Student Solution Manual

Student Solution Manual: Skoog et al., Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 10e,

© 2022, 978-0-357-45055-0, Chapter 2: Calculations Used in Analytical Chemistry
Some of the answers below may differ in format but have the same value as your result. Please
check with your instructor if a specific format is desired.

Chapter 2
2-1. Define

Answers:
(a) molar mass.
The molar mass is the mass in grams of one mole of a chemical species.

(c) millimolar mass.

The millimolar mass is the mass in grams of one millimole of a chemical species.

2-3. Give two examples of units derived from the fundamental base SI units.

Solution:
3
1000 mL 1 cm3  m 
The liter: 1 L = × ×  = 10 m
−3 3

1L mL  100 cm 
1 mol L 1 mol
Molar concentration: 1 M = × −3 3 = −3 3
L 10 m 10 m

2-4. Simplify the following quantities using a unit with an appropriate prefix:

Solutions:
(a) 5.8 × 108 Hz.
MHz
5.8 × 108 Hz × = 580 MHz
106 Hz

(c) 9.31 × 107 μmol.

mol
9.31× 10 7 μmol × = 93.1 mol
10 μmol
6

(e) 3.96 × 106 nm.

mm
3.96 × 106 nm × = 3.96 mm
106 nm

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 Student Solution Manual: Skoog et al., Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 10e,
© 2022, 978-0-357-45055-0, Chapter 2: Calculations Used in Analytical Chemistry

2-5. Why is 1 g no longer exactly 1 mole of unified atomic mass units?

Answer:
The dalton is defined as 1/12 the mass of a neutral 12C atom. With the redefinition of SI
base units in 2019, the definition of the dalton remained the same. However, the
definition of the mole and the kilogram changed in such a way that the molar mass unit
is no longer exactly 1 g/mol.

2-7. Find the number of Na+ ions in 2.75 g of Na3PO4?

Solution:
1 mol Na3PO4 3 mol Na+ 6.022 × 1023 Na+
2.75 g Na3PO4 × × × = 3.03 × 1022 Na+
163.94 g mol Na3PO4 mol Na+

2-9. Find the amount of the indicated element (in moles) in

Solutions:
(a) 5.32 g of B2O3.

2 mol B mol B2O3

5.32 g B2O3 × × = 0.153 mol B
mol B2O3 69.62 g B2O3

(b) 195.7 mg of Na2B4O7 ⋅ 10H2O.

g 7 mol O
195.7 mg Na2B4O7 ⋅ 10H2O × ×
1000 mg mol Na2B4O7 ⋅ 10H2O
mol Na2B4O7 ⋅ 10H2O
× = 3.59 × 10−3 mol O = 3.59 mmol
381.37 g

(c) 4.96 g of Mn3O4.

mol Mn3O4 3 mol Mn
4.96 g Mn3O4 × × = 6.50 × 10 −2 mol Mn
228.81 g Mn3O4 mol Mn3O4

(d) 333 mg of CaC2O4.

g mol CaC2O4 2 mol C

333 mg CaC2O4 × × × = 5.20 × 10−3 mol C
1000 mg 128.10 g CaC2O4 mol CaC2O4
= 5.20 mmol

2-11. Find the number of millimoles of solute in

Solutions:
(a) 2.00 L of 0.0449 MKMnO .
4

0.0449 mol KMnO4 1000 mmol

× × 2.00 L = 89.8 mmol KMnO4
L mol

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 Student Solution Manual: Skoog et al., Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 10e,
© 2022, 978-0-357-45055-0, Chapter 2: Calculations Used in Analytical Chemistry

(b) 750 mL of 5 .35 × 1023 M KSCN.

5.35 × 10 −3 M KSCN 1000 mmol L

× × × 750 mL = 4.01 mmol KSCN
L mol 1000 mL

(c) 3.50 L of a solution that contains 6.23 ppm of CuSO4 .

