following:

i. According to interrupting medium: Traditionally, oil and air were used as interrupting

mediums in circuit breakers, but with advancements in technology, more advanced

interrupting mediums such as vacuum and Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) are gaining

prominence.

ii. According to external design type: This classification is done based on their physical

structural design.

iii. According to installation type: This specific designation is determined by the position of

the breaker. The setting may be either indoors or outside. As a result, the breaker is made

to suit the circumstances of either venue.

iv. According to voltage class: The operating voltage, which can be either high or low, is

used to classify devices based on voltage class. A high-voltage breaker is designed to

8
 handle 1000 volts or more, while a low-voltage breaker is designed to handle 1000 volts

or less.

2.1.2.3 Types of Circuit Breakers

There are many different kinds of circuit breakers, and the bulk of them are categorized by

voltage level. The breakdown of the various circuit breaker types by voltage level is as follows

[9]:

1. Low – voltage: Residual Current Devices (RCD); Residual Current Circuit Breaker

(RCCB); Residual Current Breaker with Over Current; Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker

(ELCB); Earth Leakage Circuit Break (RCBO); Molded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB);

and Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)

2. Medium – voltage: VCB (Vacuum Circuit Breaker), ACB (Air Circuit Breaker), and SF6

circuit breakers are all types of medium circuit breakers.

3. High – voltage: Disconnecting Circuit Breakers (DCB) and carbon dioxide circuit

breaker.

2.1.3 Distribution Box

The primary electrical supply system for each industrial or residential entity is a distribution

board [10]. The main cable enters the distribution board before being dispersed via breakers to

the secondary circuits, which include lights and connectors. Maintaining a proper power

distribution is essential for the continued optimal performance of each device as well as for the

security of your home and appliances. BS bars, DIN rail, and neutral links are properly installed

on distribution boards. Distribution boards are more than simply an enclosure; they are a

complete system with neutral linkages, an earth leakage unit, and interconnecting wires that

serve the only aim of ensuring that the electrical supply in your home is distributed properly.

9
These days, standard distribution is produced in compliance with both home décor and

technological specifications, allowing it to blend in seamlessly [10]. Plate II shows a distribution

box. A distribution board often falls into one of two categories:

 Single Door Distribution Board: A single door distribution board, which comes in 4-

way, 8-way, and 16-way configurations, is used for straightforward applications.

 Double Door Distribution Board: A double door distribution board is used for heavier

operations, a greater number of applications, and more connections. They are primarily

employed for business purposes.

Plate II: Distribution Box

2.1.3.1 Components of a Distribution Box
Electrical distribution boards' fundamental design and technological features change depending

on the location and requirements [10]. A bus bar, fuse links, switches, bypass devices, and a

residual current detector are common components of an electrical distribution box (RSD.). In

general, these parts will help with:

10
 a) Residential electrical installation

b) The incoming supply circuit breaker or main switch

c) Control and distribution board (consumer unit)

d) Surge protective devices

e) Earth resistance between the electrode and the point of zero potential.

An electrical system's wires and cables must be handled safely, and the distribution boards must

make sure of the following:

a) The fuse should block overcurrent through the circuitry.

b) There should be enough space for other wires, fixtures, and cables.

c) Should not be prone to corrosion.

d) Best-quality wiring should be used to ensure safety.

2.1.3.2 Type of Distribution Boxes

The following are the common types of distribution boxes [10]:

i. Main Breaker Pane: The main breaker panel, which is the type that is most frequently

utilized, is crucial to have in every building since it safeguards the circuits and regulates

amperage. Additionally, it guards against circuit overheating and safeguards a power

source by shutting down in the event of a short circuit (including the circuit breaker).

ii. Main Lug Panel: Typically, they serve as a distribution box when a major upstream

breaker is engaged. These lugs are used to connect line wires, and when coupled with a

breaker from the main panel, the main lug panel can function as a sub-panel. In the event

of a fire or other emergency, the independent disconnect in the meter can be used. This

11
 will then act as the primary circuit breaker and cut off the power supply even before it

reaches the building or property.

iii. Sub Panel: When numerous circuits are required in one location, subpanels are a good

option. For residential dwellings, subpanels are simple to install, secure, and effective.

These are circuit-connected to the main panel. They take power from the main panel and

modify how it is distributed throughout a space or piece of property. Sub Panels serve as

satellite circuit breaker panels for the area because they are smaller and can distribute

power to a particular area of a house or location on the property. They do not, however,

experience disconnection.

iv. Transfer Switch: When a power load needs to be switched from one electrical source to

another, a transfer switch (a sort of subpanel) is employed. a regular supply to the

generator, for instance, and vice versa With the aid of the breaker panel, it converts

generator power to electrical power. In areas with erratic and uncertain weather, transfer

switches make an ideal backup power source. The transfer switch easily transforms

generator power to electrical power through the breaker panel in the event of a power

outage. Transfer switches come in two varieties:

 Manual Transfer Switches: used when a switch is manually turned on to create

the electrical load for backup power.

 Automatic Transfer Switches: Using a generator, this is how temporary power

during a power outage is obtained. The homeowners prefer it because it is

seamless and simple to use.

v. Panel Fuse Bank: acts as a distribution system's load center. It offers over-current

electrical circuit protection for electrical safety. The best way to distribute electricity

12
 from solar panels is via a panel fuse bank. Prior to being distributed throughout the entire

house, the power is initially stored on the solar panels before going directly to the fuse

box.

vi. Unitized Panel: Given that this electronic meter shows the electrical properties, it is

unique. To provide and deliver a low voltage of power from a medium-voltage line,

unitized panels are utilized in power plants. These panels are utilized in commercial and

industrial settings.

vii. Industrial Lighting Panel: By setting the lights to turn off during inactivity, they lower

the energy consumption in industrial facilities.

