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ated totem dates back ing power at highsion Technology i.e., Transmission up to 330MW 1 INTRODUCTION

12 HVDC TECHNOLOGY 23 HVDC LIGHT TECHNOLOGY 174 SHORT CIRCUIT CONTRIBUTION OF HVDC LIGHT 245

CONCLUSION 316 REFERENCES 32on system contract for a commercial HVDC system was placed: 60MWwere toon

system was commissioned inon system is now a mature technology and hason systems, when installed, often form the backbone of

anonuting local generation such as diesel units. The voltage,& Electronics Engineering, FISAT 1on was originally developed with

direct current. A high-voltage,on of electrical power, in contrast with the more common alternatingonon to reduce the energy lost intted at higher voltage and

lower on-levelon circuits. The).& Electronics Engineering, FISAT 2on system dates back to the 1930s when mercury arc rectifiers were

invented.on systems, when installed, often form the backbone of an electric power ty with a long useful life. Their core component is

the.onal area will generally result in lower losses but cost& Electronics Engineering, FISAT 3on in preference to ac transmission, it isssion line with

its towers can be designed to be less costly per ons of an ac line and so there is a breakeven distance aboveon is less than its ac transmission

alternative.on line through the electric and magnetic fields beingssion is by submarine or underground cable, the breakeven distance

is muchtems are not synchronized to neighboring networks eventh an interconnecting dc link between them, it is possible to transfer & Electronics

Engineering, FISAT 4on allows efficient use of energy sources remote from load centers.on without intermediate 'taps',on and stabilization

between unsynchronized AC distributionon between different countries that use AC at differing& Electronics Engineering, FISAT 5&

Electronics Engineering, FISAT 10on line. Since one terminal of the converters ison lineth respect toty. Since these conductors must be insulated for

the full voltage,on line cost is higher than a monopole with a return conductor.& Electronics Engineering, FISAT 11

HVDC TECHNOLOGY AND SHORT CIRCUIT CONTRIBUTION OF HVDC LIGHT

However, there are a number of advantages to

bipolar transmission which can make it theattractive option. Under normal load, negligible earth-current

flows, as in the case of monopolar transmi ssion with a metallic earthreturn. This reduces earth return loss

andenvironmental effects. When a fault develops in a line, with earth return electrodes installed at each end of the line,

approximately half the rated power can continue to flow using the earth asa return path, operating in monopolar mode.

Since for a given total power rating each conductor of a bipolar line carries onlyhalf the current of monopolar lines, the cost of the second conductor

is reducedcompared to a monopolar line of the same rating. In very adverse terrain, the second conductor may be

carried on an independent setof transmission towers, so that some power may continue to be transmitted even if one line is damaged.A bipolar

system may also be installed with a metallic earth return conductor.Bipolar systems may carry as much as 3,200 MW at voltages of +/-600 kV.

Submarinecable installations initially commissioned as a monopole may be upgraded with additionalcables and operated as a bipole.

2.5.3 Back to Back A back-to-back station (or B2B for short) is a plant in which both static inverters andrectifiers are in the same area, usually in the

same building.Electrical & Electronics Engineering, FISAT 12

CIRCUIT CONTRIBUTION OF HVDC LIGHT

The length of the direct current line is kept as short as possible. HVDC back-to-

back stations are used for: Coupling of electricity mains of different frequency (as in Japan; and the GCCinterconnecti

on between UAE [50 Hz] and Saudi Arabia [60 Hz] under constructionin 20092011). Coupling two networks of the

same nominal frequency but no fixed phaserelationship (as until 1995/96 in Etzenricht, Drnrohr, Vienna, and the

VyborgHVDC scheme). Different frequency and phase number (for example, as a replacement for tractioncurrent

converter plants).The DC voltage in the intermediate circuit can be selected freely at HVDC back-toback stations because of the

short conductor length. The DC voltage is as low as possible, inorder to build a small valve hall and to avoid series connections of valves. For this

reason atHVDC back-to-back stations valves with the highest available current rating are used. 2.6 SYSTEMS WITH

TRANSMISSION LINES The most common configuration of an HVDC link is two inverter/rectifier stationsconnected by an overhead power line. This is

also a configuration commonly used inconnecting unsynchronized grids, in long-haul power transmission, and in undersea

cables.Multiterminal HVDC links, connecting more than two points, are rare. The configurationof multiple terminals can be series,

parallel, or hybrid (a mixture of series and parallel).Electrical & Electronics Engineering, FISAT 13

