US010556510B2

(12) United
Yazami
States Patent (10 ) Patent No.: US 10,556,510 B2
(45 ) Date of Patent: Feb. 11 , 2020
(54 ) ACCURATE ASSESSMENT OF THE STATE (56 ) References Cited
OF CHARGE OF ELECTROCHEMICAL
CELLS U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
( 71 ) Applicants:CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF 4,295,097 A 10/1981 Thompson et al.
3/1984 Aramaki et al.
TECHNOLOGY, Pasadena, CA (US ) ; 4,438,086 A
CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA (Continued )
RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE
(C.N.R.S.), Paris (FR ); NANYANG FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY , CN 1525592 9/2004
Singapore ( SG ) CN 1604373 4/2005
( 72 ) Inventor: Rachid Yazami, Singapore (SG ) (Continued )
(73 ) Assignees : California Institute of Technology ,
Pasadena , CA (US ); Centre National OTHER PUBLICATIONS
De La Recherche Scientifique A1 Hallaj et al. ( 2000 ) “Characterization of Commercial Li-Ion
(C.N.R.S.), Paris (FR ); Nanyang Batteries Using Electrochemical- Calorimetric Measurements,” Jour
Technological University, Singapore nal of Power Sources. 87 ( 1-2 ): 186-194 .
(SG ) ( Continued )
( * ) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer , the term of this
patent is extended or adjusted under 35 Primary Examiner Lisa M Caputo
U.S.C. 154 (b ) by 855 days. Assistant Examiner - Janice M Soto
(21) Appl. No.: 14 /937,718 (74 ) Attorney , Agent, or Firm — Leydig, Voit & Mayer ,
Ltd.
(22) Filed : Nov. 10 , 2015
(65 ) Prior Publication Data (57) ABSTRACT
US 2016/0146895 A1 May 26 , 2016 Provided are methods, systems and devices for thermody
namically evaluating electrochemical systems and compo
Related U.S. Application Data nents thereof, including electrochemical cells such as bat
teries. The present systems and methods are capable of
(63 ) Continuation -in -part of application No. 13 / 871,454 , monitoring selected electrochemical cell conditions, such as
filed on Apr. 26 , 2013 , now Pat. No. 9,599,584 . temperature, open circuit voltage and /or composition , and
(Continued ) carrying out measurements of a number of cell parameters ,
including open circuit voltage, time and temperature, with
(51) Int. Ci. accuracies large enough to allow for precise determination
B60L 1/00 (2006.01 ) of thermodynamic state functions and materials properties
GOIR 31/382 ( 2019.01) relating to the composition , phase, states of charge, health
GOIR 31/392 ( 2019.01) and safety and electrochemical properties of electrodes and
electrolytes in an electrochemical cell . Thermodynamic
(52) U.S. Ci. measurement systems of the present invention are highly
CPC B60L 1/003 ( 2013.01) ; GOIR 31/382 versatile and provide information for predicting a wide
( 2019.01) ; GOIR 31/392 ( 2019.01) range of performance attributes for virtually any electro
( 58 ) Field of Classification Search chemical system having an electrode pair.
CPC GO1R 31/3679; B60L 11/1861
See application file for complete search history . 18 Claims, 115 Drawing Sheets
113
108
111
104 110

106
109
115
100 107 112
103
105
114

102 101
 US 10,556,510 B2
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U.S. Patent Feb. 11 , 2020 Sheet 23 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

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/
J
K
)
infternostipayl
COV4.5V 4COV.7V 20
32Figure
15
10
COV4.4V
COV4.3V
on
COV4.2V
0

100 95 90 85 80
) SOH( healthof State
U.S. Patent Feb. 11. 2020 Sheet 34 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