6.23 mg CuSO4 g mol CuSO4 1000 mmol

× × × × 3.50 L = 0.137 mmol CuSO4
L 1000 mg 159.61 g CuSO4 mol

(d) 250 mL of 0.414 mM KCl.

0.414 mmol KCl 1L
× × 250 mL = 0.104 mmol KCl
L 1000 mL

2-13. What is the mass in milligrams of

Solutions:
(a) 0.367 mol of HNO3?
63.01 g HNO3 1000 mg
0.367 mol HNO3 × × = 2.31× 104 mg HNO3
mol HNO3 g

(b) 245 mmol of MgO?

mol 40.30 g MgO 1000 mg
245 mmol MgO × × × = 9.87 × 10 3 mg MgO
1000 mmol mol MgO g

(c) 12.5 mol of NH4NO3 ?

80.04 g NH 4 NO 3 1000 m g
12.5 m ol NH 4 NO 3 × × = 1.00 × 10 6 m g NH 4 NO 3
m ol NH 4 NO 3 g

(d) 4.95 mol of (NH4 )2 e (NO3 )6 ( 548.23 g/mol) ?

548.23 g (NH4 )2 Ce(NO 3 )6 1000 mg

4.95 mol (NH4 ) 2 Ce(NO 3 )6 × ×
mol (NH4 ) 2 Ce(NO 3 )6 g
= 2.71× 10 6 mg (NH4 ) 2 Ce(NO 3 )6

2-15. What is the mass in milligrams of solute in

Solutions:
(a) 16.0 mL of 0.350 M sucrose (342 g/mol)?
0.350 mol sucrose L 342 g sucrose 1000 mg
× × ×
L 1000 mL mol sucrose g
× 16.0 mL = 1.92 × 10 3 mg sucrose

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 Student Solution Manual: Skoog et al., Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 10e,
© 2022, 978-0-357-45055-0, Chapter 2: Calculations Used in Analytical Chemistry

(b) 1.92 L of 3.76 × 1023 M H2O2 ?

3.76 × 10 − 3 m ol H 2 O 2 34.02 g H 2 O 2 1000 m g

× × × 1.92 L = 246 m g H 2 O 2
L m ol H 2 O 2 g

2-16. What is the mass in grams of solute in

Solutions:
(a) 250 mL of 0.264 M H2O2 ?

0.264 mol H2 O 2 L 34.02 g H2 O 2

× × × 250 mL = 2.25 g H2 O 2
L 1000 mL mol H2 O 2

(b) 37.0 mL of 5.75 × 10−4 M benzoic acid (122 g/mol)?

5.75 ×10−4 mol benzoicacid L 122 g benzoicacid

× ×
L 1000 mL mol benzoicacid
× 37.0 mL = 2.60 ×10−3 g benzoicacid

2-17. Calculate the p-value for each of the listed ions in the following:

Solutions:
(a) Na1 , Cl , and OH in a solution that is 0.0635 M in NaCl and 0.0403 M in NaOH.
− −

pNa = − log (0.0635 + 0.0403) = −log(0.1038) = 0.9838

pCl = −log(0.0635) = 1.197
pOH = − log (0.0403) = 1.395

(c) H+, Cl−, and Zn21 in a solution that is 0.400 M in HCl and 0.100 M in ZnCl2 .

pH = − log(0.400) = 0.398
pCl = − log(0.400 + 2 × 0.100) = − log(0.600) = 0.222
pZn = − log(0.100) = 1.00

K+, OH−, and Fe ( CN )6

42
(e) in a solution that is 1.62 × 10−7 M in K 4Fe ( CN)6 and 5.12 × 10−7 M
in KOH.

pK = − log(4 × 1.62 × 10−7 + 5.12 × 10−7 ) = − log(1.16 × 10−6 ) = 5.94

pOH = − log(5.12 × 10−7 ) = 6.291

pFe(CN)6 = − log(1.62 × 10−7 ) = 6.790

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 Student Solution Manual: Skoog et al., Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 10e,
© 2022, 978-0-357-45055-0, Chapter 2: Calculations Used in Analytical Chemistry

