Reviewer: Culminating Activity; international relations

Pointers:

International Relations Theory Chart

● Neo and Realists and Neo and Liberalists are the dominant knowledge
● Neo means “new” which indicates global range not just domestic
● Marxist is the not so dominant knowledge
● De-colonialist is the indigenous knowledge
● Man is good – liberalist; man is greedy – realist
● States are cooperative – neo-liberalist; states are aggressive – neo-realist
● International system structures – neo-realist; international institutions – neo-liberalist;
economic exploitation – decolonialism and Marxism
● Colonialism – physically conquered; neo-colonialism – through the sphere of influence
(political, economical, cultural)
● Realism believes that humans are selfish in nature that’s why they need a government
to control their greed.

- Realism believes that the reasons for conflicts inside the country or the state is
the selfishness or self-centeredness of the people and their greed for
power.

● The word “neo” that is added in theories means either globalization or global
solidarity.

● Neorealism focuses on globalization.

- The realists only define that the reason for conflict is the populace of ONE
STATE, on the other hand, neorealists took it to a global scale and thought that
 what if there are TWO COUNTRIES that are selfish, fighting because of their
greed for power.

- This is why the neorealists thought that the countries needed an

INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM to govern them.

- Realism doesn’t need an international system as it only concerns the local scale
of the selfishness of the people.

● Neoliberalism also focuses on globalization.

- Neoliberalists believe that countries and their men are good in nature that’s why
they thought about neoliberalism as a way to have harmony and cooperation
globally.

- Neoliberalism believes that countries need an INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTION

to help countries cooperate with each other for an easier globalization.

- Liberalism focuses on human life and welfare; unlike realism wherein the
government GOVERNS and CONTROLS the people, liberalists believe that the
government should PROTECT the people.

● Neo-marxism wants GLOBAL SOLIDARITY.

- Marxism focuses on having a stateless, equal society, and the neo-marxists

believe that this idealism should be followed GLOBALLY.

- Marxism doesn't talk about colonial stuff and wants to completely diminish the
ruling class– this focuses on equality. Which is impossible as we still need a ruler
and there should always be someone who should govern the populace.

- Colonialism and racism is unrelated in marxism as the marxists want people to

follow their ideology which tackles communism and socialism.

This theory does not believe that the states are the reason why there is constant change
internationally, they believe that it is the economic exploitation that forces the countries
to work together in external affairs.

● POSTCOLONIALISM believes that the reason for the current economic exploitation is
the HEGEMONS.

- It refers to the aftermath of the colonization of the hegemons in other countries,

which are still affected because of the dependency theory.

● INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM (Realism and Neo-realism) and INTERNATIONAL

INSTITUTION (Liberalism and Neo-liberalism) are different from each other.

The International System wants to CONTROL selfish countries.

International Institution aims to HELP the good countries cooperate with each other.
 ● Idealism that thinks of man as selfish, greedy, and brute like is REALISM.
● Idealism that believes man is greedy, selfish and brute like is REALISM.
● Idealism that believes man is good, benevolence and cooperative is LIBERALISM.
● Idealism that believes men of his class will have conflict with other classes is MARXISM.
● Idealism that believes man is equal to other races and other skin, and no one must take
over the other is MARXISM.
● Idealism that believes states are aggressive, oppressive, and greedy is NEO-REALISM.
● Idealism that believes states must integrate their economy with ecological relationships
is DE-COLONIALISM.
● Kind of idealism that believes states should be free from all imperialistic activity is
NEO-MARXISM.

Not so dominant knowledge is the neo-Marxists

- Core A of Marxist argument – totality, social world

- Core B of Marxist argument – from spiritual (Hegel) to material and base

structure of production (Karl Marx), and to superstructure (U.S.A.)

- Core C of Marxist argument – class conflict (systematic, persisting)

- Economic power of hegemons is also the weakness of hegemons (to counter,

strike when there is an economic crisis)

- Critiquing the dominant knowledge.

- The Hegemons hold the status quo of the world through a half beast half human
system.

- Globalization is bad, while the Global Solidarity is good.

- Globalization kasi superstructure, meaning ‘yung product na pinoproduce ng isang

bansa should cater the needs of the Hegemon countries such as US. While
Global solidarity, cinecater ng bansa ang local needs, this is called base
structure.

