Ericsson LTE FDD Link Adaptation & Power Control

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Ericsson LTE Radio

Network Functionality
- Link Adaptation & Power

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Objectives
 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Describe the Transportation Format Selection and Modulation
Coding Scheme
 Describe the process of Link Adaptation for UL and DL
Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page2
Contents
 Scheduling, QoS, LA, PC Overview
 Transport Format Selection and Modulation and
Coding Scheme
 Link Adaptation Task
 Power Control
Scheduling, QoS, LA, PC Overview
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei proprietary. No spread without permission. Page 4
Scheduling Tasks
 The scheduler is responsible for resource allocation and prioritization of
the UEs in connected mode, both in UL and in DL. To provide efficient
resource usage from the radio access network side and also to serve
demands coming from different UEs the scheduler takes in inputs from
various sources.
 In order to provide efficient resource usage, the inputs is coming from
CN are QoS Class Identifier (QCI) and Allocation and Retention Priority
(ARP).
 Scheduler also works closely with Link Adaptation function which main
task is to select a proper Transport Format (TF) based on SINR
estimations, UE Power headroom and scheduled bandwidth.
 Power Control bases its decisions on Channel predictions that are
using UE measurements provided in Channel Feedback Reports
(CFRs).
Adaptive Modulation Scheme
Radio Environment:
Poor Good
QPSK 16 QAM 64 QAM

(2 bits/symbol) (4 bits/symbol) (6 bits/symbol)
Low data rate Medium data rate High data rate
3GPP QCI-Modulation-Code rate Mapping
 3GPP QCI Mapping table
 There are 15 effective CQI levels defined.
 The higher modulation order the better data transmission efficiency.
Adaptive Coding
Radio Environment: Systematic Bit

Poor Good Parity Bit
Low data rate/ high data rate/

high protection low protection
Transport Format (TF) Selection and
Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS)
 The Link Adaptation function will take CQI (Channel Quality Feedback)
reports and eNodeB measurements when performing the Transport
Format Selection.
 The transport format includes modulation scheme (QPSK, 16QAM or
64QAM) and coding rate.
 The transport format is described by the MCS and the scheduling
decision in terms of number of allocated Resource Blocks.
 At poor radio conditions, the Link Adaptation will choose a low order
modulation scheme (QPSK) and a low code rate. This results in a low data
rate.
 At medium radio conditions, Link Adaptation may choose 16QAM and
less redundancy, which results in a medium data rate.
 At good radio conditions, Link Adaptation may choose 64QAM and very
low amount of redundancy, which results in a high data rate. This
rewuires the optional feature 64-QAM.
Adaptive Coding
 Part of the Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) is also the coding
rate, which describes the ratio between the amount of data and
turbo coding redundancy each transport block has.
 At poor radio conditions a lot of redundancy (protection bits) has to
be added in order for the receiver to be able to correct the errors
that occur in the radio channel. This leads to a low user data rate.
 At very good radio channel conditions, almost no redundancy is
needed and the data rate will increase a lot.
 Link Adaptation will adapt both the modulation scheme and the
code rate each TTI (i.e each Transport Block).
Link Adaptation Tasks
 Adapts MCS (code rate, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM)
 Adaptation based on link quality estimation
 Used for new transmissions and retransmissions
 HARQ Operating Point used as DL quality requirement
- HARQ OPP is targeted no of tx and resulting BLER
- BLER is used for channels without HARQ
 Worst case LA used for initial messages (BCCH, PCH and RA
response). This means MCS is chosen to reach cell edge.
 The following common channels use QPSK modulation: PBCH,
PDCCH and PCFICH. PHICH uses BPSK.
What is Power Spectral Density?
What is Gain to Interference and
Noise Ratio (GINR)
 In the downlink, Gain to Interference and Noise Ratio (GINR) is used as a
measure for channel prediction. It varies due to fading and interference. The
slow fading component is tracked and used in link adaptation.
 SINR can be derived by GINR adding Power Spectral Density (PSD)
SINR = GINR + PSD
 Gain to Interference and Noise Ratio (GINR) is independent of transmission

power and used in order to “translate” e.g. SINRRS to SINRPDSCH
SINRRS = GINR + PSDRS