2-18. Calculate the molar H3O+ ion concentration of a solution that has a pH of

Solutions:
(a) 3.73.
pH = 3.73, log[H3O+] = −3.73, [H3O+] = 1.9 × 10−4 M
as in part (a)

(c) 0.59.
[H3O+] = 0.26 M

(e) 7.62.
[H3O+] = 2.4 × 10−8 M

(g) 20.76.
[H3O+] = 5.8 M

2-19. Calculate the p-functions for each ion in a solution that is

Solutions:
(a) 0.0200 M in NaBr.
pNa = pBr = −log(0.0200) = 1.699

(c) 4.5 × 1023 M in Ba ( OH) .

2

pBa = −log(4.5 × 10−3) = 2.35; pOH = −log(2 × 4.5 × 10−3) = 2.05

(e) 7.2 × 1023 M in CaCl and 8.2 × 1023 M in BaCl .

2 2

pCa = −log(7.2 × 10−3) = 2.14; pBa = −log(8.2 × 10−3) = 2.09

pCl = −log(2 × 7.2 × 10−3 + 2 × 8.2 × 10−3) = −log(0.0308) = 1.51

2-20. Convert the following p-functions to molar concentrations:

Solutions:
(a) pH = 1.102.

pH = 1.102; log[H3O+] = −1.102; [H3O+] = 0.0791 M

(c) pBr = 7.77.

pBr = 7.77; log[Br−] = −7.77; [Br−] = 1.70 × 10−8 M

(e) pLi = 12.35.

pLi = 12.35; log[Li+] = −12.35; [Li+] = 4.5 × 10−13 M

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 Student Solution Manual: Skoog et al., Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 10e,
© 2022, 978-0-357-45055-0, Chapter 2: Calculations Used in Analytical Chemistry

(g) pMn = 0 .135.

pMn = 0.135; log[Mn2+] = −0.135; [Mn2+] = 0.733 M

2-21. Seawater contains an average of 1.08 × 103 ppm of Na+ and 270 ppm of SO42−. Calculate

Solutions:
(a) the molar concentrations of Na1 and SO4 22 given that the average density of
seawater is 1.02 g/mL.
1 1.02 g 1000 mL mol Na +
1.08 × 10 3 ppm Na + × × × × = 4.79 × 10 −2 M Na +
10 6 ppm mL L 22.99 g

1.02 g 1000 mL mol SO 4

2−
1
270 ppm SO 4 2 − × × × × = 2.87 × 10 −3 M SO 4 2 −
10 6 ppm mL L 96.06 g

(b) the pNa and pSO4 for seawater.

pNa = − log(4.79 × 10−2 ) = 1.320

pSO4 = − log(2.87 × 10−3 ) = 2.543

2-23. A solution was prepared by dissolving 5.76 g of KCl ⋅ MgCl2 ⋅ 6H2O (277.85 g/mol) in
sufficient water to give 2.000 L. Calculate

Solutions:
(a) the molar analytical concentration of KCl ⋅ MgCl2 in this solution.

5.76 g KCl ⋅ MgCl2 ⋅ 6H2 O mol KCl ⋅ MgCl2 ⋅ 6H2 O

× = 1.04 × 10 −2 M KCl ⋅ MgCl2 ⋅ 6H2 O
2.00 L 277.85 g

(b) the molar concentration of Mg21.

There is 1 mole of Mg2+ per mole of KCl ⋅ MgCl2, so the molar concentration of Mg2+
is the same as the molar concentration of KCl ⋅ MgCl2 or 1.04 × 10−2 M.

(c) the molar concentration of Cl2 .

3 m ol Cl−
1.04 × 10 − 2 M KCl ⋅ M gCl2 ⋅ 6H 2 O × = 3.12 × 10 − 2 M Cl−
m ol KCl ⋅ M gCl2 ⋅ 6H 2 O

(d) the weight/volume percentage of KCl ⋅ MgCl2 ⋅ 6H2O.

