Unit I.

Concept of Anthropology,
Political Branches of Sociology
Science, and Sociology 1. Social Organization
2. Social Psychology
3. Applied sociology
ANTHROPOLOGY
4. Human Ecology
GOALS OF SOCIOLOGY
 From the Latin word “Anthropologia”
1. to study the nature of humanity
meaning “study of humanity”
2. appreciate society
 From the Greek word “anthropos”
meaning “human being”
POLITICAL SCIENCE
 It is the study of human beings and • It is the systematic study
their ancestors through time and of politics, government,
space in relation to physical and political power
character, environmental, social
relations, and culture. GOALS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
 Franz Boas, Father of Modern 1. Make people better citizens.
Anthropology 2. Keep social order and harmony
among different groups of people.
3. Protect the rights of an individual.
4. Avoid conflict and promote
cooperation

CULTURAL VARIATION
• It refers to the differences or distinct
forms of
social behaviors that various cultures
exhibit
GOALS OF ANTHROPOLOGY around the world.

1. Observe the common things among SIGNIFICANT REASONS OF

people CULTURAL VARIATIONS
2. Discover what makes people different 1. Environment
from each other 2. Isolation
3. Create new knowledge through 3. Technology
researches about humankind and
behavior SOCIAL DIFFERENCE
• It refers to the dissimilarities among
SOCIOLOGY individuals based on the social
Is the study of society, patterns of social characteristics and qualities.
interactions, social life, social change, and
social causes and consequences of human Unit II. Society and Culture
behavior.
Society
A group of people interacting with each
other and having a common culture; • It refers to all that man has made for
sharing common geographical or territorial himself through time,
domains, and having relatively common material or non-material, still useful or not
aspirations. anymore, all to
provide benefits for his society.
-Functional
Society is defined as a complex of groups • Even though culture is all about man, it
in reciprocal relationships, interacting has nothing to do with
upon one another, enabling human his biological characteristics or his natural
organisms to carry on instincts.
their life-activities and helping each person
to fulfill his wishes and accomplish his Characteristics of Culture
interests in association with his fellows.
a. Culture is learned.
-Structural ✓ The different habits, skills, values and
Society is the total social heritage of knowledge are acquired or learned in the
folkways, course of a person’s life.
mores and institutions; of habits, ✓ “Enculturation”
sentiments and ideals.
b. Culture is transmitted.
Reasons people live together as a society ✓ Culture within a social group is
● For survival transmitted to succeeding generations
“No man is an island.” through imitation, instruction and
● Feeling of gregariousness example.
Desire of people to be with ✓ “Cultural transmission”
other people
● Specialisation c. Culture is adaptive.
Professionals organize themselves into ✓ All culture change.
societies ✓ Man is capable of adjusting to his
environment.
FAMILY ✓ “Adaptation”
“The basic unit of society”
d.Culture is gratifying.
Culture is “that complex whole which ✓ Culture provides satisfaction for man’s
includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, biological and socio-cultural needs, foods,
laws, customs and any other capabilities clothing, and shelter and for various
and habits acquired by man as a member relationships with other individuals and
of society.” groups.

• Culture is the way of life, especially the e.Culture is symbolic.

general customs and beliefs, of a particular ✓ Through culture, man can communicate
group of people at a particular time.” with other people using language. Symbols
-Cambridge English Dictionary
must be understood by all to be an • Comprise man’s concepts of his physical,
effective tool. social and cultural world as manifested in
people’s beliefs and values.
TYPES OF CULTURE 6.Knowledge
● Material Culture • Body of facts and beliefs that people
-it is a type of culture that are created accumulate over time.
by human or that is tangible • “Any information Received”
Example: Food, Clothing, Technology
Aspects of Culture
● Non-Material Culture ART
-It is a type of culture that are being ✓ One aspect of culture that includes the
learned or observed by human expression or application of human
Example: Religion, Behaviour, Gesture, creative skill and imagination.
Customs ✓ It exemplify human expression
influenced by culture and conversely may
Elements of Non- material Culture change culture.
1.Beliefs ✓ Manifestation of a person’s creative
• Man’s perception about the reality of mind.
things and are shared ideas about how the
world and his environment operate. LANGUAGE
• “Accepted reality” ✓ A system of communication used by
a particular society.
2.Values ✓ It is the most important tool of
• Refer to the broad preferences of a verbal communication and it is the
person on the appropriate courses of action area where cultural differences play
or decision he has to take. its role.
• Help us to develop our personality.
FOOD
3.Norms ✓ It is one of the best ways to truly
• Established expectations of society. experience local culture.
• Agreed‐upon expectations and rules by ✓ Nearly every culture has its own food,
which a culture guides the behaviour of its and its own customs associated with it.
members in any given situation.
COSTUME
4. Folkways ✓ It is the distinctive style of dress of an
• Habits, customs and repetitive patterns of individual or group that reflects their class,
behaviour. profession, or nationality.
• Norms that stem from and organise
casual RELIGION
interactions, and emerge out of repetition ✓ A unified system of beliefs and
and practices
routines. relative to sacred things.