2.1.3.3 Power Distribution Box

Power Distribution Boxes, Power Distribution Units (PDUs), or a Distro cannot be disregarded

while discussing distribution boxes. A distro transfers electricity securely from the power supply

to the other components of a circuit. It has several outputs and one input. That implies that a

number of devices are linked to the distribution rather than the power source directly. It improves

efficiency and convenience of distribution while ensuring safety. The key benefit is its capacity

to lower the likelihood of dangerous short-outs or blown fuses [10]. Power distribution boxes

come in a wide variety of sizes, styles, and construction options. Voltages at the input and output

are potential variables. Additionally, the quantity of inputs can be altered, and products can be

produced with extra safety measures like MCBs and RCBs. Power distribution boxes are

practical because they do not require that each output device be connected to the power source

directly. Therefore, it is not necessary to utilize any more cables than are required. This reduces

power waste, simplifies the circuit, guarantees efficiency, and saves energy. As there are fewer

actual wires for staff and visitors to deal with, it offers a safer working environment. Due to their

13
propensity to tangle with other objects, wires can provide a serious tripping risk. Plate III shows

a typical Power Distribution Box.

Plate III: Power Distribution Box

2.2 Brief review on Major components used
The following is a brief summary of the major components used in this project work.

 Arduino Nano microcontroller.

 Relay

 Optocouplers

 Miniaturized Circuit Breaker (MCB)

2.2.1 Arduino Nano Microcontroller

The Arduino Nano is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P that is open-source. It

has 14 digital input/output pins, 6 analog inputs, a mini-USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP

header, and a reset button. It comes with everything needed to get started with the

microcontroller. The Arduino Nano also has a Frequency (Clock Speed) of 16MHz and the

14
following communication facilities: IIC, SPI, and USART. The Arduino Nano also has a board

which is circuit friendly because of its size [11]. Plate IV shows an Arduino Nano

Microcontroller.

Plate IV: Picture of Arduino Nano

2.2.2Relay
Relay is an electromechanical device that employs an electric current to open or close a switch's

contacts. The single-channel relay module is much more than just a simple relay; it includes

elements that facilitate switching and connecting as well as serve as indicators to signal if the

module is powered and whether the relay is active or not [11]. The Relay is depicted in Plate V.

Plate V: Relay []

15
2.2.3 Optocoupler MOC3020 and PC817/EL817
An optocoupler is a type of integrated circuit that transfers electrical impulses between two

isolated circuits using light. An opto-isolator, photocoupler, or optical isolator is another name

for it. The MOC3020 is a light-triggered Triac driver with a GaAs infrared emitting diode and an

optically isolated silicon bilateral switch. When the GaAs infrared emitting diode is turned on,

the emitted ray collides with the silicon bilateral switch, triggering the switch to conduct. This

integrated circuit allows electronic controllers to power Triacs, allowing for the regulation of

both resistive and inductive loads. The IC device may be actuated using a 3V, 20mA LED trigger

voltage and has a high isolation voltage of up to 5300VAC RMS A light-controlled transistor is

also included in the PC817 integrated circuit (photo). An IR (infrared) LED and a phototransistor

are included in this integrated circuit. When the IR LED is turned on, the light from it activates

the transistor to conduct by striking it [11]. Plate VI shows the optocoupler.

Plate VI: MOC3020 and PC81

2.2.4 Miniaturized Circuit Breaker (MCB)
A Miniaturized circuit breaker that is small in size. It is an automated electrical switch that

protects an electrical circuit from harm due to overload or short circuit. To restore regular

16
service, the Star Block can be reset manually. Star Block is made up of a solenoid whose pulling

force increases as the current increases [11]. Plate VII shows a Miniaturized Circuit Breaker.

Plate VII: A Miniaturized Circuit Breaker

2.3 Review of Related Works
The works shown here are all closely related to the project's work. It includes the problems that

each study was able to solve, the technique that was taken, and the work's limitations:

[12] was able to gather distant electrical characteristics including voltage, current, and frequency,

as well as temperature at the power station, and broadcast these real-time values via the GSM

network using a GSM modem/phone in his research. He was able to accomplish it by using an

Electromagnetic Relay to secure the electrical connections. When the electrical parameters

surpassed the prescribed limitations, this Relay was triggered. The Relay may be used to switch

off the main electrical supply by triggering a Circuit Breaker. To read the remote electrical

properties, the user sent orders in the form of SMS texts. This device also sent out regular SMS

messages including real-time electrical data (based on time settings). When the Circuit Breaker

tripped or the Voltage or Current exceeded the defined thresholds, this device sent SMS

warnings. This project used a microcontroller, which is a type of onboard computer. This

17
onboard computer was able to communicate with the many sensors that were in use. The

controller has some internal memory for storing the code. The controller was programmed with a

set of assembly instructions using this memory. Because it is located at the main distribution

substation, it turns off power to the substation's primary converter when it is overloaded,

resulting in recurring power outages throughout a vast area distribution network.

His work [13] was able to measure not only typical technological data such as current and

voltage, but also crucial data such as frequency, oil temperature, and oil level. In this project, a

P89V51RD2 microcontroller was utilized. The device consists of sensor modules that capture

critical transformer information such as current, voltage, frequency, oil level, and temperature

using an MSP 430 Processor. The LCD monitor attached to the processing unit displayed the

required parameter values for some technological assistance. The microcontroller was built in

such a way that it continually examined the transformer and altered the settings. The scanned

values were supplied straight into one of the microcontroller's input ports, the monitor into

another input port, and the voice player device into the output port. The microcontroller was

connected to the LCD and output port through their respective interface ICs. The lack of a safety

and control element is a flaw in this work.