5.76 g KCl ⋅ MgCl2 ⋅ 6H2 O L
× × 100% = 0.288% (w/v)
2.00 L 1000 mL

(e) the number of millimoles of Cl2 in 25.0 mL of this solution.

3.12 × 10 −2 mol Cl− L 1000 mmol

× × × 25 mL = 7.8 × 10 −1 mmol Cl−
L 1000 mL mol

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 Student Solution Manual: Skoog et al., Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 10e,
© 2022, 978-0-357-45055-0, Chapter 2: Calculations Used in Analytical Chemistry

(f) ppm K1.

1 mol K + 39.10 g K + 1000 mg

1.04 × 10−2 M KCl ⋅ MgCl2 ⋅ 6H2O × × ×
1mol KCl ⋅ MgCl2 ⋅ 6H2O mol K + g
407 mg
= = 407 ppm K +
L

(g) pMg for the solution.

pMg = −log(1.04 × 10−2) = 1.983

(h) pCl for the solution.

pCl = −log(3.12 × 10−2) = 1.506

2-25. A 5.85% (w/w) Fe(NO3)3 (241.86 g/mol) solution has a density of 1.059 g/mL. Calculate

Solutions:
(a) the molar analytical concentration of Fe (NO3 )3 in this solution.

5.85 g Fe(NO 3 ) 3 1 1.059 g 1000 mL mol Fe(NO 3 ) 3

5.85% Fe(NO 3 )3 = × × × ×
g solution 100 mL L 241.86 g
= 2.56 × 10 −1 M Fe(NO 3 ) 3 = 0.256 M

(b) the molar NO32 concentration in the solution.

2.56 × 10 − 1 m ol Fe(NO 3 ) 3 3 m ol NO 3 −
2.56 × 10 −1 M Fe(NO 3 ) 3 = × = 7.68 × 10 − 1 M NO 3 −
L m ol Fe(NO 3 ) 3

(c) the mass in grams of Fe(NO3 )3 contained in each liter of this solution.

2.56 × 10 −1 mol Fe(NO3 )3 241.86 g Fe(NO3 )3

× × L = 6.20 × 101 g Fe(NO3 )3 = 62.0 g
L mol

2-27. Describe the preparation of

Solutions:
(a) 500 mL of 5.25% (w/v) aqueous ethanol ( C2H5OH, 46.1 g/mol).

5.25 g C2H5OH 1
× × 500 mL soln = 26.3 g C2H5OH
mL soln 100
Weigh 26.3 g ethanol and add enough water to give a final volume of 500 mL.

(b) 500 g of 5.25% (w/w) aqueous ethanol.

5.25 g C 2H5 OH 1
5.25% (w/w) C 2H5 OH = × × 500 g soln = 2.63 × 101 g C 2H5 OH
g soln 100

500 g soln = 26.3 g C2H5OH + x g water

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 Student Solution Manual: Skoog et al., Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 10e,
© 2022, 978-0-357-45055-0, Chapter 2: Calculations Used in Analytical Chemistry

x g water = 500 g soln − 26.3 g C2H5OH = 473.7 g water

Mix 26.3 g ethanol with 473.7 g water.

(c) 500 mL of 5.25% (v/v) aqueous ethanol.

5.25 mL C 2H5 OH
5.25% (v/v) C 2H5 OH =
100 mL soln
5.25 mL C 2H5 OH
× 500 mL soln = 26.3 mL C 2H5 OH
100 mL soln
Dilute 26.3 mL ethanol with enough water to give a final volume of 500 mL.

2-29. Describe the preparation of 500 mL of 3.00 M H3PO4 from the commercial reagent that is
86% H3PO4 (w/w) and has a specific gravity of 1.71.

