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Computer Programing Lecture 2

The document discusses different approaches to representing computational solutions to problems such as pseudocode, flowcharts, and source code. It also covers common steps in problem solving like understanding the problem, finding similar solutions, specifying possible solutions, and implementing and evaluating the best solution. Examples and exercises are provided to illustrate pseudocode and flowcharts for representing sequential computational problems and using selection in problem solving.

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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
11 views

Computer Programing Lecture 2

The document discusses different approaches to representing computational solutions to problems such as pseudocode, flowcharts, and source code. It also covers common steps in problem solving like understanding the problem, finding similar solutions, specifying possible solutions, and implementing and evaluating the best solution. Examples and exercises are provided to illustrate pseudocode and flowcharts for representing sequential computational problems and using selection in problem solving.

Uploaded by

zoopaad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Programming

Lecture 2 (Part I)
Outlines
• Problems
• Common Steps in Problem Solving
• Solution Representations
• Pseudocode
• Flowchart
• Solving sequential computational problems
• Selection
Problems

• Problems are something the result are not readily available.


Common Steps in problem solving
• Understanding the problem at hand precisely.
• Looking for possible similar or related solutions at hand. (Gathering information about the
problem)
• Specifying possible of set of solutions
• Selecting the best possible solution
• Implementing and evaluating the solution
• Monitoring the solution to ensure it is effective
Representing a solution
• A solution to a problem needs to be carefully represented by outlining each individual steps of a
solution precisely so that it can be understood, communicated, and reproduced by other
interested parties.

• A computational solution can be represented:


• Pseudocode: is a text-based detail design tool that allows the programmer to represent the
implementation of an algorithm in a way that can be understood by anyone with basic programming
knowledge.
• Flowchart: is a diagrammatic representation of the steps of an algorithm.
• Source code: a source code can be used to represent a computational solution using programming
language.
Pseudocode
• Pseudocode is an informal language that helps programmers develop algorithms.

• Common instructions in a program:


• Input: get data from keyboard, file, network and so on.
• Output: displaying the output on screen, save it in a file, send it over the network, and so on.
• Math: perform mathematical operations
• Sequential execution: execute instructions in orderly manner
• Conditional execution: check for certain condition and run the appropriate code.
• Repetition: perform an action repeatedly
Exercise
Write a step by step instruction for cooking pasta with tomato sauce
Pseudocode
Goal: Computing hourly wage of an Goal: Compute the area of a circle
employe
Input hourly_rate, total_hours Input radius
Compute wage <- hourly_rate * Compute area <- PI * radius * radius
total_hours
Output wage Output area
Stop
Stop
Pseudocode Exercise
Write a pseudocode for the following computational problems:
- Compute circumference of a circle (2 * PI * radius)
- Compute the area of a rectangle
- Compute the average of four numbers
Flowchart
• Flowchart is a diagrammatic representation of the steps of an algorithm.

• Flowchart types:
• Program flowchart: They contain the steps of solving a problem unit for a specific result.
• System flowchart: contain the solutions of many problem units together that are closely related to each
other and interact with each other to achieve a goal.
Program flowchart
• A program flowchart is an extremely useful tool in program development.
• Any error or omission can be more easily detected from a program flowchart than it can be from a
program because a program flowchart is a pictorial representation of the logic of a program.

• Program flowchart can be followed easily and quickly.

• It serves as a type of documentation, which may be of great help if the need for program modification
arises in future.
Flowchart Symbols
Symbol Name and descriptions

Terminal: used to show the beginning and end of


a set of computer-related processes

Input/Output: used to show any input/output


operation

Computer processing: used to show any processing


performed by a computer system
Flowchart Symbols
Symbols Name and descriptions
Flow line: used to connect the symbols

Comment: used to write any explanatory statement


required to clarify something
Flowchart example
Goal: Computing hourly wage of an
employe
Input hourly_rate, total_hours
Compute wage <- hourly_rate *
total_hours
Output wage
Stop
Flowchart Exercise
Draw a flowchart for the following computations:
- Compute circumference of a circle (2 * PI * radius)
- Compute the area of a rectangle
- Compute the average of four numbers

The first five students to complete both exercises correctly get 1 bonus mark
More flowchart symbols
Symbols Name and description
Predefined processing: used to indicate any
process not specially defined in the flowchart

Document Input/Output: used when input comes


from a document and output goes to a document.

Decision: used to show any point in the process


where a decision must be made to determine
further action
More flowchart symbols
Symbols Name and description
On-page connector: used to connect parts of a
flowchart continued on the same page

Off-page connector: used to connect parts of a


flowchart continued to separate pages
Flowchart rules
• Only the standard symbols should be used in program flowcharts.

• The program logic should depict the flow from top to bottom and from left to right.

• Each symbol used in a program flowchart should contain only one entry point and one exit
point, with the exception of the decision symbol. This is known as the single rule.

• The operations shown within a symbol of a program flowchart should be expressed


independently of any particular programming language.

• All decision branches should be well-labeled.


Selection
• This process of decision-making is
implemented through a logic structure
called selection.
• A predicate (condition) is tested, if it is
true or false.
• If true, a course of action will be specified
for it.
• If false, an alternative course of action will
be specified for it
Selection
Goal: Determine if number is odd or even
Input A
Compute R <- Remainder of (A/2)
If R = 0
Then Print “It is an even number”
Else
Print “It is an odd number”
End-If
Stop
Selection
Goal: Output the maximum of two
numbers
Input A,B
If A > B
Then G <- A
Else
G <- B
End-If
Print G
Stop
Selection Exercise
- Write a pseudocode for a computation that accepts two numbers and tells if the first number is
a multiple of the second number
- Draw a flowchart for the pseudocode

The first 5 students to return correct answer for the questions get 1 bonus mark
Selection
Goal: Determine loss or profit
Input CP,SP
If CP <= SP
Then
If CP = SP
Then print “No profit or loss”
Else
Compute P <- SP – CP
print “The profit is ”, p
End-if
Else
Compute L <- CP – SP
print “The loss is ”, L
End-if
Stop
More Selection Exercise
- Write a pseudocode to determine the maximum of 3 numbers
- Draw a flowchart for the pseudocode

The first 5 students to complete the exercise with a correct answer get bonus 1 mark

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