The ultimate objective of their research [14] was to continuously monitor the state of distribution

lines in order to safeguard against distribution line failures caused by limits such as overvoltage,

undervoltage, Single Line to Ground (SLG), and Dual Line to Ground (DLG) issues. An efficient

GSM networking framework was built to transport data from the Distribution side to the Sub-

station, with a Matlab GUI system to display the data. In general, the proposed design was

created to make it easy for customers to determine if a distribution transformer is safe or

18
dangerous, as well as whether a distribution line is malfunctioning. However, there is no

protective system in place for this task, and keeping an eye on the GUI may be difficult.

In this study [15], he used a PIC microcontroller to improve the existing RCD design by

allowing it to be reset instantly when it tripped in the home due to an instantaneous over current

or short circuit. When the underlying source of the overcurrent is not handled, the RCD may be

continuously tripped off and on, which is a restriction of his work.

This project [16] was able to automatically address the circumstances of overvoltage,

overcurrent, and undervoltage of distribution transformers, therefore reducing the time required

for human monitoring. To accomplish this, a GSM-based framework was created to track

changes in voltage and current guidelines, and faults were detected using a microcontroller-based

circuit based on the values collected from the delivery side power lines' rated guidelines. Once

the pre-set dividing line was reached, the microcontroller issued a warning to the area lineman

and the Control Station, specifying the exact street position where the problem occurred. The

true purpose of real-time problem detection was to safeguard the transformer as quickly as

feasible. They also use technology to dynamically remove the electricity line from the

transformer, which eliminates the need for line workers to disconnect the line manually.

Residents in that region may face power interruptions while the problem is being fixed, since this

technique isolates the distribution transformer from the distribution line to protect it, but it does

not guarantee that the fault will not occur.

Their work [17] Using a GSM modem and sending signals, they were able to identify defects in

three-phase transmission lines and track temperature, voltage, and current. To do this, the gadget

included a current transformer, a voltage converter, a PIC 16F877 microprocessor, an RS-232

19
adapter, and a GSM modem. The computer automatically discovered problems, processed and

categorized them, and then utilized an impedance-based algorithm to calculate the distance

between the fault and the control room. Finally, the fault detail was delivered to the control

room. Finally, because the device offers exact problem position information automatically and

dependably, the time it takes to locate an issue is considerably decreased. This effort, however,

does not ensure a quick response to a line in the ground.

The work [18] used a PIC microcontroller model 18F45K22 with software type (mikroC PRO

for PIC), GSM modem type SIM800L, 16x2 LCD, relays, transformers, capacitors, resistors, and

ULN2003 drivers to prevent the danger of weakening, cutting, or failure in one or more electrical

power feeders. The three AC voltage supply feedings' voltage levels were continually read and

checked. If the voltages of one or more of the feeders were cut or fell below the needed voltage

level to run the household appliances, the gadget performed three tasks at once. First, it sends a

warning SMS message to the mobile home owner via the worldwide system of mobile (GSM)

communications network, telling him that there is a feeder voltage deficiency and the kind of

problem (cut or weak). Second, the system shifted the electric power supply from the bad or cut

feeder to the nearby right feeder. Finally, on a liquid crystal display, the sort of fault and the

feeding name were displayed (LCD). The gadget cannot be kept at a safe distance from the

alternating current and voltage effects, which is a restriction of this work. In addition, the user

has no control over the weakening voltage and values.

Using GSM technology, this research [19] was able to monitor transmission parameters for

failures and quickly isolate devices. To detect a failure in the pre-set short circuit limit, the

measured current was compared to the pre-set limit. If the current detected exceeded the pre-set

current short circuit limit, a PIC Microcontroller would send a signal to the relay, which would

20
turn off the device; otherwise, the system would remain connected. The device sent a fault

detection SMS notice to the utility mobile phone when the predefined short circuit limit was

exceeded. The utility phone also gave the device instructions to set a short circuit threshold,

allowing bi-directional communication. This work, however, is confined to the transmission

substation, and the system may have issues shutting off the relay when it is in poor condition,

resulting in a misleading indication.

This study [20] was able to compute and adjust the characteristics of a single-phase distribution

transformer at remote regions. Temperature sensors, ultrasonic sensors, voltage sensors, and

current sensors were employed to take the measurements. Specific transformer properties are

detected using these sensors. Embedded GSM technology was used only in this gadget. The

information was delivered via a certain substation. This technology, however, can only read and

compute the electrical characteristics of a single-phase transformer, and it cannot automatically

safeguard the distribution system from electrical problems.

Their system [21] was able to identify defects in distribution transformers such as excess voltage,

temperature, and overcurrent, as well as establish a secure mechanism for fault reporting that

used GSM technology. The relay insulated the transformer from the power line and conveyed the

faults to the operators or the electrical board when unusual situations such as temperature,

voltage, or current exceeded predetermined limits. However, because this method can only

identify faults in the transformer, the isolating and rectifying circuit loop may remain as a result

of the identified faults occurring frequently.

Table 2. 1: Showing Meta – Analysis Table of the Reviewed Works

S/N TITLE JOURNAL ADVANTAGES OF LIMITATION REFERENCE
METHOD USED

21
1 Detection and International The advantage of using The greatest S. H. Mortazavi, Z.
Location of High Journal of this method is, HIFs, challenge for is Moravej and S. M.
Impedance Faults Advanced Science detect fault using Shahrtash, “A hybrid
in Distribution and Technology algorithms that are protection scheme method for arcing faults
specially to detect and locate detection in large
Systems Vol.119 (2018), the high
pp.53-66 designed to address impedance faults Distribution networks”,
such issues. International Journal of
Electrical Power &
Energy Systems,
Elsevier, vol. 94, no.