Cycle (mAh ) (% ) <> ( V ) Ed SOH

number (mWh) (% )
1 36.58 3.72 136 100
100 34.28 6.3 3.73 128 93.7
200 32.92 10 3.72 122 90
300 31.78 13.1 3.68 117 86.9
400 30.75 15.9 3.67 113 84.1
500 29.11 20.4 3.65 106 79.6
600 28.10 23.2 3.65 103 76.8
700 25.99 28.9 3.65 95 71.1
800 25.19 31.1 3.58 90 68.9
900 24.40 33.3 3.56 87 66.7
1000 23.55 35.62 3.54 83 64.38
Figure 33
U.S. Patent Feb. 11 , 2020 Sheet 35 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

100
90
***

70
CS(%)ahtparctgiey
34Figure
cFrelsh 100Cycles200Cycles300Cyclesm400Cycles
mwingua ACy5c0les 50
40
30

20
10

15 -5
-15 -20 -25
) mol.K/J ( Entropy Differential
U.S. Patent Feb. 11 , 2020 Sheet 36 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

100
90

80

cFrelsh 100Cycles200Cycles300Cycles400Cycles500Cycles 50 (%CS)ahtparctigey 35Figure

30
20

w .nu
2
-
-4 -8

)mol/kJ( Enthalpy Differential

U.S. Patent Feb. 11. 2020 Sheet 37 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

1Cy0cle0s DEImol
(J/iK)nfternostipayl
Peak
Anode
SOC Peak
%
5
@ 600Cycles 900Cycles 4

@80%SOCCathode 800Cycles
200Cycles 300
C y c l e s co 36Figure
700Cycles
100Cycles 400Cycles 500Cycles 2

. www
Cycle
1
0

100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65
) SOH( health of State
U.S. Patent Feb. 11 , 2020 Sheet 38 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

100
90
:::

80
70
09 State
charge
of
SOC
,
%
(
)
50 37Figure
your
be

C 30
Weeks
2
70
@
°
-
Week
1
°
70
@
C
Fcrelsh 20
10

10 5
-5 -15 -20
? mork J /Entropy Differential
U.S. Patent Feb. 11. 2020 Sheet 39 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

350
C2
1
Week
°
70
@ Weeks
@
°
70
C

cFrelsh 300
0000000Ccawan 250
Temperature
)
C
°
(
38Figure
200
c4he.alr2geVsd SHRpeak 150

100
500 400 300 200 100
) min/ C °( Heating Self
U.S. Patent Feb. 11. 2020 Sheet 40 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

2We ks 7

man
wenn
som 6

on

DEIp@5%SOCinfternasotipkayl
Week
1
want 4

39Figure
mikin 3

.
www 2

Fcrelsh "
0

400 200 100

) min/ C °( intensity peak heatingSelf
U.S. Patent Feb. 11. 2020 Sheet 41 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

20
2We ks
1Week 15

ED@80Ip%SOCinfternasotipkayl
40Figure
5

Fcrelsh
0

500 200
) min/ C °( intensity peak heating Self
U.S. Patent Feb. 11 , 2020 Sheet 42 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

a
goth
41Figure
A
U.S. Patent Feb. 11 , 2020 Sheet 43 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

4.2

40

pOpenc(V)oitrecntuiatl 3.8
3.6
Fresh cell #
3.4 2
3

3.2 20 100
State of charge ( % )
Figure 42

)
mork
J
Entropy
(
Fresh cell
and

-200
70 90 100
State of charge ( % )
Figure 43
U.S. Patent Feb. 11 , 2020 Sheet 44 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

-360

370

)
mol
kJ
Enthalpy
(
$

Fresh cell

NW
4
30 40
State of charge (% )
Figure 44

4.2

3.8
Cell
P(
)otential
V 3.6 COV
3.4

3.0
2.8 - 4.9
0 5
Capacity (mAh )
Figure 45
U.S. Patent Feb. 11 , 2020 Sheet 45 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

3.8
cOpen
p-
)oitrecnutiatl
V
( COV
3.6

3.4
... 4.6V
3.2 4.7V
4.9V
0 20 60
State of charge ( % )
Figure 46

)
K
'
mor
J
(
Entropy -50
A
4.2V
S 4.3V

-150
4.8V
4.9V
70 90 100
State of charge ( % )
Figure 47
U.S. Patent Feb. 11. 2020 Sheet 46 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

