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General Biology (WEEK1)

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General Biology

FORMS OF ENERGY
GRADE 11-SANDUGO I WEEK 1 I SIR MARVIN

ENERGY FLOW & CHEMICAL CHEMICAL ENERGY


RECYCLING IN ECOSYSTEMS POTENTIAL ENERGY RELEASED IN A
CHEMICAL REACTION
ENERGY FLOWS INTO
ECOSYSTEM AS SUNLIGHT AND POTENTIAL ENERGY
ULTIMATELY LEAVES AS HEAT, POSSESSED ENERGY OF A MATTER
WHILE THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS AT REST (NON-MOVING FORM)
ESSENTIAL TO LIFE ARE
RECYCLED LAWS OF ENERGY TRANSFORMATION

ENERGY IS THE CAPACITY TO THERMODYNAMICS - IS THE STUDY OF


CAUSE CHANGE. IT ALSO THE ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS THAT
ABILITY TO REARRANGE A OCCURS IN A SYSTEM (COLLECTION OF
COLLECTION OF MATTER MATTER). LIVING SYSTEMS ARE
CONSIDERED AS OPEN SYSTEMS
IN THE ENVIRONMENT BECAUSE ENERGY AND MATTER ARE
DIFFERENT FORMS OF ENERGY TRANSFERRED BETWEEN SYSTEMS AND
EXIST: KINETIC, LIGHT AND THE SURRONDINGS
POTENTIAL ENERGY
1ST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS - THE
FORMS OF ENERGY ENERGY OF THE UNIVERSE IS CONSTANT:
ENERGY CAN BE TRANFERRED AND
KINETIC ENERGY TRANSFORMED BUT IT CANNOT BE
ASSOCIATED WITH RELATIVE MOTION OF CREATED NOR DESTROYED
OBJECTS
PLANTS DO NOT PRODUCE ENERGY,
THERMAL ENERGY
BUT TRANSFORMS ENERGY FROM THE
TYPE OF KINETIC ENERGY ASSOCIATED
SUN. SOME ENERGY BECOMES
WITH RANDOM MOVEMENT OF ATOMS.
UNAVAILABLE TO DO WORK BECAUSE
WHEN THERMAL ENERGY IS TRANSFERRED
MOST IS LOST AS HEAT
IN THE FORM OF HEAT

LIGHT ENERGY
MAIN ENERGY SOURCE IS THE SUN 2ND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS - EVERY
AND POWERS PHOTOSYNTHESIS ENERGY TRANSFER OR TRANSFORMATION
(ANABOLIC PROCESS) INCREASES THE ENERGY OF THE UNIVERSE
EQUILIBRIUM AND METABOLISM

EQUILIBRIUM = NO WORK

THIS USUALLY HAPPENED IN ISOLATED


SYSTEMS THAT REACH EQUILIBRIUM

A CELL THAT REACHES THE STATE OF


EQUILIBRIUM IS DEAD
GIBB’S FREE ENERGY- GIBBS FREE ENERGY
IS THE ENERGY IN THE SYSTEM THAT CAN A NORMAL CELL IS NOT IN EQUILIBRIUM,
PERFORM WORK WHEN TEMPERATURE AND BECAUSE ITS PRODUCTS ARE NOT
PRESSURE ARE UNIFORM THROUGHOUT ACCUMULATED WITHIN ITS SYSTEM, INSTEAD
THE SYSTEM THE PRODUCTS BECOMES A REACTANT IN
THE NEXT STEP.

ENERGY FLOW
INCREASE IN G- UNSTABLE I.E CONCENTRATED
DYE

DECREASE IN G-STABLE I.E DYE DISPERSED IN


WATER

EXERGONIC REACTIONS- ENERGY IS RELEASED


(ENERGY OUTWARD), MORE DECREASE IN FREE
ENERGY = MORE WORK DONE

ENDERGONIC REACTIONS- ENERGY IS


ABSORBED (ENERGY INWARD). PLANTS STORES
ENERGY IN THE FORM OF GLUCOSE (FROM
CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER)
ATP - ADP CYCLE
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)- IS THE
ENERGY CURRENCY USED THROUGHOUT THE
CELL