5. Ideas
Unit III. Cultural Relativism & - Is the process of developing physical
Ethnocentrism and biological change in a species
over a period of time. Natural
Because of geographical structure and changes and events forced species to
history it resulted to diverse and culturally adapt to the environment, while some
variated society. faced extinction.

CULTURAL DIVERSITY THEORY OF EVOLUTION

✓ Every society in the world is unique - CHARLES DARWIN
from Proposed that the current human race
one another. spurred from a line of primates that
✓ Everyone has his own cultural practices, evolved through “survival of the fittest,”
values and interests. wherein primitive species competed
✓ Each culture has its distinct features and among each other for survival.
characteristics.
HOMINIDS
Cultural Relativism - The general term used to categorize the
✓NOT judging a culture to our own group of early humans and other human-
standards of what is right or wrong, like creatures that can walk erect during
strange or normal. the prehistoric period.
✓ Avoid cultural bias
✓ Avoid looking with arrogance another Categories of Hominid
culture by the standards of one’s own 1. Sahelanthropus Tchadensis
culture Period of Existence: 6-7 million years ago
“No culture is superior to other cultures.” Distinct Features:
• It had both ape-like and human-like
ETHNOCENTRISM characteristics
✓“The view of things in which one’s own • A skull similar to Australopithecus and
group is the CENTER of everything and modern human.
all others are scaled and rated with • Height almost similar with chimpanzee.
reference to it.” • Brain size-320-380 cc
-William Graham Sumner • Small teeth
✓A feeling of superiority towards one’s • Had the ability to walk upright.
own group over other groups.
✓“One’s group is more important than any
other.”

Unit IV.Biological and Cultural

Evolution

EVOLUTION

2. Ardipithecus
Period of Existence: 5.6 million years ago
Distinct Features:
• “Ape on the Ground”
• Height about 4 feet
• Skull size similar to an ape
• Small brain
• Bipedal
• Lived in jungles and forests like
chimpanzee
-Homo Habilis
Period of Existence: 2.5-1.4 million years
ago
“Handy man”
Distinct Features:
• Developed bipedalism or the ability to
walk
upright
• Brain size was estimated to be 35%
larger than
Ardipithecus Ardipithecus Ardipithecus the Australopithecus africanus.
• Had smaller teeth compared to
3. Australopithecus australopithecines.
Period of Existence: 5 million years ago • Diet included a variety of plants and
Distinct Features: meat.
• “The Southern Ape”
• Brain size- 500cc or almost 1/3 size of
the
modern human brains
• Upright
• Bipedal
• Tool users not tool makers
• Food scavengers

-Homo Erectus
Period of Existence: 1.9 million years ago
“The Upright Man”
Distinct Features:
• Further enhanced bipedal activities.
• Characterized by strong muscles at the
4. Homo back of
They are classified as human the neck, shallow forehead, and elongated
and not human-like creatures brain case.
because they had bigger brains
and were bipedal.
• Diet included an increased consumption It can also include tools that are used for
of hunting and gathering or symbolic writing
Meat. found in caves.

CULTURAL EVOLUTION
It is the idea that the human culture
such as beliefs, knowledge, customs,
skills, attitudes and
languages change over time.