Solution:
3.00 mol H3PO 4 L
× × 500 mL = 1.50 mol H3PO 4
L 1000 mL
86 g H3PO 4 1 1.71 g reagent g water 1000 mL mol H3PO 4 1.50 × 10 mol H3PO 4
1

× × × × × =
g reagent 100 g water mL L 98.0 g L
L
volume 86% (w/w) H3PO 4 required = 1.50 mol H3PO 4 ×
1.50 × 10 mol H3PO 4
1

= 1.00 × 10 −1 L

Dilute 100 mL to 500 mL with water.

2-31. Describe the preparation of

Solutions:
(a) 500 mL of 0.1000 M AgNO3 from the solid reagent.

0.1000 mol AgNO3

0.1000 M AgNO3 =
L
0.1000 mol AgNO3 169.87 g AgNO3 L
= × × × 500 mL
L mol 1000 mL
= 8.49 g AgNO3
Dissolve 8.49 g AgNO3 in enough water to give a final volume of 500 mL.

(b) 1.00 L of 0.1000 M HCl, starting with a 6.00 M solution of the reagent.
0.1000 mol HCl
× 1 L = 0.1000 mol HCl
L
L
0.1000 mol HCl × = 1.67 × 10−2 L HCl
6.00 mol HCl
Take 167 mL of the 6.00 M HCl and dilute to 1.00 L using water.

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 Student Solution Manual: Skoog et al., Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 10e,
© 2022, 978-0-357-45055-0, Chapter 2: Calculations Used in Analytical Chemistry

(c) 250 mL of a solution that is 0.0810 M in K1 , starting with solid K 4Fe ( CN)6 .

0.0810 mol K + L
× × 250 mL = 2.025 × 10−2 mol K +
L 1000 mL
mol K 4Fe(CN)6 368.35 g K 4Fe(CN)6
2.025 × 10 −2 mol K + × × = 1.86 g K 4Fe(CN)6
4 mol K +
mol

Dissolve 1.86 g K4Fe(CN)6 in enough water to give a final volume of 250 mL.

(d) 500 mL of 3.00% (w/v) aqueous BaCl2 from a 0.400 M BaCl2 solution.

3.00 g BaCl2 1
× × 500 mL = 1.5 × 101 g BaCl2
mL soln 100
mol BaCl2 L
1.5 × 101 g BaCl2 × × = 1.80 × 10 −1 L
208.23 g 0.400 mol BaCl2
Take 180 mL of the 0.400 M BaCl2 solution and dilute to 500 mL using water.

(e) 2.00 L of 0.120 M HClO4 from the commercial reagent [71.0% HClO4 (w/w), sp gr
1.67].
0.120 mol HClO4
× 2.00 L = 0.240 mol HClO4
L
71 g HClO4 1
1.67 g reagent g water 1000 mL mol HClO4 1.18 × 10 mol HClO4
× × × × =
100 g reagent g water mL L 100.46 g L

L
volume 71% (w/w) HClO4 required = 0.240 mol HClO4 =
1.18 × 101 mol HClO4
= 2.03 × 10 −2 L
Take 20.3 mL of the concentrated reagent and dilute to 2.00 L using water.

(f) 1.00 L of a solution that is 60.0 ppm in Na1 , starting with solid Na2 SO4 .

60 mg Na+
60 ppm Na+ =
L soln
60 mg Na+
× 1.00 L = 60 mg Na+
L soln
g mol Na+
60 mg Na+ × × = 2.61× 10 −3 mol Na+
1000 mg 22.99 g
mol Na2 SO 4 142.04 g Na2 SO 4
2.61× 10 −3 mol Na+ × × = 0.19 g Na2 SO4
2 mol Na +
mol

Dissolve 0.19 g Na2SO4 in enough water to give a final volume of 1.00 L.

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 Student Solution Manual: Skoog et al., Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 10e,
© 2022, 978-0-357-45055-0, Chapter 2: Calculations Used in Analytical Chemistry

2-33. What mass of solid La(IO3)3 (663.6 g/mol) is formed when 50.0 mL of 0.250 M La3+ is
mixed with 75.0 mL of 0.302 M IO3−?