16, (2018) January, pp.

141-150.

2 Smart Energy IOSR Journal of The advantage of this Lack of rudiment LvZhi-an, Yanping
Meter and Fault Electrical and method is, it can knowledge in the Xiao, “Design and
Detection Electronics monitor the meter side of the users development of an
Engineering (IOSR- readings regularly intelligentanti-steal-
JEEE) e-ISSN: without the person electricity-power
2278-1676, p-ISSN: visiting each house and instrument,” Electronic
2320-3331, PP 28- the bill is automatically measurementtechnology,
33. send via SMS to each 2006, Vol. 29, No. 5, pp.
user and if the consumer 93-95.
fails to pay the bill the
supply can be cut off by
the service provider.

3 Fault Detection International The advantage of the In the power MN Alam, RH Bhuiyan,
Approaches to Journal of Electrical method is it monitors system, fault is one R Dougal, and M Ali.
Power System and Computer the system over time in of system problem “Novel surface wave
Engineering order to facilitate rapid occurred in the exciters for power line
(IJECE) present. It can be fault detection and
removal of a made the part
Vol. 3, No. 4, disturbance from the communications”. 2011
August 2013, pp. power system, the or all systems fail. IEEE International
553~560 system is divided into Symposium on
protection zones Antennas and
ISSN: 2088-8708 Propagation
(APSURSI). 2011:
1139-

1142.

4 Underground International The advantage of this the electrical cable Tarlochan S. Sidhu,
Cable Fault Journal of method is, it detects the runs in Zhihan Xu, “Detection
Detection using Engineering location of fault in undergrounds of Incipient Faults in
Science and
Arduino underground cable lines instead of Distribution
Computing, April
2017 from the base station to overhead lines. Underground Cables”,
Volume 7 Issue exact location in Whenever the fault IEEE Transactions on
No.4 kilometers using an occurs in Power Delivery, Vol.
Arduino micro underground cable 25, NO. 3, JULY 2010.
controller kit. it is difficult to
detect the exact
location of the

22
 fault for process of
repairing that
particular cable.

5 Fault Detection in International The advantage of using Transmission of Pituk Bunnoon, “Fault
Overhead Power Journal of Pure and this method is that the electricity through Detaction Aprroaches to
Transmission Applied network electric grid over head Power System: Stateof-
Mathematics
consists of countable
Volume 118 No. 8 transmission lines the Art Article Review
2018, 377-381
number of generating are a widely used for Searching a New
ISSN: 1311-8080
stations, high-voltage method for power Approach in the Future,”
transmission lines
transmission from International Journal of
and distribution lines. one location to Electrical and Computer
another. Failure is Engineering, vol. 3,
a critical
No. 4, pp 553-560,
issue in this August 2013.
essential service

6 Distribution Side International The advantage of this Majorly, a supply Dr. Upendra Prasad,
Fault Detection Journal of method is, it uses a line can be Rakesh Kumar Singh,
and Advanced Research GSM based system to affected by Dr. Arvind Kumar
in Electrical,
detect the changes in conditions of Singh, “To Estimate The
Disconnection Electronics and
Instrumentation overvoltage and Fault In Transmission
Using GSM voltage and current over current, also Line Using Haar Functi
Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 guidelines, and using a on”, Vol. 3
Certified microcontroller-based under-voltage
Organization) circuit condition. August 2011.
Vol. 6, Issue 3,
March 2017
7 Distribution journal of critical The advantage of using Lack of base Lima, S. L., Saavedra,
transformer data reviews this method is it is an station information O. R., & Miranda, V. “A
monitoring issn- 2394-5125 vol effective monitor and on the Two-Level Framework
7, issue 04, 2020
control power to Fault Diagnosis and
and analysis of distribution system. The status of the Decision
load and fault powerful IOT network distribution
is network is Making for Power
rectification considered a Transformers”. IEEE
designed to transmit significant Transactions on Power
data from the impediment to its Delivery, 30(1), 497–
distribution side to the effective 504. Volume: 30, Issue:
substation, and a Visual monitoring and
Studio system is created control 1, Feb. 2015.
to

display the data.

8 Fault Analysis Global Journal of The advantage of this Protection of Grainger, John J. (2003).
and Electrical Researches in method is, It clear faults power systems Power System Analysis.
Protection of Engineering:
Electrical and from the power system requires an Tata McGraw-Hill. p.
Distribution
Electronics at high speed to ensure understanding of 380. ISBN 978-0-07-
Engineering
Transformers system faults, 058515-7.
Volume 14 Issue 3
safety, minimize them
Version 1.0 Year
2014 equipment damage and

23
 maintain detection, and safe
isolation of the
power system stability. faulted device. By

taking an
inventory of all the
essential electrical
loads

and doing a basic

electrical load
evaluation.

9 Detection of 6th Annual The algorithm is easier Fault current Y. Sheng and S. M.
High-Impedance Clemson University to understand magnitudes and Rovnyak, “Decision
Faults in Power Power Systems contents Tree-Based
Conference and simpler to Methodology For
Distribution Clemson, South implement than many change as ground
Carolina
Systems black-box detection surface moisture High Impedance Fault
March 13–16, 2007
methods escapes from fault Detection,” IEEE Trans.
generated Power Delivery, vol. 2,
such as neural networks.
heat, and/or as pp. 533–536, April
ground silicon 2004.
materials burn into

glasses.