1. Paleolithic Age/Old Stone Age

-Homo Sapiens ➢ Greek plaios (old) lithos (stone)
Period of Existence: 1.9 million years ago ➢ Coined by John Lubbock in 1865
“The Wise Man” ➢ Learned how to use simple and
Distinct Features: unpolished
• Average brain capacity of 82 cubic tools
inches. ➢ Discovered the use of fire
• Characterized by high forehead, small ➢ Learn how to hunt for foods
teeth
➢ Lived in caves
and jaw, and defined chin.
• Constructed and use tools for survival.
2. Mesolithic Period/ Middle Stone Age
• Developed a symbolic communication
system. ➢ Greek words-Mesos “middle, lithos
“stone”
➢ Transition period between Paleolithic &
Neolithic period
➢ Gradually domesticated plants &
animals
➢ Started to form their own settlements &
Significance of Artefactual Evidence communities

Artefactual evidence 3. Neolithic Period/ New Stone Age

The only source of knowledge in
understanding HUMAN SOCIETIES
the lifestyle and the developments that • Hunting & Gathering Society,
occurred Horticultural Society, Pastoral Society
in each transitional stage of human
evolution. • Agricultural Society, Industrial Society,
Post-industrial Society
Early human species were discovered
through FOSSILS which are remains that Unit V. Becoming a Member
hardened in rock. of the Society
“The human mind at birth is nothing but a ● Values love for others, meaning
blank state, or tabula rasa.” of life, guidelines on how to live
—John Locke 5. Government
● Laws, sense of security,
SOCIALIZATION sanctions of punishment
The process by which we learn the ways of 6. Ethnic Background
a particular group. The process whereby ● Beliefs, values, customs
people acquire personality and learn the 7. Work
way of life of their society. Essentially, ● Employment money, rules, roles
one has to learn CULTURE. 8. Media
● Stereotypes, trends, how to act
The most important time when
socialization occurs is between the ages of Modes of Acquiring Culture
ONE and TEN.
1. Enculturation
Types of Socialization ● Learning one culture for necessity
A. Primary Socialization ● It is the acquisition of one’s own
● The process whereby people learn the culture.
attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to
individuals as members of a particular 2. Acculturation
culture. ● Not an essential requirement for
survival.
B. Anticipatory Socialization ● Process of learning another culture.
● Refers to the processes of socialization
in which a person “rehearses” for future 3. Cultural Imitation
positions, occupation, and social ● Copying, duplication of culture
relationships. ● Is an advanced behavior whereby an
individual observes and replicates
Agents of Socialization another’s behavior.
Agents of socialization are people and/or ● Imitation is also a form of social
groups that influence self-concepts, learning that leads to the development of
emotions, attitudes and behavior. traditions, and
ultimately our culture.
1. Family
● Language acquisitions, 4. Cultural Indoctrination
relationships, rules, initial social ● Culture is formally taught
interactions, morals, role ● It is the process of inculcating a person
models, behavior with ideas, attitudes, cognitive strategies or
2. School professional methodologies.
● Grammar rules, social setting
values 5. Cultural Conditioning
3. Peer Groups ● Culture is learned through REWARDS
● Activities, trends & PUNISHMENT.
4. Religion ● The social process in which, authority
figures such as parent, professors, Gesellschaft
politicians, religious leaders, peers and the ✓ Urban relationship
media define our cultural values, beliefs, ✓ Impersonal/business-
ethical systems, and ultimately the way we like relationship
perceive ourselves in the world.
Dilemmas in Adopting to Culture
6. Cultural Amalgamation
● Culture through inter-marriages Culture Lag
● Refers to two or more cultures blending “Trouble adapting to new culture”
together to create a new unique culture. ➢ Refers to the tendency for culture to be
slow to adapt to changes in technology.
7. Cultural Immersion ➢ Technological change can happen
● New mode of acquiring culture overnight while sometimes it takes culture
● The act of surrounding yourself with a few generations to adapt to changes in
the culture of a place. A unique experience technology.
that can open doors to deeper
understanding of an unfamiliar place Culture Shock
“Confusion and disoriented of new
8. Cultural Accommodation culture”
● You have learned a new culture and ➢ “Culture becomes the lens through
added
which we perceive and evaluate what is
it to your culture without losing your true
going on around
cultural identity
us.”
● Process by which individuals may take
➢ When one travels into a completely
on
different culture, one encounters different
values & beliefs of the host culture &
assumptions
accommodate them in the public sphere,
that might violate what we come to expect
while maintaining the parent culture in the
as normal.
private sphere.