-360

370 .

mol
)
kJ
E(
nthalpy -380 COV
4.21
4.3V

4.6V
4.8V
410
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
State of charge ( % )
Figure 48

)
K
'
mor
Entropy
u
( COV

4.3V

-200 4 8V

3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 42

Open -circuit potential (V )

Figure 49
U.S. Patent Feb. 11 , 2020 Sheet 47 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

4.3V
-350 4.4V
4.5V
-360
)
mol
kJ
Enthalpy
(
-380
-390

3.0 3.2 3.6 3.8 4.2

Open -circuit potential (V )
Figure 50

12
)
%
(
loss
Capacity
10

-20
378

Entropy(Jmor'K ) Enthaply(kJmon)
Figure 51
U.S. Patent Feb. 11 , 2020 Sheet 48 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

375
COV4.3V .
COV4.4V
)
mor
kJ
Enthalpy
(

-379

Entropy (1 mor' K ')

Figure 52

12
)
%
(
toss
Capacity

4
2
-383.5
384.0

Entropy(1mol'k') -384.5
Enthaply(kJmol)
Figure 53
U.S. Patent Feb. 11, 2020 Sheet 49 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

-383.2
COV4.3V
383.4

383.6
ocova.
COV 4.2VCOV4.5V
COV4.4V
)
mol
kJ
Enthalpy -383.8
(
COV4.8V
COV4.9V
-384.2 COV4.6V
COV4.7V
-384.4
-15.0 14.5 14.0 -13.5 13.0 -12.5 -2.0 11.5 -11.0
Entropy ( J mor ' K )
Figure 54
U.S. Patent Feb. 11 , 2020 Sheet 50 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

4.2

Cell
P(
)
V
otential 3.6 Week #
0
3.4
3.2

3.0
2.8
ON
o

5 15 20 30 35 45
Capacity (mAh )
Figure 55A

4.2
4.0

3.8 Week
3.8 -

Cell
P(
V
)
otential 3.6
3.4 2
3.2 4
5
3.0 6
2.8
5 10 20 25 30 35 4
Capacity (mAh )
Figure 55B
U.S. Patent Feb. 11 , 2020 Sheet 51 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

4.2

Week #
c(
-
Open
poitrecnutiatl
)
V 3.8
2
3.6

3.4

3.2
20 30 80
State of charge ( % )
Figure 56A

4.2 -

4.0

Open
c(
p-
)oitrecntuiatl 3.8
V Week

3.6

5
3.4

3.2
0 20 30
State ofcharge ( % )
Figure 56B
U.S. Patent Feb. 11. 2020 Sheet 52 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

50

)
K
'
mor
J
(
Entropy Week #

-200

20 30 40 50 70 80
State of charge ( % )
Figure 574
50

)
k
'
mor
J
(
Entropy Weekend
-100

-150 woerb
-200 7

10 20 30 40 60 80
State of charge ( % )
Figure 57B
U.S. Patent Feb. 11, 2020 Sheet 53 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

-360

-370

mor
)
kJ
Enthalpy -380
( Week #

-400
7
-410
20 40 70 80
State of charge ( % )
Figure 58A
-360

-370

)
!
mor
kJ
Enthalpy -380
(
390

-400
6

410
20 40 60
State of charge ( % )
Figure 58B
U.S. Patent Feb. 11. 2020 Sheet 54 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

50

-50 Week
)
mork
J
(
Entropy m
.