SINRPDSCH = GINR + PSDPDSCH
 GINR filtered in order to remove quick fluctuations (fast fading)
PDSCH Link Adaptation
 SINRPDSCH is used for LA
 In the downlink, the MCS selection is channel dependent because
Link adaptation may use CQI reports from the UEs to adapt the
transmissions to current radio conditions.
CQI -> SINRRS

estimated via turbo decoder
performance and 3GPP CQI mapping
GINR = SINRRS – PSDRS,TX
SINRPDSCH = GINR + PSDPDSCH,TX PSDRS,TX PSDRS, RX => SINRRS
SINRRS => CQI
PSDRS,RX
PDSCH Link Adaptation (Conti.) From MCS Index to
get TBS Index
 The quality requirement for this channel is

HARQ OPP.
 UE is configured to report CQIs to assist the
eNodeB in selecting an appropriate MCS to
use for the downlink transmissions.
 The transport format parameters are MCS and
TBS (Transport Block Size).
 The MCS together with the resource
assignment will determine the TBS and coding
rate as specified in 36.213. There are 29
possible MCS values for new transmissions.
MCS 29-31 are reserved

for retransmission
PDSCH Link Adaptation (Conti.)
 The maximum TBS depends on the amount of data in the scheduler
and capability of the UE.
 For HARQ retransmissions, three MCS values correspond to the
modulation used. The TBS in this case is the same as the initial
transmission and not signaled.
From ITBS and estimated NPRB to know

the block size to be used for data
transmission.
*3GPP TS 36.213 Table 7.1.7.2.1: Transport
block size table
Uplink Channel Prediction
 Gain G (path-loss) calculated by Channel Prediction
 Prediction of PSDTX is based on PHR and BW
 G = PSDRX – PSDTX ; G is used for PC
 SINR = PSDTX + G – (N+I)
 For the uplink, Link Adaptation takes SINR into account. The SINR is
based on measurements on the uplink demodulation reference
signal.
Measure PSDRX
Estimate N+I and PSDTX PSDRX Power Headroom (PH)
PH = PCMAX – {10logM +
Calculate G P0_PUSCH + α·PL + f(i )+ ΔTF} [dB]
SINR = PSDTX + G – (N+I)
PSDTX
The PH is rounded to the closest

integer value between -23 to 40dB.
PDCCH Link Adaptation
 The PDCCHs are used for:
- Downlink scheduling assignments
- Uplink scheduling grants
- Power Control commands
 PDCCH REs are divided into a number of Control Channel
Elements (CCEs), each containing 36 REs.
 One PDCCH can be mapped to 1, 2, 4 or 8 CCEs, which can
belong to different OFDM symbols. Selection of number of CCEs
is done based on the same GINR estimate used for PDSCH link
adaptation adjusted by an additional fixed margin.
 A margin (back-off) is added to PDSCH GINR to compensate for
different interference scenarios between the two channels.
CCE Allocation vs RF Condition
 Degraded RF condition:
- Higher CCE Aggregation level;
- Low MCS (for same number of PRBs)
 If the required number of CCEs are not available in PDCCH control
region then the UE will not be able to schedule in that subframe.
Adaptive Number of PDCCH Symbols
 2 OFDMA Symbols
 3 OFDMA Symbols
PUSCH Link Adaptation
 PUSCH link adaptation requires power headroom reporting (PHR)
from UE in order to predict the transmitted PSD of UL.
 PHR provides the serving eNodeB the information about the
difference between the UE's maximum transmit power and the target
power for PUSCH transmission.
 PUSCH link adaptation differs to PDSCH link adaptation in the
following ways:
- No scheduling grant needs to be transmitted for a retransmission if
the allocation is sent in the same frequency and transport format.
- The PSD is not constant between different allocations. This depends
on the number of scheduled blocks, where the upper bounds can be
limited by UE power to avoid too low SINR.
- CFR and HARQ Acknowledgements can be multiplexed with uplink
data over PUSCH.
PUCCH Link Adaptation
 Link adaptation is not applicable to PUCCH.
Power Control
DL Power Control
 DL common channels use the same PSD (set by PSD_reference)
 PBCH, PCFICH
 All physical signals use PSD_reference
 SS, RS (except when two antenna ports are used, which results
in 3dB boost)
 PDSCH uses PSD_reference
 PDCCH uses PSD_reference
 PHICH uses PSD_reference
Fixed power
Uplink Open Loop Power Control
Preamble based power ramping
pMaxServingCell
Data
preambleInitial powerRampingStep
ReceivedPowerTarget
Uplink ... ... ... ...

