Classifications of Programming

Computer 1st Quarter language

Programming Machine language

• Only language a computer can understand
• Consist of two numbers, 0 and 1.
Ada lovelace
• Augusta ada king countess of lovelace Binary numeral system
• Worlds first computer programmer • Processes number using binary digits
• 1 and 0 which represents "on" and "off".
Computer program
• Series of intructions written to perform a Decimal numeral system
specific task. • Commonly used numeral system
• Uses 10 different numerals: 0 to 9.
Programming
• This number has 10 as a base.
• The art and machine of creating programs.
• Process done by programmers to instruct a Assembly language
computer on how to do a task.
• More advanced than the machine language
• Planning, designing, writing a code. • Uses mnemonics, incomprehensible to
computers.
Programming language
• Translator of mnemonics into a machine code:
• Tool that allows programmer to command. assembler.
• Form of communication that programmers use. • Assembly or commonly: ASM or asm
Programmer High level language
• A person who writes or debugs the computer • Programming language with strong abstraction
program. from the details of the computer.

Basic programming concept Interpreter

• Process of developing the computer program • Translates high level instruction
Why do we need computer programming Compiler
• Helps us understand computer • Translates the entire program into a machine
• Increases confidence level code.
• Skills
Object - oriented programming language
Factors of good programming language • Organize software design around data, objects,
• Sustainability for solving the problem rather than functions or logics.
• Easy coding
• Easy debugging The program development process
• Naturalness • Planning
• Programmer productivity • Coding
• Testing
• Debugging
• Documentation
• Maintenance
Small Basic Surface
• Place where all the editor windows go.

Writeline To close microsoft small basic:

• Writes text or number to the text window • Click the close button
Small Basic
• Press alt + f4
• Makes programming really easy, accessible To see the output:
and fun for begginers
• Click the run button
The language • Press f5
• draws its inspiration from an early variant of Text window / console
BASIC
• Text window is called an object.
The Programming Environment • Provides text related input and output.
• simple but rich in features- Intellisense
• offering beginners several benefits • Convenient way to access descriptions of
functions.
Libraries
• by writing compelling and interesting program To save your work:
Features of Small Basic • Click ctrl + s
• imperative
• Size
• Type System
• Variables
• Events
• Libraries
System Requirements
• Windows XP
• Vista
• Windows 7
• Windows 8
Small Basic
• User friendly development environment that is
very easy to use.

The process of a computer task

• Input
• Process
• Output
Input
• Any data required into the computer system.

Process
• Procedure carried out by the system to provide
an output.

Output
• Serves as the outcome of the process.

Toolbar
• Contains the tools or commands you need to
manage.

Editor
• where you will write your statements.
System development life cycle • Programmer identifies whether or not there is
the need for a new system to achieve the
business' strategic objectives.
Sdlc
Analysis
• The process used in creating a computer
system. • Brainstorming happens
• Details the stage - by - stage development and • Owner of the project is communicating
maintenance of the system. between stakeholders, end - users and project
team.
• Composed of many processes that aims to build
quality software
Design

• Planning • Uses the requirements specification from the

previous phase and the system and the
• Analysis
software designs are prepared.
• Design
• This phase aids in the definition of the overall
• Development system architecture.
• Testing
• Implementation Development
• Maintenance • The program is written by software developers
• This phase takes the longest time to finish the
Software development process entire sdlc.
• Way to improve design and product
management by breaking software Testing
development work into smaller steps or sub - • Functional testing such as unit testing,
processes that can be done in parallel or in - integration testing, system testing, acceptance
order. testing are performed.

Key term: Implementation

• The software would now be delivered or
Process deployed to the customers for actual use.
• Set of partially ordered steps used to produce
or enhance a partially software product. Maintenance
• There are still some cases when the customers
Process step would encounter problems and issues while
• The most singular action of a process that has they are actually using the product.
no externally visible substructure it is a basic
process of abstraction that is discrete, bound.
Software development models
Process element
• Part of the process that ranges from indiviual (methodologies)
process steps to very large parts of processes.

Process program • Waterfall model

• Designed to fit the particular computing • V - model
environmental needs for format and detailed • Agile model
process programs are generally tested debug • Iterative model
and modified similar to computer programs.
• Incremental model
• Spiral model
• Rad model
• Prototype model

Steps:

Planning
Software development models • Works great when the requirements are
complete and well understood by the project
team.
Waterfall model • The definition of the product or projects is not
changing.
• First software development model introduced
to the market • The technology to be used in the design and
development is well understood by the project
• Also known as the linear - sequential life cycle
model it is very simple to use. team.
• In waterfall model, the phases should not • The requirements and specifications are clear
overlap each other. concise, and the project duration is short.