Solution:
0.250 mol La3+ L
× × 50.0 mL = 1.25 × 10 −2 mol La3+
L 1000 mL
0.302 mol IO3 − L
0.302 M IO3 − = × × 75.0 mL = 2.27 × 10 −2 mol IO3 −
L 1000 mL
Because each mole of La(IO3)3 requires three moles IO3−, IO3− is the limiting reagent.
Thus,
mol La(IO3 )3 663.6 g La(IO3 )3
2.27 × 10 −2 mol IO3 − × × = 5.01 g La(IO3 )3 formed
3 mol IO3 −
mol

2-35. Exactly 0.118 g of pure Na2CO3 is dissolved in 100.0 mL of 0.0731 M HCl.

Solutions:
(a) What mass in grams of CO2 is evolved?

A balanced chemical equation can be written as:

Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 (g)
mol Na2 CO3
0.1180 g Na2CO3 × = 1.113 × 10 −3 mol Na2CO3
105.99 g
0.0731 mol HCl L
× × 100.0 mL = 7.31× 10−3 mol HCl
L 1000 mL

Because one mole of CO2 is evolved for every mole Na2CO3 reacted, Na2CO3 is the
limiting reagent. Thus,
mol CO2 44.00 g CO2
1.113 × 10 −3 mol Na2 CO3 × × = 4.897 × 10 −2 g CO2 evolved
mol Na2 CO3 mol

(b) What is the molar concentration of the excess reactant (HCl or Na2CO3 ) ?

amnt HCl left = 7.31× 10−3 mol − (2 × 1.113 × 10−3 mol) = 5.08 × 10−3 mol
5.08 × 10−3 mol HCl 1000 mL
× = 5.08 × 10−2 M HCl
100.0 mL L

2-37. Exactly 75.00 mL of a 0.3132 M solution of Na2SO3 is treated with 150.0 mL of 0.4025 M
HClO4 and boiled to remove the SO2 formed.

Solutions:
(a) What is the mass in grams of SO2 that is evolved?

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 Student Solution Manual: Skoog et al., Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 10e,
© 2022, 978-0-357-45055-0, Chapter 2: Calculations Used in Analytical Chemistry

A balanced chemical equation can be written as:

Na2 SO3 + 2HClO4 → 2NaClO4 + H2O + SO2 (g)

0.3132 mol Na2 SO3 L

0.3132 M Na2 SO3 = × × 75 mL = 2.3 ×10 −2 mol Na2 SO3
L 1000 mL
0.4025 mol HClO4 L
0.4025 M HClO4 = × × 150.0 mL
L 1000 mL
= 6.038 × 10−2 mol HClO4

Because one mole SO2 is evolved per mole Na2SO3, Na2SO3 is the limiting reagent.
Thus,
mol SO2 64.06 g SO2
2.3 × 10 −2 mol Na2 SO3 × × = 1.5 g SO2 evolved
mol Na2 SO3 mol

(b) What is the concentration of the unreacted reagent (Na2 SO3 or HClO4 ) after the
reaction is complete?

mol HClO4 unreacted = 6.038 × 10−2 mol − (2 × 2.3 × 10−2 ) = 1.4 × 10−2 mol
1.4 × 10 −2 mol HClO 4 1000 mL
× = 6.4 × 10 −2 M HClO 4 = 0.064 M
225 mL L

2-39. What volume of 0.01000 M AgNO3 is required to precipitate all of the I− in 150 mL of a
solution that contains 22.50 ppt KI?

Solution:
A balanced chemical equation can be written as:
AgNO3 + KI → AgI(s) + KNO3
1 g mol KI
22.50 ppt KI × × × 150 mL × = 2.03 × 10−2 mol KI
10 ppt mL
3
166.0 g
mol AgNO3 L
2.03 × 10 −2 mol KI × × = 2.03 L AgNO3
mol KI 0.0100 mol AgNO3

2.03 L of 0.0100 M AgNO3 would be required to precipitate I− as AgI.

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