(PRACH)
preamble RA msg 3
0.8 ms
Indicates RA Response on PDSCH
(Not UE specific)
Downlink ... RA-RNTI
(PDCCH) ... ...
subframe RA response window
1 ms
RAPID
Downlink
Timing (UL timing)
RACH Preamble No Response RACH Response (PDSCH)
Scheduling Grant
PUSCH Power Control
 P0 for PUSCH and PUCCH statically signaled in SIB2
 UL PL estimated from DL PL
 f(i) compensates for slow fading, estimation errors, UL/DL pathloss
difference etc
 Power headroom reports are used by power control in order to know
when UEs become power limited.
P0 = PSDRXtarget for PUSCH
f(i) = f(i-1) + δPUSCH (i –KPUSCH) Parameter: pZeroNominalPusch
Closed
Pmax, PL loop
PPUSCH
PPUSCH = min {PCMAX,10logM + P0PUSCH + α·PL + f(i)+ΔTF} [dBm]
PUSCH Power Control
 PPUSCH = min{PCMAX, 10 * logM + P0_PUSCH + α * PL + f(i) + Δ TF} [dBm]
f(i) = f(i-1) + δ PUSCH (i –KPUSCH) Closed

– PCMAX : configured UE transmitted power defined in 36.101 loop
– P0 : Target PSD
– M : Number of assigned resource blocks
– α : Cell-specific factor
– Δ TF : Transport format-depending compensation
– f(i) : Accumulation function or absolute function ( f(x) = x )
– δ PUSCH : Power-control step (”PUSCH TPC command”). Input to f(i).
– PL : Estimated DL path loss
– KPUSCH is 4 for FDD mode
 δ PUSCH included in Uplink Scheduling Grant
PUCCH Power Control
 P0 for PUSCH and PUCCH statically signaled in SIB2
 UL PL estimated from DL PL (same as for PUSCH)
 PUCCH is power controlled (independent of PUSCH) via an open loop
and a closed loop with Transmission Power Control (TPC) commands
transmitted on PDCCH.
 Note that for PUCCH, full pathloss compensation is always used due to
that different PUCCH users are code multiplexed into one resource
block .
P0 = PSDRXtarget for PUCCH
g(i) = g(i −1) + (i − 4) Parameter: pZeroNominalPucch
Closed
Pmax, PL loop
PPUCCH
PPUCCH = min {PCMAX, P0_PUCCH + PL + h(ncqi, nharq) + ΔFPUCCH(F) + g(i)} [dBm]

PUCCH Power Control
 PPUCCH = min{PCMAX, P0_PUCCH + PL + h( ncqi,nharq) + Δ F_PUCCH(F) + g(i)} [dBm]
– PCMAX : max UE power according to its class or cell restriction

– P0_PUCCH : Target PSD
– PL : Estimated DL path loss
– h(n) : = 0, when normal CP is used
– Δ FPUCCH : PUCCH format offset
– g(i) : Accumulation function
– δ PUCCH : Power control step (”PUCCH TPC command). Input to g(i)
› δ PUCCH included in Downlink Scheduling Control (when present)

› δ PUCCH for multiple UEs jointly coded and transmitted
Summary Power Control
Open Loop Power Control DL Power Control
PUSCH Power Control PUCCH Power Control
Reference
 All content and pictures in the material is referred to Ericsson LTE Radio
Network Functionality document
Page34
Thank you
www.huawei.com
Copyright© 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

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implied in the predictive statements. Therefore, such information is provided for reference purpose only and
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Security Level:

Ericsson LTE Radio

- Link Adaptation & Power

Please click the hyperlink to download the original document：

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

 Describe the process of Link Adaptation for UL and DL

QPSK 16 QAM 64 QAM

Radio Environment: Systematic Bit

Low data rate/ high data rate/

SINR = GINR + PSD

 Gain to Interference and Noise Ratio (GINR) is independent of transmission

SINRRS = GINR + PSDRS

 GINR filtered in order to remove quick fluctuations (fast fading)

CQI -> SINRRS

 The quality requirement for this channel is

MCS 29-31 are reserved

From ITBS and estimated NPRB to know

The PH is rounded to the closest

Uplink ... ... ... ...

PPUSCH = min {PCMAX,10logM + P0PUSCH + α·PL + f(i)+ΔTF} [dBm]

f(i) = f(i-1) + δ PUSCH (i –KPUSCH) Closed

 δ PUSCH included in Uplink Scheduling Grant

g(i) = g(i −1) + (i − 4) Parameter: pZeroNominalPucch

PPUCCH = min {PCMAX, P0_PUCCH + PL + h(ncqi, nharq) + ΔFPUCCH(F) + g(i)} [dBm]

– PCMAX : max UE power according to its class or cell restriction

› δ PUCCH included in Downlink Scheduling Control (when present)

Open Loop Power Control DL Power Control

PUSCH Power Control PUCCH Power Control

Copyright© 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

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