Cell

HUMAN BIOLOGY
Lecture 2
Presented by:
Dr. Budoor Alnoaemi
THE CELL
• The cell is the smallest, basic unit of life that is responsible for all of life's
processes.” that is capable of performing life functions.
• Cell theory:
1. All living things are made up of cells.
2. Cells are the smallest working units of all living things.
3. All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.
TWO TYPES OF CELLS
1. Prokaryotic: The predominantly
single-celled organisms of the
domains Bacteria and Archaea
2. Eukaryotic: Animal cells, plant

cells, fungi, and protists are
eukaryotes
COMPONENTS OF PROKARYOTIC CELLS
• All cells share four common components:
1) a plasma membrane, an outer covering that separates the cell’s interior
from its surrounding environment
2) cytoplasm, consisting of a jelly-like region within the cell in which other
cellular components are found
3) DNA, the genetic material of the cell
4) ribosomes, particles that synthesize proteins
• A prokaryotic cell is a simple, single-celled (unicellular) organism that lacks a

nucleus, or any other membrane-bound organelle.
• Prokaryotic DNA is found in the central part of the cell: a darkened region
called the nucleoid
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
• A eukaryotic cell is a cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and other
membrane-bound compartments or sacs, called organelles, which have
specialized functions.
• The word eukaryotic means true nucleus.
• The word organelle means little organ, and organelles have specialized
cellular functions, just as the organs of your body have specialized functions.
CELL SIZE
• At 0.1 to 5.0 μm in diameter, prokaryotic cells are significantly smaller than
eukaryotic cells, which have diameters ranging from 10 to 100 μm.
SUMMARY
• Prokaryotes are predominantly single-celled organisms of the domains
Bacteria and Archaea. All prokaryotes have plasma membranes, cytoplasm,
ribosomes, a cell wall, DNA, and lack membrane-bound organelles.
• Many also have polysaccharide capsules. Prokaryotic cells range in
diameter from 0.1 to 5.0 μm .
• A Eukaryotic cell has a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes, but a
eukaryotic cell is typically larger than a prokaryotic cell, has a true nucleus
(meaning its DNA is surrounded by a membrane), and has other membrane-
bound organelles that allow for compartmentalization of functions.
• Eukaryotic cells tend to be 10 to 100 times the size of prokaryotic cells.
ANIMAL CELL
PLANT CELL
CELL PARTS
Organelles
MAIN SECTIONS OF THE CELL
• 1- plasma membrane (cell membrane)
• 2- nucleus
• 3- cytoplasm
PLASMA MEMBRANE
• All membranes are phospholipid bilayers
with embedded proteins.
• Molecules that can pass through cell

membrane is lipid soluble and small
molecular weight molecules.
• Hydrophilic molecules (water loving),

hydrophobic molecules (water hating)
• Semipermeable (selective)
• Function of plasma membrane

• isolates cell contents
• controls what gets in and out of the cell
• receives signals
CYTOPLASM
• jelly-like mixture (the empty space in
the cell)
• Surrounded by cell membrane
• Contains hereditary material
• Support
• Facilitate Chemical reactions
• Dissolve solutes in the cells.
THE NUCLEUS
• A nucleus: is a membrane-bound
organelle, controls all the
activity…Pores in the nuclear
membrane allow for the passage
of molecules in and out of the
nucleus…Separated from
cytoplasm by nuclear membrane
• Contains chromatin (DNA)and

nucleolus.
INSIDE THE NUCLEUS WE FIND :
• 1- chromatin (DNA)
• 2- nucleolus: Ribosomes
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• Endoplasmic Reticulum: a continuous membrane system that forms a series of
flattened sacs within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and serves multiple functions.
• Rough ER
• Contain ribosomes on it surface
• Protein anabolism: Synthesizes proteins
• Smooth ER
• No ribosomes
• Synthesis of lipids
RIBOSOMES
• Ribosomes: they are the site of protein synthesis in the cell.
• Ribosomes can be found either:

• On the endoplasmic reticulum (thereby making it “rough”), or
• Free in the cytoplasm, either singly or in groups, called polyribosomes
GOLGI BODY
• Golgi Apparatus
• Consists of 3-20 flattened, curved sacs
• Modifies proteins and lipids
Function of Golgi apparatus:
• Receives proteins that ribosomes made
• Modify , arrange and packge the proteins
so they can be transferred outside the cell
• Put the proteins in protective little envelope
called vesicles
QUESTIONS(CLASS WORK)
• 1- which organelle build the proteins?

• 2- stores DNA?
• 3- produces Ribosomes?
• 4- creates fats and breaks down toxins?
• 5- Package and releases proteins from a cell?
• 6- Allows material to enter and exit a cell?
• 7- Links chain of amino acids?
QUESTIONS(CLASS WORK)
•How protein is produced?

(Mention the steps)
MITOCHONDRIA
• The house power
• Contain ribosomes and their own DNA
• Surrounded by a double membrane
• Involved in cellular respiration and produce most of ATP utilized by

the cell
LYSOSOMES
• Powerful digestive enzymes.
• Membrane-bound vesicles (not found in plants)
• Produced by the Golgi apparatus
• Contain powerful digestive enzymes and are highly acidic
• Digestion of large molecules
• Recycling of cellular resources
• Apoptosis (programmed cell death)
CELIA AND FLAGELLA
• Hair-like projections from cell surface that aid in cell movement
• Very different from prokaryote flagella
• In eukaryotes, cilia are much shorter than flagella
CELL WALL
• Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria
• Supports & protects cells
• Made up of cellulose
CHLOROPLAST:
• Usually found in plant cells
• Contains green chlorophyll
• Where photosynthesis takes place
VACUOLE
• Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal
• Contains water solution
• Help plants maintain shape

Cell

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HUMAN BIOLOGY

2. Eukaryotic: Animal cells, plant

• A prokaryotic cell is a simple, single-celled (unicellular) organism that lacks a

• Molecules that can pass through cell

• Hydrophilic molecules (water loving),

• Function of plasma membrane

• Contains chromatin (DNA)and

• Ribosomes: they are the site of protein synthesis in the cell.

• Ribosomes can be found either:

• 1- which organelle build the proteins?

•How protein is produced?

• Contain ribosomes and their own DNA

• Surrounded by a double membrane

• Involved in cellular respiration and produce most of ATP utilized by

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