- 150
6
7
-200

3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2
Open -circuit potential ( V )
Figure 59A
50

-50
)
'
mor'k
J
(
Entropy Week #

-100
2

-150

-200 7

3.3 3.5 3.9 4.0 4.2

Open - circuit potential (V )
Figure 59B
U.S. Patent Feb. 11 , 2020 Sheet 55 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

-360

-370

)
'
mor
kJ
(
Enthalpy Week #

-390

-400
17

3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.2

Open -circuit potential (V )
Figure 60A
-360

-370

mor
)
'
kJ
Enthalpy -380
( Week

-390 - 2

-400

3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2

Open -circuit potential (V )
Figure 60B
U.S. Patent Feb. 11 , 2020 Sheet 56 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

)
%
(
toss
Capacity

Enthaply(kJ/mon)
Entropy(J/mol/K)
Figure 61A

20
)
%
(
loss
Capacity

12

Entropy(J/mol/K) 0 378
Enthaply(kJ/mol)

Figure 61B
U.S. Patent Feb. 11 , 2020 Sheet 57 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

Entropy (J /mol/K )

Figure 62A

Enthalpy
)
mol
/
kJ
(

377

Entropy ( J/moVK )

Figure 62B
U.S. Patent Feb. 11 , 2020 Sheet 58 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

)
%
(
loss
Capacity

383.2

Entropy(Jimol/K)
Enthaply(kJ/mol)

Figure 63A

)
%
(
loss
Capacity

Entropy(J/molK)
Enthaply(kJ/mol)

Figure 63B
U.S. Patent Feb. 11 , 2020 Sheet 59 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

E(
)
mol
/
kJ
nthalpy

Entropy (J /molK )

Figure 64A

A(owcy)dequg

Entropy ( J/mol/K )

Figure 64B
U.S. Patent Feb. 11, 2020 Sheet 60 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

4.2

3.8 Cycle #
Cell
P(
)
V
otential 3.6
3.4 200
300
3.2 500
500
3.0
7 800
900

0 15 20 25 30 35
Capacity (mAh )
Figure 65
4.2

4.0
Cycle #
3.8 }
cOpen
p-
)
V
(
oitrecntuiatl 200
3.6 300
500
3.4
2

3.2
1000
20 30 70 80 90 100
State of charge ( % )
Figure 66
U.S. Patent Feb. 11. 2020 Sheet 61 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

-504 Cycle #
)
'
mor'k
1
(
Entropy 3

150 700

200
30 40
State ofcharge ( % )
Figure 67
-340

350

-360 Cycle #
)
mor
kJ
Enthalpy
( yani

200
300

1000
20 30 50
State of charge ( % )
Figure 68
U.S. Patent Feb. 11. 2020 Sheet 62 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

50

mork
)
' Cycle #
50 worde
J
(

Entropy 200
300

***

-200
3.6 3.8
Open -circuit potential (V )
Figure 69

-350 ..
.. ..::

mor
) ********it ....
.
»
?

( -370
kJ

Enthalpy -390
200

Open - circuit potential ( V )

Figure 70
U.S. Patent Feb. 11 , 2020 Sheet 63 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

)
%
(
loss
Capacity

12
6

Enthaply(kJ/mol)
Entropy(J/mol/K)
Figure 71
100 Cycles
-375.2 200 Cycles
1000 Cycles
900 Cydes
Enthalpy
)
mol
/
kJ
( 700 Cycles
300 & 800 Cycles
375.4

-375.5
400 Cycles
-72 70 66 6.4
Entropy ( J/mol/K )
Figure 72
U.S. Patent Feb. 11 , 2020 Sheet 64 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

27
)
%
(
loss
Capacity

Entropy(Jmork) Enthaply(kJmort)
* 382

Figure 73
-378
900 cycles
1000 cycles
-379

-380
700 cycles 800 cycles
mor
)
'
kJ
Enthalpy
( 600 cycles
500 cycles
400 cycles
-382 100 cycles 200 cycles
300 cycles
-383
* 1 cycle
-6 0 2 4
Entropy (1mol K )
Figure 74
U.S. Patent Feb. 11. 2020 Sheet 65 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

Capacity loss 5 %

E(
)
mol
/
kJ
nthalpy

COV 4.5V

Figure 75
Capacity loss 10 %

E)
mol
/
kJ
(nthalpy

Entropy (J mol
/ /K )