10 Electrical & International This system alerts via The Wi-fi Traffic V.R Gannapathy, S.K
Mechanical Fault Journal of wireless technology to Light system can Subramaniam, A.B
Alert Traffic Mechanical & the respective personnel be easily Mohamad Diah, M.K
Mechatronics
Light to get them fixed integrated to Suaidi, A.H Hamidon,
Engineering
IJMME-IJENS immediately upon “Risk Factors in a Road
System Using the existing Construction Site
Vol:10 No:04
Wireless improper electrical manual type traffic “Proceedings of the
Technology malfunctions or light controllers. World Academy of
mechanical damages are Science, Engineering
and Technology 46,
detected 2008, Page(s): 640 –
643.

11 Fault Detection in IRE Journals | The advantage of this a very challenging Tom Wilson, Plc based
Switch Yard and Volume 1 Issue 11 | method is that SCADA task is to identify substation automation
Transmission ISSN: 2456-8880 are used When any one and isolate the And Selecting a Control
Lines Using PLC breaker is trip because faults in order to System Integrator,
and SCADA of the problems, we can have a very Presented at the Western
monitor and control reliable Electric Power Institute.
through SCADA transmission line
windows. protection.

12 Survey of Fault engineering journal, The advantage of this The detection of S. Jamali, A.
Location (mej), vol. 45, issue method is, it is Fast and faults in Bahmanyar, and E.
Techniques for 2, June 2020 accurate locating of the distribution Bompard, “Fault
Distribution fault along location method for
Networks networks are a distribution networks
distribution networks complex task due

24
 enhance system to various parallel using smart meters,”
reliability and branches, Measurement, vol. 102,
pp.150–157, May 2017.
continuity of supply, numerous taps
quick reclamation of the along the feeders,
power supply and multiple
conductors, and
subsequently decreasing
service outage time. complex structure,

13 Design of International The advantage of this There are many Zheng, T.; Siebers, P.-
Wireless Journal of Recent method is, it measures faults in O.; Aickelin, U.
Networked Technology and current flow in the transmission line emulating electricity
Engineering
Electricity Pole transmission line at the disconnection or usage industrial
(IJRTE)
Line Multi-Fault ISSN: 2277-3878, pole point and tracking cut off due to buildings: An agent-
Monitoring Volume-8 Issue- parameters such as external forces, based approach. Energy
System 4S2, December voltage sensors, current voltage sag, under Build. 2011, 43, 2882–
2019 sensors in street lamps voltage, 2892.
with pole position
sensors.

14 Automatic Fault International The of this method is power P.A.Gulbhile, J.R.Rana,

Detection in Journal of the system transmission lines B.T.Deshmukh ,Review
Transmission Innovative Research automatically and can cause an for Overhead Line Fault
in
Lines using GSM accurately provides interruption of Detection Using GSM
Electrical,
Technology. Electronics, accurate fault location power supply. technology, Vol. 5, Issue
Instrumentation and information. This will 12, December 2016.
Control Engineering ensure a shorter
response time for
technical crew to rectify
these faults and thus
help save transformers
from damage and
disasters.

15 Real Time fault International The advantage of using continuous IOT Based Real Time
Alert System for Journal of Scientific this method is, it monitoring is not Transformer Health
Distribution Development and monitors and protect oil Monitoring System and
Research (IJSDR) possible all the
quality, temperature, Phase Preventer’
Transformer ISSN: 2455-2631 © time which may
April 2019 IJSDR | and current, fuse open P.G.Navamanikumar,
Using IOT or closed and voltage lead to S.Agnesha,
Volume 4, Issue 4
level of transformer malfunction or
failure of P.Gowsalya, K.Indhu,
without involving man distribution N.Sivasakthi Assistant
power. transformer. Professor, Department
of Electronic and
communication
Engineering, Shivani

College of Engineering
& Technology, Trichy,
Tamilnadu, India.

16 power distribution International The advantage of using The overhead P.A. Abraham, K.A.
line breakage Journal of Scientific this method is the cables can break Narayanankutty, T.N.

25
 identification and Research and existing system due to natural Padmanaban Nambiar,
alerting system Review diagnosed the faults in calamities or man- “Wireless Embedded
Volume 8, Issue 4, the power distribution made mistakes
2019 System for Power Line
cable and sent the data which could
ISSN NO: 2279- Monitoring”, Bonfring
543X. collected to the terribly cause
Electricity department death to humans or International Journal of
through Internet by animals due to Power Systems and
using Node MCU IOT electrocution.
Module. Integrated Circuits,
December 2011.

17 Automatic International It can detect other types distribution E.C.Bascom,

underground Research Journal of of cable fault such as network is likely “Computerzied
cable fault Engineering and Short circuit fault, cable to get faults, on Underground cable fault
Technology
detection with cuts, Resistive fault, and off the location expertise .”in
(IRJET) e-ISSN:
SMS alert 2395-0056 Sheath faults, Water supplier as well as Proc .IEEE Power
Volume: 05 Issue: trees, Partial discharge. user. Engg.Soc General
02 | Feb-2018 Meeting ,Apr 10-
ISSN: 2395-0072 15,1994,pp. 376 -382]

18 Underground Journal of This method reduces it is not easily Pooja P.S.and Lakshmi
Cable Fault Emerging cable reliability, identifying the M (2015)’Fault
Detection System Technologies and because it depends on faults within the detection technique for
Innovative Research
Using GSM & physically cutting the underground Underground Cables ‘-
(JETIR) May 2020,
GPS Volume 7, Issue 5 cable. cables. International Journal of
Engineering Research
and General science
volume 3 issue 3, May-
June ,2015