Unit VI.nForms & Functions of

9. Cultural Assimilation
● Learning a new culture and forgetting Social Groups
previous cultural identity
● The process by which a person or a Social Group
group’s language and/or culture come to A collection of two or more people who
resemble those of another group interact with one another, share similar
characteristics, and collectively have a
Relationship & Bonds in Society sense of unity.

Gemeinschaft Characteristics of Social Group

✓ Personal relationship ● Reciprocal relationships
✓ Rural relationship ● Sense of unity and feeling of
✓ Everyone knows everyone sympathy towards each other
● We-feeling: members defend their ● Controlling members behavior
interest collectively Group members behavior must be
● Common interest and ideas controlled for the group to
● Similar behavior; for achieving the continuously survive. This is the
common goals and interests reason why deviant behaviors of
● Group norms: every group has its members of the group are considered
own set of rules and norms dangerous and threatening

Functions of Groups Types of Groups according to:

● Defining boundaries
-To identify who are the members of I. Nature of Social Ties
a group, some sort of devices must be a. Primary (family,
used to mark the boundaries. neighbor)
b. Secondary
● Choosing leaders
-Groups by nature must resolve the II. Social
issue of leadership. A leader Identification
according to Tischler is someone who a. In-groups
occupies central role or position of b. Out-groups
dominance and influence in a group. c. Reference

● Making decisions III. Organization

Among foraging societies, making a. Formal organization
decisions are made involving b. Informal organization
everyone else in the community.
Among modern societies, group use I. Nature of Social Ties
voting system to determine the a. Primary group
decision of the group to save time and Small size and characterized by personal,
energy. intimate and non- specialized relationships
between their members.
● Setting goals Example: Family, basketball team,couple
All groups must have a goal. A goal Elements of Primary Group
may be general, such as protecting the ✓ Tend to be small and ordinarily
environment or too narrow like composed of fewer than 15-20 Individuals
getting to the beach resort. Goals ✓ Interaction and communication among
change over time depending on the members is of intimate and personal nature
challenges faced by the group ✓ Members commonly develop strong
emotional bonds with other members
● Assigning tasks ✓ Generally persist over extensive period
Goals, decision making, leadership of time
are all important functions of group.
Significantly only when tasks are
assigned to each member to perform
b. Secondary group Group or category to which people feel
Formal, impersonal group in which there is they do not belong
little social intimacy or mutual
understanding. Example, business c. Reference
organization, political parties. Group that people use as a standard in
evaluating or understanding themselves,
Relationship between members is very their attitudes and their behavior
superficial and there is only indirect
exertion of influence among them. III. Organization

Elements of Secondary Group a. Formal organization

a. Formal & impersonal relations • An organization type in which the job of
• The group does not exert any primary each member is clearly defined, whose
influence upon its members authority, responsibility and accountability
• They do not meet face to face is fixed.
• They perform their jobs, carry out their • Deliberated by top management.
order, pay their dues and still may not see • To fulfill, the ultimate objective of the
each other Organization
face to face • Stable, it continues for a long time
• Members are bound by hierarchical
b. Large in size structure, has rules and regulations, large
• They may be spread all over the world in size

c. Option of membership b. Informal organization

• The membership of most of the • An organization formed within the
secondary groups is not compulsory formal organization as a network of
interpersonal relationship, when people
d. Active & inactive members interact with each other, is known as
• Due to lack of intimate relations among informal communication.
themselves and large size of the groups, • Created spontaneously members
some of the members of the secondary • Purpose is to satisfy their social and
group are active while others are inactive psychological needs.
• Controlled by norms, values and beliefs.
II. Social Identification • All members are equal and small in size
a. In-group
A member can identify himself/herself Network
within that group. Indicators for group “A set of relations, links, or ties among
identification: social
▪ Faith actors” (Caroline Persell, 2008)
▪ Ideology
▪ Common interest Functions of Social Network
▪ Past time/hobbies
1. Diffusion
b. Out-group
In network information travels fast like
gossips and other breaking news.

2. Exchanges
Information exchange, material exchange
like the multilevel marketing and a lot
more.

3. Social support
Referral system works well in networks in
locating someone finding a job, seeking
advice and forming support groups.

4. Exclusion
Those outside the network are excluded
from the benefits, support system and
information shared within the networks.

KERIBELSSS MO YANNN GL!