MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD

TECHNICAL EDUCATION
MUMBAI.
TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM
ON
Guided By
PROF: Mohammad Asif

Submitted by
Md Wasim Ansari
Md Kaif Ansari
Niraj Bava

Department of Computer Engineering

JAMIA POLYTECHNIC
AKKALKUWA DIST.NANDURBAR
Akkalkuwa(425415)
 ANNEXURE 2

EVALUATION SHEET FOR THE MICROPROJECT

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023-24 NAME OF FACULTY: Mohammad Asif

COURSE: OSY

SEMESTER:5th DEPARTMENT: COMPUTER ENGG

TITTLE OF PROJECT: Types of Operating System OS

Roll Student Name Marks Out Marks Out Of Total Out Of

No. Of 6 4 10

(Name & Signature of faculty)

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CERTIFICATE
This Is To Certify That Mr./Ms. Of Branch
Enrolment No.
Has Completed His Micro Project Enitled
Of Subject as per
Requirment Of( Semester)
MSBTE I Scheme Curriculum Under The
Guidence Of Satisfactorily
During Academic Year 202324.

Micro project Guide Head of Dept Principal

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INDEX

Sr
Contain Page No
No.

1. Abstract 4
2. Introduction 5
3. Objective 6
4. Scope 6
5. Type of Operating System

1. Batch OS
2. Time-Sharing OS 7
3. Distributed OS
4. Network OS To
5. Real-Time OS
6. Embedded OS
7. Multiprogramming OS 22
8. Multiprocessing OS
9. Desktop OS
10. Mobile OS
11. Clustered OS

6. Linux vs Windows vs MacOS

23

7. Batch OS vs Time-sharing OS vs Distributed OS vs

Network OS vs RTOS 24 to 25

8. Conclusion
26
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Abstract

The operating system serves as a crucial hardware abstraction layer in a

computer system, enabling users to manage hardware resources
effectively. This paper proposes a holistic approach to course grouping,
encompassing a range of innovative strategies that enhance teaching
effectiveness and foster the development of computer application
professionals. To equip students with foundational knowledge, practical
skills, innovative thinking, and system design capabilities, this curriculum
integrates software and hardware methodologies. The course group
comprises five key components: computer circuit fundamentals, computer
composition principles, embedded system design, operating systems, and
compiler theory.

This approach emphasizes a top-down design philosophy, facilitating the

seamless transfer of knowledge from theory to practice, from abstract
principles to tangible applications, and from individual components to
comprehensive system understanding. By uniting these diverse yet
interrelated courses, the curriculum strengthens the connections between
them, ultimately equipping students with enhanced analytical and design
skills for computer systems and fostering innovation.

In an era of rapid technological advancement, a comprehensive

understanding of the operating system's role is vital. As the interface
between users and hardware, it is pivotal in managing and optimizing
system resources. This curriculum strives to bridge the gap between
theory and practice by promoting innovative teaching strategies. By
emphasizing a cohesive approach to knowledge transfer, it ensures that
students not only grasp the intricate workings of computer systems but
also develop the skills necessary to contribute to the ever-evolving field
of computer applications.

The incorporation of fundamental courses in computer circuitry,

composition, embedded systems, operating systems, and compiler theory
provides a well-rounded education, empowering students with the ability
to approach system design from various angles. With this knowledge,
students can effectively analyze and tackle complex problems, innovate
within the field, and contribute to the development of cutting-edge
computer applications.
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Introduction
An operating system (OS) is a set of programs that control the
execution of application programs and act as an intermediary between
a user of a computer and the computer hardware. OS is software that
manages the computer hardware as well as providing an environment
for application programs to run.
Examples of OS are: Windows, Windows/NT, OS/2 and MacOS.
An operating system is a type of system software that manages and
controls the resources and computing capability of a computer or a
computer network, and provides users a logical interface for accessing
the physical computer to execute applications. Almost all general-
purpose computers need an operating system before any specific
application may be installed and executed by users. The role of an
operating system as a conceptual model of a physical computer.
In this project, we will discuss various classifications of operating
systems.Most modern operating systems.
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The objectives of OS are:

(1) To make the computer system convenient and easy to use for the user.
(2) To use the computer hardware in an efficient way.
(3) To execute user programs and make solving user problems easier.