19 Fault Detection, Journal of The advantage of using Power system Gomes, D. S., André,
Classification and Multidisciplinary this method is, it components are Costa, M. A., deFaria, T.
Location on Engineering contains neural network always subjected G. A., and Caminhas,
Science and
132kv constitutes parallel to the greatest W. M. (2013): Detection
Technology
Transmission (JMEST) processors used for the stresses from and classification of
Line based on ISSN: 2458-9403 storage of trained data, excessive currents faults in power
DWT and ANFIS Vol. 7 Issue 6, June and can use the data in as a result of fault transmission lines using
- 2020 future to determine the functional analysis and
health of the network. computational
intelligence.In IEEE
Transactions on Power
Delivery, 28(3): 1402 –
1413

20 Distribution Side International The system is effective distribution Shunmugam.R, Ashok

Fault Detection Journal of in the sense that a network is likely kumar.K , Deebika Devi
and Advanced Research complete online to get faults, on .A.R, Manoj Kumar .K,
in Electrical,
supervising of the and off the Mathivanan .A.M,
Disconnection Electronics and
Instrumentation distribution transformer supplier as well as “Distribution Line Fault
Using GSM is user. Detection And
Engineering ISSN
(Print): 2320 – 3765 Intimation Using
ISSN (Online): accomplished through
2278 – 8875 this system. The use of GSM”, Vol 02, April
GSM modem helps in 2016
effective message

26
 signaling to the required
receive

Many of the studies mentioned above were restricted to the cost of the materials used in their

fabrication which made them relatively more expensive. The designed used in this work

however, is simple and the materials employed are cost effective making this device a smart

solution to solar backup systems for homes and buildings. The methodology of this project's

work is covered in the next chapter.

27
 CHAPTER THREE

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

3.1 Introduction
The system design and implementation are the main topics of this chapter. The system design

consists of the many modules that make up the work's functioning operation, while the system

implementation depicts the technique used to complete the fabrication. This chapter also includes

the circuit diagram and flow chart of the project work.

3.2 System Components

The components used for this project work is summarized in the Table 3.1:

Table 3.1: List of components and specifications.

Name of Component Specification Number Used

Arduino Nano 28 pins, operating voltage +1.8V to 1

Microcontroller +5.5V

MCB Input voltage: 220V, current: 10A 2

Transformer Step down, Input: 220V AC output 1

12V AC

Optocoupler (PC817) Forward voltage: DC 1.25V, 5mm, 3

CE voltage: 80V, CC: 50mA.

LCD (16 x 2) Operating voltage: 4.7V to 5.3V, 1

current consumption: 1mA

Voltage Regulator (LM8705) Min. input voltage: 7V, Max. input 1

28
 voltage: 25V, operating current:

5mA.

GSM module (SIM 900) Voltage: DC 3.4V-4.5V, transmitting 1

power: Class 4 (2W)

3.3 System Design

The design method used in this project work to attain the required objectives is discussed in this

part. Figure 3.1 depicts the block diagram of the system's design. The system's design is further

separated into two parts: hardware and software.

Figure 3.1 Block diagram of the System

29
3.3.1 Hardware Design
This component is made up of four primary modules that work together to complete the project:

Power Unit, Sensing Unit, Processing Unit, and Output Unit are the modules. As seen in Figure

3.2, they are linked together. Each unit's circuit was developed separately, with the final circuit

including all of the unit's circuitry. The following sections go into the design of the system's

modules in depth:

I. Power Unit Design

II. Sensing Unit Design

III. Processing Unit Design

IV. Output Unit Design

I. Power Unit Design: Power was supplied to the complete circuit through the power

supply. In this project, a 12-0-12 center tapped step-down transformer was used to scale

down a 220V AC input voltage to 24V, which was then regulated to 5V [22].

 Transformer: The value of the input 220V input AC was stepped down to 24V AC using

a center tapped stepdown transformer with a rating of 220V/24V AC. According to

transformer theory, the transformer Equation is as follows [23]:

Vp Np Is
TR= = = (3.1)
Vs Ns Ip

Where Vp: Voltage at the primary winding

Vs: Voltage at the secondary winding

Np: Number of turns at the primary windings

Ns: Number of turns at the secondary windings

To calculate the Ns let Np = 2000turns, Vp = 220V and Vs = 24V

30
 VsNp
Ns= (3.2)
Vp

24 x 2000 48000
Ns= = =218 turns
220 220

Therefore, the number of turns at the secondary winding of the transformer is 218turns.

 Rectification: Rectification is the conversion of AC voltage to DC voltage. Full wave and

half wave rectification are the two forms of rectification. During half wave rectification,

the input signal should be positive cycle; hence, the output voltage will be positive. For

full-wave rectification, the input signal should be in both positive and negative cycles. A

full-wave output is used in this project [24]. Rectification was used to convert the 24V

AC to 24V DC using four diodes coupled in a rectifier circuit.

 Filtration: The output after the Rectification is not a proper DC, it is oscillation output

and has a very high ripple factor. We don’t need that pulsating output, for this we use

Capacitor [24]. Capacitor charge till the waveform goes to its peak and discharge into

Load circuit when waveform goes low. So, when output is going low, capacitor maintains

the proper voltage supply into the Load circuit, hence creating the DC. Now how the

value of this filter capacitor should be calculated. Here are the formulae:

C=I*t/V

C= capacitance to be calculated

I= Max output current (let’s say 500mA)

t= 10ms,

We will get wave of 100Hz frequency after converting 50Hz AC into DC, through full

wave bridge rectifier. As the negative part of the pulse is converted into positive, one

pulse will be counted two [25]. So, the Time period will be 1/100= .01 Second= 10ms

31
 V = Peak voltage – voltage given to voltage regulator IC (+2 more than rated means

5+2=7)

9-0-9 is the RMS value of transforms so peak voltage is Vrms * 1.414= 9* 1.414= 12.73v

Now 1.4v will be dropped on 2 diodes (0.7 per diode) as 2 will be forward biased for half

wave.

