SVC, HVDC, FACTS, Generator Excitation

‫الکترونیک صنعتی‬
‫کاربردهاي الکترونیک صنعتی در صنعت برق‬

‫‪SVC, HVDC,FACTS, Generator excitation‬‬
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‫کاربرد در سیستم هاي تولید انرژي الکتریکی‬
‫تحریک ژنراتور سنکرون‬
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Electrical Drive
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Electrical Drive
A typical electric VSD system consists of
three basic components.
The electric motor, the power converter,

and the control system.
The power converter controls the power flow from an AC supply

(often via a supply transformer), to the motor by appropriate control
of power semiconductor switches (part of the power converter).
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Advantages and disadvantages
energy saving,
reduced mechanical shock,
improved process performance,
improved efficiency,
reduced mechanical wear,
increased plant life,
reduced system fault levels,
operation at speeds significantly different from the synchronous speed,
reduced AC disturbances in certain applications.
The disadvantages: Include the need for extra space to accommodate the equipment, cooling, capital cost,
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noise, and power system harmonic effects.

Drive Specifications
Failure to properly specify an electric VSD can

result in a conflict between the equipment’s
supplier and the end user.
Often the cost can be delayed project completion

and/or loss of revenue.
In order to avoid such a problem, requirement

specifications should reflect the operating and
environmental conditions (Table 32.4).
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SVC- static VAR compensator
A static VAR compensator is a set of electrical devices for providing fast-
acting reactive power on high-voltage electricity transmission networks.
Typically, an SVC comprises one or more banks of fixed or switched
shunt capacitors or reactors, of which at least one bank is switched by
thyristors. Elements which may be used to make an SVC typically
include:
•Thyristor controlled reactor (TCR), where the reactor may be air- or
iron-cored
•Thyristor switched capacitor (TSC)
•Harmonic filter(s)
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Advantage of Static VAR Compensator
•It increased the power transmission capability of the transmission lines.
•It improved the transient stability of the system.
•It controlled the steady state and temporary overvoltages.
•It improved the load power factor, and therefore, reduced line losses and improved system capability.
Static VAR compensator has no rotating parts and is employed for surge impedance compensation and
compensation by sectionalizing a long transmission line.
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HVDC
A high-voltage, direct current (HVDC) electric power transmission system uses direct current for the bulk
transmission of electrical power, in contrast with the more common alternating current (AC) systems. For long-
distance transmission, HVDC systems may be less expensive and have lower electrical losses. For underwater
power cables, HVDC avoids the heavy currents required to charge and discharge the cable capacitance each
cycle. For shorter distances, the higher cost of DC conversion equipment compared to an AC system may still
be justified, due to other benefits of direct current links.
Most HVDC links use voltages between 100 kV and 800 kV. A 1,100 kV link in China was completed in 2019
over a distance of 3,300 km with a power of 12 GW. With this dimension, intercontinental connections become
possible which could help to deal with the fluctuations of wind power and photovoltaics.
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HVDC
The point where two curves meet is called the breakeven distance.
Above the breakeven distance, the HVDC system becomes cheaper.
Breakeven distance changes from 500 to 900 km in overhead
transmission lines.
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HVDC
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HVDC
The ±800 kV North-East Agra UHVDC link will

have a record 8,000 MW converter capacity,
including a 2,000 MW redundancy, and transmit
clean hydroelectric power from India’s northeast
region to the city of Agra, a distance of 1,728-km.
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HVDC
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HVDC
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HVDC Europe
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HVDC Asia
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HVDC Light (VSC)
HVDC Light, based on VSC technology (Voltage Sourced Converter), is designed to transmit power
underground and under water, also over long distances.
HVDC Light increases the reliability of power grids, and the technology extends the economical power range
of HVDC transmission down to just a few tens of Megawatts (MW). In the upper range, the technology now
reaches 3,000 MW and ±640 kV enabling power transmission over 2,000 kilometers. The system design
enables compact converter stations – a big benefit in applications like offshore wind and interconnections.
It provides an alternative to conventional AC transmission systems in several cases, such as:
 Connecting wind farms to power grids
 Underground power links
 Providing shore power supplies to islands and offshore oil & gas platforms
 Connecting asynchronous grids 21

The first pilot – Hellsjön, Sweden, 1997
The world's first HVDC Light® test transmission was a 3 MW ±10 kV link
between Hällsjön and Grängesberg in central Sweden in March, 1997, and
represents the beginning of a completely new power transmission technology.
The transmission was over a 10-km.
At the time, it was a modest 3 megawatt (MW) pilot application, operating

with a DC voltage and current of 10 kilovolts and 150 ampere, respectively.
Yet, it included advanced features: a mixed overhead and cable DC system,
electronic load current breakers, islanding and remote access.
The new Voltage Sourced Converter (VSC) technology was called HVDC
Light to resemble a more elegant, lighter and agile version of HVDC.
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HVDC Light /The first decade: going global
Within the first decade, eight additional transmission systems were commissioned
across the world ranging from underground, marine and back-to-back converters as well
as those positioned on offshore platforms. During this time, the power capacity was
increased from 3 MW to 350 MW and at the same time the team successfully optimized
switching patterns to reduce losses in the converter.
Some of the major projects during this period included Gotland Light in Sweden, the
Terranora Interconnector and Murray Link in Australia, Tjaereborg in Denmark, the
Cross Sound cable and Eagle Pass in the USA, Troll 1-2 in Norway and Estlink from
Finland to Estonia.
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HVDC: Light NordLink
Examples of a projects currently in construction are the North Sea
Link and NordLink between Norway and the networks in UK and
Germany, respectively. The links will deploy 1400 MW bipolar
HVDC schemes to connect and balance Norwegian hydro power
with wind-rich UK and German and grids, respectively.
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HVDC: Light NordLink
The link is 623 kilometers long, making it the longest HVDC interconnection in
Europe. The increased use of volatile renewable energy sources, such as wind power,
requires both in-feed of a more stable power supply, such as hydropower, into the
Germany grid and the inherent stabilizing features of VSC-HVDC technology.
The link is fundamental to connect Scandinavia with Germany.
To Statnett and TenneT, ABB supplies two ±525 kilovolt, 1,400 MW HVDC Light®
converter stations and a 525 kilovolt (kV) mass impregnated (MI) cable system in the
German sector, which consists of a route of 154 kilometers of subsea and 54 kilometers
of underground cable. This is the first project to employ MI cable at a voltage of 525 kV.
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SVC, HVDC, FACTS, Generator Excitation

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‫الکترونیک صنعتی‬

‫کاربردهاي الکترونیک صنعتی در صنعت برق‬

The electric motor, the power converter,

The power converter controls the power flow from an AC supply

reduced mechanical shock,

improved process performance,

reduced mechanical wear,

increased plant life,

reduced system fault levels,

operation at speeds significantly different from the synchronous speed,

reduced AC disturbances in certain applications.

noise, and power system harmonic effects.

Failure to properly specify an electric VSD can

Often the cost can be delayed project completion

In order to avoid such a problem, requirement

The ±800 kV North-East Agra UHVDC link will

 Connecting wind farms to power grids

 Underground power links

 Connecting asynchronous grids 21

At the time, it was a modest 3 megawatt (MW) pilot application, operating

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