Scope:
 Have a look at the various types of operating systems.
 Contrast the various classes of operating systems.
 Look at some examples, use cases, benefits, and
disadvantages of each type.
 Draw parallels between:
o Linux, Windows, macOS
o 64-bit OS and 32-bit OS
o Batch OS, Time-Sharing OS, Distributed OS, Real-
Time OS, Networking OS
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Types of Operating System

Batch Operating Systems

A batch operating system grabs all programs and data in the batch
form and then processes them. The main aim of using a batch
processing system is to decrease the setup time while submitting
similar jobs to the CPU. Batch processing techniques were
implemented in the hard disk and card readers as well. In this case, all
jobs are saved on the hard disk for making the pool of jobs for their
execution as a batch form.

A batch monitor is started for executing all pooled jobs, after reading
them. These jobs are divided into groups, and finally, precede the
same jobs in a similar batch. Now all batched jobs are ready for
execution one by one, and due to this system enhances the system
utilization while decreasing the turnaround time.

Advantages

 In a batch system, all jobs are performed in repeating form

without the user’s
permission.
 Can be feed input data in the batch processing system without

Disadvantages

 `Batch processing system's online sensors are often not available.

 Time-varying process characteristics.
 If anyone's job halts, then increase the workload for predicting time.

Examples

 Payroll System
 Bank Invoice System
 Transactions Process
 Daily Report
 Research Segment
 Billing System
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Time-sharing Operating Systems

Time-sharing is a logical extension of multiprogramming. The CPU

executes multiple jobs by switching, among them, but the switches
occur so frequently that the users can interact with each program
while it is running. An interactive computer provides direct
communication between the user and the system. The user gives
instructions to the OS or a program directly, using hardware, and
waits for results.

A time-shared operating system uses CPU scheduling and

multiprogramming to provide each user with a small portion of a
time-shared computer. Each user has at least one separate program in
memory. When a process executes, it executes for only a short time
before it either finishes or needs to perform input/output. In time-
sharing operating systems several jobs must be kept simultaneously in
memory, so the system must have memory management and
protection.

Advantages

 Each task gets an equal opportunity.

 Fewer chances of duplication of software.
 CPU idle time can be reduced.

Disadvantages
 Reliability problem.
 One must have to take of security and integrity of user programs
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and
Examples

 Windows 2000 server

 Windows NT server
 Unix
 Linux

Distributed operating system

A distributed operating system allows the distribution of entire

systems on the couples of center processors, and it serves on multiple
real-time products as well as multiple users. All processors are
connected by valid communication mediums such as high-speed buses
and telephone lines, and in which every processor contains its local
memory along with other local processors.

The Distributed operating systems are also known as loosely coupled

systems. They involve multiple computers, nodes, and sites. These
components are linked to each other with LAN/WAN lines. A
distributed OS is capable of sharing its computational capacity and
I/O files while allowing virtual machine abstraction to users.

Advantages
 A distributed operating system may share all resources from one
site to another, increasing data availability across the entire
system.
 It reduces the probability of data corruption because all data is
replicated across all sites.
Disadvantages
 The system must decide which jobs must be executed.
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Examples

 Solaris
 OSF/1

Network operating systems

Network Operating System is an operating system that has special

functions for connecting computers and devices into a local-area
network or Inter-network. Some popular network operating systems
are Windows NT/2000, Novell Netware, Linux, UNIX, Sun Solaris,
and IBM OS/2. The network operating system which was first
developed is Novell Netware, in 1983.
An operating system that provides connectivity among several
autonomous computers is called a network operating system. A
configuration for a network operating system is a collection of
personal computers along with a common printer, server, and file
server for archival storage, all tied together by a local network. There
are two basic types of network operating systems, discussed as
follows:

1. Peer-to-Peer Network Operating Systems

2. Client/Server Network Operating Systems

Advantages
 Highly stable centralized servers
 Security concerns are handled through servers

Disadvantages
 Servers are costly
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 User has to depend on a central location for most operations

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Real-time Operating Systems

A real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system that runs

multi-threaded applications and can meet real-time deadlines. Most
RTOSes include a scheduler, resource management, and device
drivers. Note that when we talk about “deadlines”, we do not
necessarily mean “fast”. Instead, meaning we can determine when
certain tasks will execute before runtime.