So, 12.73 – 1.4 = 11.33v

When capacitor discharges into load circuit, it must provide 7v to 7805 IC to work so

finally V is:

V = 11.33 – 7= 4.33v

So now C = I * t / V

C = 500mA * 10ms / 4.33 = .5 * .01 / 4.33 = 1154uF ~ 1000uF.

 Regulation: A LM 7805 voltage regulator was used to convert the 24V DC voltage to 5V

DC voltage. The circuit was also powered by the 5V DC output voltage. After this

rectification procedure yielded a 5V DC output, it was fed into the circuit [26]. The

circuit schematic for the power supply is shown in Figure 3.2:

Figure 3.2: Power unit circuit diagram

32
 II. Sensing Unit Design: Two (2) optocouplers make up the sensing unit in this project.

Each optocoupler is linked to an MCB, with the input of the optocoupler being connected

to the MCB's Live and Neutral outputs. As illustrated in Figure 3.3, the resistors R13 and

R17 are utilized to restrict the diode's forward current (If) from points A to K. The

transistor in the phototransistor component of the optocoupler, which contains the emitter

and collector, will change the collector state from HIGH to LOW when the diode emits

light at the LED section of any of the optocouplers. This signal is then delivered to the

Arduino Nano microcontroller chip through the microcontroller's A0 and A1 pins. When

power is interrupted at any of the MCBs, the optocouplers detect the signal and deliver a

LOW signal to the microntroller [27]. Figure 3.3 is the circuit diagram of the

optocouplers.

Figure 3.3: Sensing unit circuit diagram

III. Processing Unit Design: The Arduino Nano microcontroller serves as the processing

unit. The microcontroller's job is collecting signals from the circuit's optocouplers and

providing the relevant instructions to the LCD and GSM module. The two output pins of

the individual optocouplers are attached to the microcontroller's A0 (A input channel 0)

33
 and A1 (A1 input channel 1) pins and are responsible for providing a high or low signal

to the microcontroller [27]. When the microcontroller detects a HIGH signal, it interprets

the signal as normal circuit operation; however, when the microcontroller detects a LOW

signal, it detects the presence of a fault state, which in this case means one or both MCBs

have tripped OFF, depending on the number of channels sending the low signals. The

microcontroller provides an output signal to both the LCD and the GSM module when

this condition is reached.

IV. Output Unit Design: The output unit is the final component in the circuitry's operation.

This aspect of the operation is accomplished with the help of an LCD and a GSM module

in this project. The LCD display's purpose is to indicate on the MCCB panel board which

MCCB is faulty by displaying its position. The GSM module (SIM 900A) is to receive

signaled instructions from the microcontroller and deliver them to the user's mobile

phone through SMS, revealing the presence of a defect in one or more MCB(s) as well as

the MCB's articulation (s) [27]. The LCD's input terminals are linked to the

microcontroller's pins 4,6,11,12,13, and 14 PORTD, while the GSM module's input

terminal is attached to the pins RX and TX. A 12V DC battery is linked to the VSS,

VDD, and VEE inputs of the GSM module (SIM 900A). Figure 3.4 depicts the design's

output circuit, while Figure 3.5 depicts the project's entire circuit diagram.:

34
Figure 3.4: The circuit diagram of the output

Figure 3.5: Complete circuit diagram

35
3.3.2 Software Design
The system flowchart is part of the software design, which is the second phase of the project's

design. When the system is powered, it is initialized, as shown in the system flowchart. If the

optocoupler gives a low signal to the microcontroller, the microcontroller interprets it as a

problem signal and directs the GSM module to send the user a fault SMS alert; otherwise, the

system reverts to its default configuration. When a failure signal is detected, the microcontroller

instructs the LCD to display a fault message that includes the location of the defective MCB. The

system's flowchart is shown in Figure 3.6:

36
37
 Figure 3.6: flowchart diagram
3.4 Design Implementation
The design construction of this project is divided into four basic sections: the connection and the

casing.

I. Connection: This consists of the temporal and permanent placement of the circuit

components on the Breadboard and Veroboard. Plate V shows these connections where

the optocoupler connection on the Veroboard, as well as the connection to the LCD.

II. Casing: The casing of this work was done by placing the components on a wooden

platform as shown in Plate VI.

3.5 Summary of the Chapter

This chapter covered the circuitry's functionality as well as the numerous processes involved in

the work's production. It also emphasized the steps made to assure the establishment of an

automatic GSM based distribution board fault detection system.

38
 CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Preamble
The major aim of this project work was to develop a Distribution Box Detection System for

solving the problem of electrical fault location in MCCB panel boards. The results of this project

work are further shown and discussed in this chapter.

4.1 Results
The results of the tested system are divided into two samples; sample one and sample two and

are given below:

4.1.1 Sample One:

An open circuit fault was created and tested simply but switching the circuit breaker off. The

system gave a buzzing sound signifying that fault has been detected.

4.1.2 Sample Two:

I was able to test effectiveness of the circuit breaker by using an extension box. Since the system

works with the principle of open circuit fault, an extension box was used this time to achieve the

short circuit test. The extension was connected to the load terminals; hence the system was

powered on. A short small wire was used to bride the life and neutral terminals on the extension

box to create a short circuit. The circuit breaker was connected to that extension box tripped

imposing a short circuit was imposed on the system. Therefore, confirming the test for fault

detection and switching system functionalities.