- Ecological interdependence of global solidarity of communism socialism vs

competitiveness of capitalism from globalization

- Hegemons’ power in political, economic, military, and cultural dominance in the

world

- Hegemons spreading Ahistory – from feudal system to modern international

system
 - Neo-Marxist History – from feudal to modern capitalistic states; from modern
capitalistic states to capitalistic and aristocratic states

- Base structure society, politics, economics, culture vs superstructure society,

politics, economics, and culture (making and producing, and persisting for the
hegemons economic needs and wants)

- World system is hegemonic according to the Neo-Marxists – Gramci (coercive

and consent; iron-cage of rationality, freedom and economically slaves), Cox
(international relations and reinforcing status quo through half beast and half
man), Habermas (rationality and data knowledge), Rosenberg (ahistory and
superstructre), and Teschke (2 major change in the world relations)

Decolonialism is the indigenous knowledge

- Indigenous knowledge vs dominant knowledge, racism does exist

- Colonialism continues in neo-colonialism form and through the help of

international institutions (such as World Bank or IMF)

- In the economic sphere, Globalization and World Trade Organization setting up

the oppression system through liberalists’ law of market (competitiveness)

BRICS are Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa

- these are the new economic giants that may challenge the supremacy of dollar in
the world trade

- common keys to their development are educated and knowledgeable population,

natural & physical resources, cooperative elites, and with a good government

Political Spectrum

- all ideologies are for the good of men

Leftist

- leftist anarchism is against any system or institution in society, because they

believe these are only hindrance to human, individual development

- leftist socialism is against evil of capitalist system, all men are equal and there
should be no private ownership

Moderate
 - liberalism is the moderate in the spectrum due to the dominance in the world
market and world culture

Rightist

- rightist conservatism or traditionalism was the dominant knowledge but replaced

by the liberalism

- rightist fascism ideology is extreme nationalism. But resolve into racism and hate
culture

ALL IDEOLOGIES ARE FOR THE GOOD OF THE MAN.

Kinds of Objectives:

1. To preserve the status quo

2. To improve or innovate status quo
3. To challenge status quo

THE OLD WAYS

- Power (Politics through economic supremacy)

 - Wealth (Economics through political power)
- Status (Either of these will benefit each other)

This is the game of:

- Who gets what;

- Who gets when;
- And who gets how.

THE NEW WAYS

- Power (Politics through economic supremacy)

- Wealth (Economics through political power)
- Status (Either of these will benefit each other)
- - Information (Media vs. social media)

This is the game of:

- Who gets what;

- Who gets when;
- Who gets how;
- And who gets monopolized and dominant knowledge (truth?)

POLITICAL ECONOMIC INFORMATION

Power Power Knowledge

Law Wealth Data

Control Control News

HUMANISM STATUS QUO (TO STAY IN POWER)

Totality of Man Totality of Man

- With freedom
- With reason - They can practice freedom
- Enjoying wholesome life - They can practice reason.
- Political - They enjoy life politically,
- Economic economically and culturally.
- Cultural
The US (hegemon country) has the status quo as they are dominant and have a strong
military force.

SOCIAL CONTROL

Max Weber - “IRON-CAGE OF RATIONALITY”

In China. IRON-CAGE

In USA, IRON-CAGE OF FREEDOM

LESSONS

> INTERNATIONAL RELATION (MARXISM CORES)

● Humanism
○ Freedom
■ Happiness
■ Dito naachieve yung tunay na humanism kasi free lahat ng tao and wala
pang social classes and division, etc
○ Dominance
■ Hegemons, sila yung may Dominant Knowlege (DK)
■ Nahati yung knowledge ng mga tao - Not So Dominant Knowledge
(NSDK) and Indigenous Knowledge (IK)
● Marxism Cores
a. Totality - social world has to be studies as a whole
b. Historical Materialism
 - Base Economy [world is one] > Global Solidarity > National Economy
- Yung production of goods and services nila ay nakaayon sa
needs ng bansa nila.
- Superstructure Economy [new] > Globalization > Ecological
Interdependence
- Yung production of goods and services nila ay nakaayon sa
needs ng hegemon country, which is USA

c. Class Society - Prone to class conflicts

> WORLD SYSTEM THEORY

1. “Core exploiting the less developed periphery to improve their own proletariat”
● USA > Export > Laborers from other countries and Local Laborers
● Ang Local laborers hindi ineexploit ng USA dahil may laborers din from other
countries (PH), which are the ones they exploit.
● Considered as the Imperial Empire ang USA. Because of that nagiging slave ang
Philippines at ang government nito in terms of military, politics, and economy.
● Meron ding Civil Society ang USA. Under nun ang freedon, rights, S.P.A, etc ng
mga local citizens.
2. Dependency Theory
● Raw materials from the periphery is low price; Manufactured goods from the core
increased rapidly in price
 ● Raw materials from small countries > bought by US > manufactured > sold to
small countries with high prices
● High Expenditure, Low Income for small countries
● Ang naaapektuhan lang dito ay ang gobyerno at ang masa but never the one
who supplies the raw materials.
3. Boom-Bust Economy Setup
● Explains how the small countries are being exploited by the US.
● Since we are dependent on the USA. Despite the prices of the manufactured
goods that they sell to our countries, we have no other choice but to buy it. Since
our country sold the raw materials for a low price, the income from the raw
materials are insufficient to purchase the manufactured goods. Once we start
selling the manufactured goods here in our country, the prices will be set even
higher, which will make the citizens struggle. (Inflation)
● When this happens, our expenditures will increase and our income will decrease.
● If this continue, our economy will struggle and people will eventually have to loan
money from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (WB)
4. Globalization
● By imperial United State