Advantages

 Priority-Based Scheduling.
 Abstracting Timing Information.
 Maintainability/Extensibility.

Disadvantages

 Limited Tasks.
 Use Heavy System resources.

Examples
 Airline traffic control systems.
 Command Control Systems.
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Embedded Operating Systems

An embedded operating system is a specialized OS for embedded

systems. It aims to perform with certainty specific tasks regularly that
help the device operate. An embedded operating system often has
limited features and functions. The OS may perform only a single
action that allows the device to work, but it must execute that action
consistently and timely.

Embedded operating systems are built into Internet of Things devices.

They are also part of many other devices and systems. In most cases,
embedded hardware doesn't have much capacity and has fewer
resources. So, the amount of processing power and memory is limited.

Advantages

 The OS is often low-cost.

 The OS tends to use few resources, including minimal power.
Disadvantages

 The OS can usually only run a single or very few applications.

 It is difficult to modify the OS once you establish a framework
and build it into the device

Examples

 Windows Mobile/CE (handheld Personal Data Assistants)

 Symbian (cell phones)
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Multiprogramming Operating System

A multiprogramming operating system runs multiple programs on a

single processor computer. If a program waits for an I/O transfer, the
other programs are ready to use the CPU. As a result, various jobs
may share CPU time. However, the execution of their jobs is not
defined to be in the same period. A multiprogramming OS is of the
following two types:

1. Multitasking OS: Enables execution of multiple programs at

the same time. The operating system accomplishes this by
swapping each program in and out of memory one at a time.
When a program is switched out of memory, it is temporarily
saved on disk until it is required again.
2. Multiuser Operating System: This allows many users to share
processing time on a powerful central computer from different
terminals. The operating system accomplishes this by rapidly
switching between terminals, each of which receives a limited
amount of processor time on the central computer.

Advantages

 It may help to run various jobs in a single application

simultaneously.
 It helps to optimize the total job throughput of the computer.

Disadvantages

 It is highly complicated and sophisticated.

 The CPU scheduling is required.
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Examples

 Apps like office, chrome, etc.

 Microcomputers like MP/M, XENIX, and ESQview.
 Windows O/S
 UNIX O/S

Multiprocessor Operating System

Multiprocessor operating system utilizes multiple processors, which

are connected with physical memory, computer buses, clocks, and
peripheral devices (touchpad, joystick, etc). The main objective of
using a multiprocessor OS is to consume high computing power and
increase the execution speed of the system.

Advantages

 Great Reliability.
 Improve Throughput.
 Cost-Effective System.
 Parallel Processing.

Disadvantages

 It is more expensive due to its large architecture.

 Its speed can get degraded due to failing any one processor.
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Mobile Operating System

A mobile operating system is an operating system that helps run

application software on mobile devices. It is the same kind of
software as the famous computer operating systems Linux and
Windows, but they are light and simple to some extent. The operating
systems found on smartphones include Symbian OS, IOS,
BlackBerryOS, Windows Mobile, Palm WebOS, Android, and
Maemo.

Android, WebOS, and Maemo are all derived from Linux. The iPhone
OS originated from BSD and NeXTSTEP, which are related to Unix.
It combines the power of a computer and the experience of a hand-
held device. It typically contains a cellular built-in modem and SIM
tray for telephony and internet connections.

Advantages

 Convenience inoperability.
 It also includes open-source platforms.
 Gives notification ease.