The tabulated value in Table 4.1 shows the relationship between the values of unit/component

for the normal function of the system and when a fault is detected.

39
Table 4.1: showing voltage readings of the power unit.

S/N Component Voltage type Normal operational Value after when fault

values (volts) is detected (volts)

(AC or DC)

1 From the Mains AC 218 218

2 After stepping down AC 11.8 11.1

3 After rectification DC 11.7 11.2

4 After regulation DC 5.1 5.04

4.1.3 Arduino Nano output

Table 4.2 shows the average/readings result from the Arduino Nano

Table 4.2: showing the results of the Arduino nano output

MCCB SAMPLES ARDUNIO NANO OUTPUT (V)

MCCB 1 ON MCCB 2 ON 2.83

MCCB 1 ON MCCB 2 OFF 1.09

MCCB 1 OFF MCCB 2 ON 1.10

MCCB 1 OFF MCCB 2 OFF 0.60

40
Note: all the output signal cannot be tested because of the ambiguity of the data being collected

from the microcontroller output. Therefore, we used the live and ground wires to read the voltage

to make the result easier to collate.

4.1.4 Notification Result

The Plate XII, shows the notification received on the user mobile device through SMS as sent

from the GSM module.

Plate VIII: Notification message from GSM Module

There were various variations in time taken to receive the SMS from the module when a GLO,

Airtel, MTN and 9Mobile SIM were inserted in the module.

Table 4.3: Time taken to receive SMS with GLO as the inserted SIM

TIME TAKEN TO
INSERTED NOTIFICATION

NETWORK (SIM) NETWORK (SIM) DELIVER SMS (S)

GLO MTN 00:00:09

41
 GLO AIRTEL 00:00:05

GLO GLO 00:00:03

GLO 9MOBILE 00:00:07

Table 4.4: Time taken to receive SMS with AIRTEL as the inserted SIM

TIME TAKEN TO
INSERTED NOTIFICATION

NETWORK (SIM) NETWORK (SIM) DELIVER SMS (S)

AIRTEL MTN 00:00:10

AIRTEL AIRTEL 00:00:11

AIRTEL GLO 00:00:10

AIRTEL 9MOBILE 00:00:12

Table 4.5: Time taken to receive SMS with MTN as the inserted SIM

TIME TAKEN TO
INSERTED NOTIFICATION

NETWORK (SIM) NETWORK (SIM) DELIVER SMS (S)

MTN MTN 00:00:10

MTN AIRTEL 00:00:12

MTN GLO 00:00:17

42
 MTN 9MOBILE 00:00:09

Table 4.6: Time taken to receive SMS with 9MOBILE as the inserted SIM

TIME TAKEN TO
INSERTED NOTIFICATION

NETWORK (SIM) NETWORK (SIM) DELIVER SMS (S)

9MOBILE MTN 00:00:14

9MOBILE AIRTEL 00:00:6

9MOBILE GLO 00:00:10

9MOBILE 9MOBILE 00:00:4

4.2 Discussion of results

4.2.1 Power Unit
The results from the power unit signify a study that shows that, provided the device is connected

to a power source, the power unit has nothing to do with the sensitivity of the unit, other than to

step down and regulate power supply to the component which has been explained in chapter 3

above.

4.2.2 Microcontroller
The microcontroller is able to send signal to the display unit and the GSM module with the help

of the optocoupler which serve as the sensing unit of the device. When the system is functioning

normally, the optocoupler sends an average voltage from 1-5v to the microcontroller signifying

that system is fine.

43
A fault is detected when the optocoupler sends a low voltage signal between 0-0.5v to the

microcontroller, hence sending a processed data carrying different voltage signal of average 1.2v

to both the LED, speaker and the GSM module.

The relationship between the fault MCCB sample established that, the signals processed by the

microcontroller is not affected by the breaker that tripped. This implies that, the microcontroller

will always send a fault signal provided any of the optocoupler sends a low voltage signal.

4.2.3 GSM Module

The results obtained were in correlation with the result expected. Plate XII shows the notification

messages received on the user’s phone when the MCBs were tripped OFF. This notification

showed the particular location of the tripped OFF MCB on the board. From the Tables 4.3, 4.4,

4.5, and 4.6 shown in section 4.2, four different SIM cards (GLO, AIRTEL, MTN and) were

used during the evaluation of this work. These SIM cards were chosen based on the availability

of the service providers in this part of the world (Nigeria). It was observed that there were

variations in the time taken for the messages to be delivered to the operator’s mobile phone

owing to factors such as the signal strength of the service provider within the location of the

operation. This highlighted the need for the signal strength of the service provider within the area

of operation to be taken into consideration to ensure the optimum result of this design.

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

44
5.1 Conclusion
It was possible to design and implement a distribution box fault locator with an alert system.

When an MCB was tripped OFF, the system was able to send a message to the user's mobile

phone in the form of an SMS alert. It showed the exact location of the MCB that had been

tripped OFF, allowing the user to quickly pinpoint the issue on the panel board. Due to the fact

that it matches the system's projected outcomes, large-scale manufacture and execution of this

project work is possible.

5.2 Recommendation
The following are recommendations of this work:

i. An inclusion of a phase failure tester system.

ii. The addition of a signal strength tester for service providers to enable operators make

sound decisions with respect to the choicest SIM card to use during installation.

iii. The integration of a reminder system in the case of an MCB that have tripped OFF and

have not been attended to as a result of SMS delivery delay or delay by the operators.

iv. The inclusion of a user interface of this system for smart homes.

45
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