V - model
1. Requirement analysis and specification
• To understand the exact requirements of the • Stands for verification and validation
customer and to document them properly. • It follows a series or processes which need to
be execute.
• Both the customer and the software developer
work together.
Verification
2. Design • Process of evaluation of the product
development process to find whether specified
• Transform the requirements gathered in the srs
into a suitable form which permits further requirements meet.
coding in a programming language.
Validation
• Defines the overall software architecture
together with high level and detailed design. • Process to classify the software after the
completion of the development process to
3. Implementation and unit testing determine whether the software meets the
customer expectations and requirements.
• If the sdd is complete, the implementation or
coding phase proceeds smoothly, because all
High - level design
the information needed by software developers
is contained in the sdd. • Visualizes all the components of the general
system working together to achieve an end
• Small modules are tested in isolation initially.
goal for the user or organization.
After that, these modules are tested by writing
some overhead code to check the interaction
Low - level design
between these modules and the flow of
intermediate output. • Defines the specific time of technology, and
services needed to build the project.
4. Integration and system testing
Advantages of v - model
• This phase is highly crucial as the quality of the
end product is determined by the effectiveness • Simple and has direct approach
of the testing carried out. • Creation and definition of a well - constrcuted
test plan is in place.
• The modules are tested for their interactions
with each other and with the system. • Excellent for smaller project types
requirements are well controlled and thus
5. Operation and maintenance eliminationg scope creep.
• Task performed by every user once the
Disadvantages of v - model
software has been delivered to the customer,
installed, and operational. • Rigidly does not lend itself to being flexible
• No early prototypes are made available as code
Advantages of waterfall model is done explicit during implementation.
• Simple yet complex to implement. • Documentation updates whenever there are
• Easy to manage but does not lend itself to changes to design or requirement.
changing requirements in the middle of Software development models
development due to rigidity.
• Processed and completed one at a time. When to use v - model
• All phases are performed and comnpleted with
clearly defined entry and exit criteria. • Applicable from small to medium sized and
projects or products and needs to have clealy
defined requirements.

Disadvantages of the waterfall model Prototype model

• Once the application is in the testing stage, it is • Built to process the specifications
very difficult to go back and change something
that was not well - thought out in the concept Advantages of prototype model
stage. • End users are pro - actively involved during the
development process.
When to use the waterfall model
 • End users have a better understanding of the • Input width, length
computer system being created. Step 2:
• Bugs are corrected in the earlier stages. • Area = length x width
• Faster end users feedbacks are readily available Step 3:
for improved solution. • Print area
• Complicated functions are listed.

Disadvantages of prototype model

Binary to decimal convertion
• Developers tend to keep on fixing rather than
building of the new computer system.
• Greatly increase the complexity of the
computer system due to deviations to the
original plans.
• Prototyping can cause the application not to be
utilized.

When to apply prototype model

• Desire system must interact with the end users
• Online computer systems and web portals are
good candidates for prototyping.
• Prototype module guarantees the end - users
regularly work with the new computer system.

Solving programming problems

• Includes identifying the problem then writing
instruction for the computer, which called a
source code.

Process flow in programming

• To be a good programmer, you must follow
good problem - solving techniques.

Algorithm
• Step - by - step procedure to solve problems. It
makes the whole procedure more efficient as
consistent.

Flowchart
• Diagram representing the logical sequence in
which a combination of steps or operation is to
be performed.

System used in flowcharting

Terminator
• Used in declaring the beginning and the end of
a flowchart. Labeled with the word "start" or
"end".

Input/output
• Used if the flowchart needs input from the user
or output from a process.

Process
• Used to process data, normally composed of
mathematical symbols.

Decision
• Leds to comparison which involves logical and
relational operators and questions that are
answered by "yes" or "no"

Step 1:
Binary to decimal convertion
Binary number system
• Number system that computers use to
represent data with 0s and 1s.

Decimal number system

• Commonly used number system, where each
number is represented by digits 0 to 9 and each
place value has a power of 10

Place value
• The value of a number based on its position.
Bit
• A binary digit with either a zero or 1 as a
prossible value.

Byte
• A sequence of 8 bits with 256 possible values
from 00000000 through 11111111