Figure 76
U.S. Patent Feb. 11. 2020 Sheet 66 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

Capacity loss 15 %

)
mol
Enthalpy
/
kJ
(
* 382 4

383.2

co 4.8V
Entropy (J /mol/K )

Figure 77
Capacity loss 20 %

EkJ
()
mol
/
nthalpy

-383 2

0
Entropy (J/mol/K )
Figure 78
U.S. Patent Feb. 11. 2020 Sheet 67 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

Capacity los $ 25 %

Entropy ( J/molK )
Figure 79
3D OF O Week

)
Cap%(charge
acofState
ity

Enthalpy(Allmol)
Figure 80
U.S. Patent Feb. 11. 2020 Sheet 68 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

4.2 60 ° C

c(
Open
viorlctuaigte
)
V
,
OCV
3.8 presh cell
2 Weeks
3.6 3 Weeks

3.4
7 Weeks
8 Weeks
3.2
50
Charge State ( % Capacity )
Figure 81
3D of 2 weeks aged cell at60 ° C

)
Cap%
(
charge
aof
cState
ity
20

Enthalpy(kJ/mol Entropylumalik
Figure 82
U.S. Patent Feb. 11 , 2020 Sheet 69 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

3D of 8 week aged cell at 60 ° C

)
Ca%
(
pcharge
aof
State
city
20

Entropy(J/mol/K)
Enthalpy(kJ/mol)
Figure 83
-360
0 °C
60 ° C
25 %
-370

E(
kJ
)
mol
/
nthalpy -380
-390 75 %

O week
2 Weeks
8 Weeks

-200 -50 0
Entropy ( J/mol/K )
Figure 84
U.S. Patent Feb. 11, 2020 Sheet 70 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

4.2

c(
Open
v,
OCV
)iorlctuaigte
V
3.8 -
2 Weeks

3.4

zbot
3.2
10 20 60

Charge State (% Capacity )

Figure 85
3D of 2 week aged cell at 70 ° C

)
Ca%
(
pcharge
aof
State
city

Entropy(J/mol/K)
Enthalpy(kJ/mol)
Figure 86
U.S. Patent Feb. 11 , 2020 Sheet 71 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

3D of 8 week aged cell at 70 ° C

)
Ca%
(
cpaof
hState
cairtyge

Entropy(J/mol/K)
Enthalpy(kJ/mo1)
Figure 87
-360
70 ° C
25 % 50 %
-370

E(
/
kJ
)
mol
nthalpy 380
390

-400 Fresh cell

2 Weeks
8 Weeks
0 50
Entropy ( J/mol/K )
Figure 88
U.S. Patent Feb. 11 , 2020 Sheet 72 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

3D of charged cel to 4.2V

80

60
)Cap%(cahcofState
iatryge
20

Enthalpy(kJ/mol Entopy
Figure 89
3D of overcharged cell to 46 V

)Cap%(CahcofiState
atryge
20

Entropy(J/mol/l)
Figure 90
U.S. Patent Feb. 11 , 2020 Sheet 73 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

3D of overcharged cell to 4.9 V

00

)
Ca%
(
charge
paof
State
city
23

*****
Entropy(J/mol
/K)
Enthalpy(kJ/mol)
Figure 91
Projected curves w / SOC
-370
0%
-380
Enthalpy
)
mol
/
kJ
( -385
-390

HV 4.2V
100 %

- 150
Entropy ( J/mol/K )
Figure 92
U.S. Patent Feb. 11 , 2020 Sheet 74 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

H45
WX90

93Figure
CELLSCHC208H8EARL0GI15N8S9 19 cyber
02025

20.0
U.S. Patent Feb. 11 , 2020 Sheet 75 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

09

370

BEUSCAR ang

Aofchraenages
Entropy 94Figure

40
Stergate
U.S. Patent Feb. 11. 2020 Sheet 76 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

30

20

AS () /K /mole ) AH (kJ/mole )

nhis mint miniminimin sinnliminimin e intimin

0.05 01 0 :2 0.25

OCV ( V vs. LI)