HVDC TECHNOLOGY AND SHORT CIRCUIT CONTRIBUTION OF HVDC LIGHT

Parallel configuration tends to be used

for large capacity stations, and series for lower capacity stations. An example is the 2,000 MW Quebec - New EnglandTransmiss ion system opened

in 1992, which is currently the largest multiterminal HVDCsystem in the world. 2.7 CORONA DISCHARGE

Corona discharge is the creation of ions in air by the presence of a strong electricfield. Electrons are torn from neutral air, and either the

positive ions or the electrons areattracted to the conductor, while the charged particles drift. This effect can causeconsiderable power loss, create

audible and radiofrequency interference, generate toxiccompounds such as oxides of nitrogen and ozone, and bring forth arcing.Both

AC and DC transmission lines can generate coronas, in the former case in the form of oscillating particles, in the latter a constant wind. Due to the

space charge formed aroundthe conductors, an HVDC system may have about half the loss per unit length of a highvoltage AC system carrying

the same amount of power. With monopolar transmission thechoice of polarity of the energized conductor leads to a degree of control

over the coronadischarge.In particular, the polarity of the ions emitted can be controlled, which may have anenvironmental impact on

particulate condensation. (particles of different polarities have adifferent mean-free path.) Negative coronas generate considerably more

ozonethan positive coronas, and generate it further downwind of the power line, creating the potential for health effects. The use of a positive

voltage will reduce the ozone impacts of monopole HVDC power lines. 2.8 AREAS FOR DEVELOPMENT IN HVDC CONVERTERS

The thyristor as the key component of a converter bridge continues to be developed sothat its voltage and current rating is increasing.Electric

al & Electronics Engineering, FISAT 14

Gate-turn-off thyristors (GTOs) and insulated gate bipole transistors (IGBTs) are requiredfor the voltage source converter (VSC) converter bridge

configuration. It is the VSCconverter bridge which is being applied in new developments . Its special properties includethe ability to independently

control real and reactive power at the connection bus to the acsystem. Reactive power can be either capacitive or inductive and can be controlled

toquickly change from one to the other.A voltage source converter as in inverter does not require an active ac voltage source tocommutate into

as does the conventional line commutated converter. The VSC inverter can generate an ac three phase voltage and supply electricity to a

load as the only sourceof power. It does require harmonic filtering, harmonic cancellation or pulse widthmodulation to provide an

acceptable ac voltage wave shape.Two applications are now available for the voltage source converter. The first is for lowvoltage dc

converters applied to dc distribution systems. The first application of a dcdistribution system in 1997 was developed in Sweden and

known as HVDC Light .Other applications for a dc distribution system may be:1. In a dc feeder to remote or isolated loads,

particularly if underwater or undergroundcable is necessary.2. For a collector system of a wind farm where cable delivery and optimum and

individualspeed control of the wind turbines is desired for peak turbine efficiency.The second immediate application for the VSC converter bridges is in back-

toback configuration . The back-to-back VSC link is the ultimate transmission and power flowcontroller. It can control and

reverse power flow easily, and control reactive power independent ly on each side. With a suitable control system, it can control power toenhance and

preserve ac system synchronism, and act as a rapid phase angle power flowregulator with 360 degree range of control.Electrical & Electronics

Engineering, FISAT 15
HVDC TECHNOLOGY AND SHORT CIRCUIT CONTRIBUTION OF HVDC LIGHT

There is considerable flexibility in the configuration of the VSC converter bridges. Manytwo level converter bridges can be assembled with

appropriate harmonic cancellation prope rties in order to generate acceptable ac system voltage wave shapes. Another optionis

to use multilevel converter bridges to provide harmonic cancellation. Additionally, both two level and multilevel converter bridges

can utilize pulse width modulation toeliminate low order harmonics. With pulse width modulation, high pass filters may still be required since PWM adds

to the higher order harmonics.As VSC converter bridge technology develops for higher dc voltage applications, it will be possible to eliminate

converter transformers. This is possible with the low voltageapplication s in use today. It is expected the exciting developments in

power electronicswill continue to provide exciting new configurations and applications for HVDCconverters. Electrical &

Electronics Engineering, FISAT 16

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