POLITICAL ECONOMIC SUPERPOWERS

SUPER POWER OF THE WORLD
● England
● France
● Russia
● USA
● Italy
● Germany

BIG SEVEN
Before:
● UK
● France
● US
● Germany
● Italy
● Canada
● Japan
● (Russia)
Now:
● US
● UK
● France
● Germany
● Japan
● Brazil
● China
FUTURE ECONOMIC GIANTS:
BRICKS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, (S) Korea and South Africa)

Top 11: super powers NOW and Future Economic Giant

MAGIC 11, 12 AND 13 (INCLUDING VIP= Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines)

River as the main factor of great ancient civilization:

1. India
2. Iraq
3. China
4. Egypt
5. America

5 factors why England rose into power:

1. Agricultural Revolution
2. Rich in natural resources (iron & coal)
3. Protected their financial institutions
4. Political stability & national unity (created the constitutional monarchy)
5. The best navy in the world

5 fundamental geographical advantages in this post-modern time

1. Proximity to major markets
2. Sea-based trade access
3. CLimatic effects on diseases
4. Agriculture revolution
5. Natural resources

As in Philippines: factors to possible 12th placer

1. Geographical factor (strategical)
2. Nearness, accessibility to sea-based trade
3. Climate effects on disease burdens
4. Agricultural productivity
5. Natural and energy resources
+ factor (can be an economic independent nation)
Advantages:
● Isolated, rich in natural resources and tropical and the potential intelligent & skilled
people impediments (his people historical experiences from colonizers, elite dominance
over government & in rural areas, and too much negative reinforcement on traits by its
tropical condition)
● Relationship of economics on (and their impact)
● Geographic side: transport cost, public health, population density
 ● Political side: institutions and policies (east west Germany; north/south Korea;
china/Taiwan)
● Socio-cultural: (religion preference or dominance of traditional and superstitious
practices)
● Outside factor: conflict inflicted by US and other Super Powers

> BRICS

BRICS key of booming development

BRAZIL: agriculture, minerals, oil producer together their government, industry, cheap labor
and raw materials are in harmonious relationship

SOUTH AFRICA: natural resources (of gold and platinum), financial, legal, communications,
energy, and transport sectors are in harmony with their government

CHINA: large scale capital investment, large domestic savings and foreign investment lead their
rapid productivity that produce industrial and manufacturing exports

RUSSIA: natural gas, oil, coal, and precious metal; centrally planned economy produces
market-based and globally integrated economy

INDIA: digital competitiveness, transformative public infrastructure investment, giving incentives

and opportunities for development of dominant manufacturing base, natural resources, physical
capital, even human resources, and technological development boost their economy

SOUTH KOREA: educated and knowledgeable people, high technological development,

export-oriented economy, and local elites with cooperation in the domestic and foreign
investment
> NEO MARXISTS

GRAMCI

- According to him, the economic crisis is the key to overthrow the hegemon.

ROBERT COX

- He said that the elite class are the one reinforcing the status quo, alienated
populace accepting or tolerating the unjust society and world.

JURGEN HABERMAS

- According to him, the unjust set up of the world is being reinforced by the media
through cultural superstructure.

JUSTIN ROSENBERG

- He stated that the mode production of each nation varies on their own needs and
wants, but twisted to homogeneous type based on the needs of hegemons.

BENNO TESCHKE

- Said that the class relation is full of exploitation but allowed by the world due to
the ahistorical version of “one major change” in history, from feudal to modern
international system.
Post Colonialism

- Period after colonialism. But we all knew that there is a new kind, and that is the
NEOCOLONIALISM period.
- Means after and colonialism is subjugation or annexing another place, country, or state.
- Neocolonialism is not physically subjugation but through the sphere of influence in
ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, AND POLITICAL aspects. In the absence of military and
physical force.

Subjugate - bring under domination or control, especially by conquest.

Decolonialism

- The movement to escape colonialism influences and dependency made by

neocolonialism.

Socialism

- Still hopeful to achieve such communism. Where all men are equal, and there is no
governing government or institution. So eventually for them, all men are equal and free.
- The sense of a closed and strict society is present in order to change men’s orientation
of capitalism wherein there is private property, competitiveness, that resulted in
inequality, oppression of the proletariat class.
- Socialism is strict to teach the populace to completely diminish the evilness of capitalism.