Figure 95
U.S. Patent Feb. 11. 2020 Sheet 77 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

USB connection

FROM KL25 Z

HEMmit

22
db *****
***

Freescale k 25 x
microcontroller

Battery Energizer 610 mAh

nown

Figure 96
U.S. Patent Feb. 11, 2020 Sheet 78 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

) Celcius degree ( Temperature

29

Time
s)econd
( 97Figure
FKLm25zConEbenaRhsturDgiemzMprnyt
ptvaTeroymilsnftmac.dguersl why

world
(Hon ) Ago
U.S. Patent Feb. 11 , 2020 Sheet 79 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

Fromchip

discharge
Volt
(
OCV
) 98Figure
mAh610EOCV:vsnertgiozpery

3.75
-10
( X /jow / ( ) Adogus
U.S. Patent Feb. 11 , 2020 Sheet 80 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

* Fromchip

610mAhE:vsOCVnetrhgailzpery
discharge
)
Volt
(
OCV 99Figure

) mol/kl ( Enthalpy
U.S. Patent Feb. 11. 2020 Sheet 81 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

cP6Ern1ies0mlgatAziehcr
AK54udolenyujs

360gtone
100Figure

00 80 OL
U.S. Patent Feb.11, 2020 Sheet 82 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

----???-?- - -
????
?????
???
??

33

??
----
?
et
---
4
-----
0
t
?
---- ??
???
????
??

??
?
{ 3}} ka } } { 32 ??
101Figure
?
???? ????
??

???

--++

?
U.S. Patent Feb. 11. 2020 Sheet 83 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

2 Cell
Cell 3 Cell
4 fem in
**

SoC
(
%
)

50 102Figure

OC

) K/mol/J ( Entropy
U.S. Patent Feb. 11 , 2020 Sheet 84 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

103Figure

SOC
U.S. Patent Feb. 11. 2020 Sheet 85 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

Cell 2 Cell
1 Cell 3 Cell
4

SoC
(
%
)
104Figure

-340 -345)mol-35/ K( Enthalpy

-365 -370 -375 380 385
U.S. Patent Feb. 11 , 2020 Sheet 86 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

???????-????-{-?-?-?-

?3.? ? ?

105Figure
42

our down
Lesbokn (Xfour) Adous
U.S. Patent Feb. 11. 2020 Sheet 87 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

2 Cell
Cell 3 Cell
4 4.2
Lalnewadton
4.1

ininin

ADO
)
N
(
homopher

106Figure

3.4
) K/mol/J ( Entrophy
U.S. Patent Feb. 11 , 2020 Sheet 88 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

..

0.00
{ ique ) (demos
107

emCela ....
Figure
U.S. Patent Feb. 11. 2020 Sheet 89 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

Cell
1 Cell
2 Cell
3 Cell
4 4.2

3.9
3.8
OCV
(
V
)

3.6
108Figure
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.2
-340 -370 -380
)mol/ K( Enthalpy
-40
U.S. Patent Feb. 11 , 2020 Sheet 90 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

109Figure

M
U.S. Patent Feb. 11 , 2020 Sheet 91 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

mi
110Figure

..
U.S. Patent Feb. 11, 2020 Sheet 92 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

Evsnthraolpy 20

15

10

5
)
mol
/
K
J
(
Entropy 111Figure

-5
3

-32330
5 -3 0 -3 5 -340 -34)mol
5 -350 -/35kJ-3(60 Enthalpy
-365 -370 -375 -380
-
-385 -390 -395
U.S. Patent Feb. 11, 2020 Sheet 93 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

)(pvsErnotjheracotlipynEvsSOC(p)nrotjheacltipoynp)vsSOC(Ernojtercotipyn
SOCvsEnthraolpy

112Figure

State ofCharge ( % )
U.S. Patent Feb. 11 , 2020 Sheet 94 of 115 US 10,556,510 B2

yer

113Figure