Disadvantages

 Instability.
 It also includes poor battery quality.
 Not sufficient computational power.
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Examples

 Android
 IOS
 HarmonyOS
 PalmOS

Network OS

Network Operating System has special functions for connecting

computers and devices into a local-area network or Inter-network.
Some popular network operating systems are Novell Netware, Linux,
IBM OS/2, etc. The network operating system which was first
developed is Novell Netware. There are two basic types of network
operating systems, discussed as follows:

1. Peer-to-Peer Network Operating Systems: allow users to

share network resources saved in a common, accessible network
location.
2. Client/Server Network Operating Systems: provide users
with access to resources through a server.
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Realtime OS

A real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system (often a

lightweight OS) that runs multi-threaded applications and can meet
real-time deadlines.

Most RTOSes include a scheduler, resource management, and device

drivers. When talking about “deadlines”, “fast” is not the necessary
implication. An RTOS can be a powerful tool if you’re creating
complex embedded programs. They help you isolate tasks and give
you the ability to run them concurrently. You can set prioritization
levels of tasks in most RTOSes, which allow some tasks to interrupt
and run before other tasks
Advantages of Real-Time Operating Systems:

Deterministic Response: RTOS guarantees that tasks will be executed

within specified time frames. This determinism is vital for applications
such as aerospace, medical devices, and industrial control systems.
Priority Scheduling: RTOS allows developers to assign priorities to tasks,
ensuring that critical tasks are executed before less critical ones.
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Conclusion
 An operating system is a set of programs that enables a user to
operate and interact with a computer.
 Examples of operating systems are Linux distros (ubuntu, arch,
open use, etc), Windows, Mac OS, FreeBSD), Android, IOS,
etc.
 Operating systems based on their use cases are categorized as
being of the following types:
1. Batch OS
2. Time-Sharing OS
3. Distributed OS
4. Network OS
5. Real-Time OS
6. Embedded OS
7. Multiprogramming OS
8. Multiprocessing OS
9. Desktop OS
10. Mobile OS
11. Clustered OS

Operating systems are a fundamental component of modern computing,

serving as the bridge between hardware and software. There are several types
of operating systems, each with its unique characteristics and use cases. In
this brief overview, we will summarize the key types of operating systems
and their significance in the world of computing.

1. Single-User, Single-Tasking OS
These operating systems, such as MS-DOS, are designed to run a single
application at a time. They are simple and primarily used in embedded
systems.

2. Single-User, Multi-Tasking OS
Common examples include Windows and macOS. They allow a single user
to run multiple applications simultaneously, thanks to task scheduling and
memory management.

3. Multi-User OS
Systems like Linux and various Unix derivatives are built to support
multiple users simultaneously. They provide user authentication and access
control.
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4. Real-Time OS (RTOS)
RTOS, found in critical systems like aviation and medical devices, ensures
tasks are executed within precise time constraints.

5. Distributed OS
Distributed operating systems, such as Google's Fuchsia, enable efficient
resource sharing and communication across a network of interconnected
devices.

6. Embedded OS
These are designed for specific hardware, like microcontrollers in
appliances or IoT devices. Examples include VxWorks and FreeRTOS.

7. Network OS
Used in routers and switches, these OSs optimize network traffic and data
routing. Cisco's IOS is a notable example.

8. Mobile OS
Operating systems like Android and iOS power smartphones and tablets,
providing a touchscreen-friendly interface and app ecosystems.

9. Server OS
Server-oriented operating systems, including Windows Server and various
Linux distributions, are optimized for high-performance computing, security,
and server management.

10. Virtualization OS
These OSs, like VMware ESXi and Microsoft Hyper-V, facilitate the
creation and management of virtual machines, enhancing resource utilization.
In conclusion, the diverse landscape of operating systems caters to a wide
range of computing needs. Whether it's managing a single user's tasks,
supporting multi-user environments, or powering specialized devices and
infrastructure, the type of operating system chosen plays a pivotal role in
determining the functionality and performance of the associated hardware
and software. The continual evolution of operating systems is driven by
technological advancements