STRUCTURE COMPOSED OF: SUGAR


ATP PROVIDES ENERGY FOR THE CELL TO RIBOSE, NITROGEN CASE ADENINE
DO WORK, SUCH AS MECHANICAL WORK, AND A CHAIN OF 3-PHOSPHATE
TRANSPORT SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE GROUPS
MEMBRANCE, AND PERFORM VARIOUS
CHEMICAL REACTIONS. MEDIATES MOST ENERGY COUPLING
IN CELLS
ATP IS COMPOSED OF PHOSPHATE
GROUPS, A RIBOSE AND ADENINE. IN HTE CELLULAR WORK THAT
STRUCTURE OF ATP, THERE ARE THREE REQUIRES ATP
PHOSPHATE GROUPS ATTACHED TO
ADENOSINE.
3 MAIN KINDS OF WORK OF A CELL:
THE LAST TWO BONDS ON THE CHEMICAL WORK, TRANSPORT WORK
PHOSPHATE GROUPS CONTAIN AND MECHANICAL WORK
ESPECIALLY HIGH ENERGY AND ARE CHEMICAL WORK - SYNTHESIS OF POLYMERS
THEREFORE VERY USEFUL FOR DOING FROM MONOMERS (PUSHING OF ENDERGONIC
WORK WITHIN LIVING CELLS. THE BONDS REACTIONSA).
THAT HOLD PHOSPHATE GROUPS ARE
EASILY BROKEN BY HYDROLYSIS WHICH
RESULTS IN THE RELEASE OF ENERGY

TRANSPORT WORK - PUMPING OF


SUBSTANCES ACROSS MEMBRANES (AGAINST
THE DIRECTION OF SPONTANEOUS
MOVEMENT)
MECHANICALWORK - BEATING OF CILIA, HYDROLYSIS RELEASES SO MUCH ENERGY
CONTRACTION OF MUSCLES BECAUSE OF THE NEGATIVE CHARGES OF
THE PHOSPHATE GROUPS. THESE CHARGES
ARE CROWDED TOGETHER AND THEIR
MUTUAL REPULSION CONTRIBUTES TO THE
INSTABILITY OF THAT REGION OF THE ATP.
THE ENERGY EQUIVALENT OF THE
TRIPHOSPHATE TAIL OF ATP IS COMPARED
TO A COMPRESSED SPRING.

HOW THE HYDROLYSIS OF ATP


HYDROLYSIS OF ATP PERFORM WORK?

PROCESS OF BREAKING DOWN BONDS


BETWEEN THE PHOSPHATE GROUPS PROOF THAT ATP RELEASES HEAT” IN A
TEST SET UP, THE HYDROLYSIS OF ATP
THIS HAPPENS WHEN A WATER MOLECULE RELEASES ENERGY IN THE FORM OF HEAT IN
BREAKS THE TERMINAL PHOSPHATE BOND THE SURRONDING WATER

THE BODIES REACTION TO


COLD ENVIRONMENT

SHIVERING = ATP EXPENDITURE

HEAT GENERATE = DISADVANTAGE

IN ORDER O MAINTAIN THE LIVING


CONDITONS INSIDE THE CELL THE ENERY
RELEASED DURING ATP HYDROLYSIS IS
USED BY PROTEINS TO PERFORM WORK:
HOPO32-, ABBREVIATED PI LEAVES ATP CHEMICAL TRANSPORT AND MECHANICAL
WORK.
FORMING ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE (ADP)
HYDROLYSIS OF ATP LEADS TO CHANGE IN
ENERGY IS RELEASED. THIS COMES FROM THE SHAPE OF PROTEIN AN D IN ITS ABILITY
THE CHEMICAL CHANGE OF THE SYSTEM TO BIND TO ANOTHER MOLECULE
STATE OF LOWER FREE ENERGY AND NOT PHOSPHORYLATION (ADP TO ATP) AND
FROM THE PHOSPHATE BONDS. DEPHOSPHORYLATING (ATP TO ADP)
PROMOTE CRUCIAL PROTEIN SHAPE
CHANGES DURING IMPORTANT CELLULAR
PROCESS
REGENERATION OF ATP

ATP IS A RENEWABLE ENERGY AND IT CAN


BE REGENERATED BY THE ADDITION OF
PHOSPHATE TO ADP

CATABOLISM (EXERGONIC) PROVIDES THE


FREE ENERGY TO PHOSPHORYLATE
ADP.

ATP FORMATION IS NOT SPONTANEOUS,


SO THERE IS A NEED TO USE FREE ENERGY
FOR THE PROCESS TO WORK.

ATP CYCLE IS THE SHUTTLING OF


INORGANIC PHOSPHATE AND ENERGY.

ITCOUPLES THE CELL’S ENERGY YIELDING


PROCESSES (EXERGONIC) TO ENERGY
CONSUMING PROCESS (ENDERGONIC)

ATP REGENERATION HAPPENS VERY FAST


(10M MOLECULES OF ATP USED AD
REGENERATED PER SECOND)

IF ATP COULD NOT BE REGENERATED BY


PHOSPHORYLATION OF ADP, HUMANS
WOULD USE NEARLY THEIR BODY WEIGHT
IN ATP EACH DAY.

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