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Algorithm Design: by DR Goh Wan Inn

This document provides an overview of algorithms and their role in software development and problem solving. It discusses: - The difference between software engineering and problem solving, with the latter referring to developing a computer program to solve a given problem. - The programming process being part of the software development life cycle, which takes a rigorous and systematic approach. - The typical steps a program takes - gathering input data, processing it, and displaying output. - Two common problem solving methods - flowcharts and pseudocode. Pseudocode describes algorithms in a simple English-like language, while flowcharts use graphical symbols to represent algorithmic logic and flow. - The key elements of algorithms being inputs, outputs,

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88 views

Algorithm Design: by DR Goh Wan Inn

This document provides an overview of algorithms and their role in software development and problem solving. It discusses: - The difference between software engineering and problem solving, with the latter referring to developing a computer program to solve a given problem. - The programming process being part of the software development life cycle, which takes a rigorous and systematic approach. - The typical steps a program takes - gathering input data, processing it, and displaying output. - Two common problem solving methods - flowcharts and pseudocode. Pseudocode describes algorithms in a simple English-like language, while flowcharts use graphical symbols to represent algorithmic logic and flow. - The key elements of algorithms being inputs, outputs,

Uploaded by

Sky Fire
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Algorithm Design

By Dr Goh Wan Inn


Software Engineering vs Problem Solving
• Software Engineering - A branch of Computer
Science & provides techniques to facilitate the
development of computer programs
• Problem Solving - refers to the entire process
of taking the statement of a problem and
developing a computer program that solves
that problem.

Slide 3- 2
The Programming Process
• SE concepts require a rigorous and systematic
approach to software development called
software development life cycle

• Programming process is part of the activities


in the software development life cycle
The Programming Process

This video
Software Development Life Cycle & Code

Building programs
•Edit
•Compile
•Link
•Run
Software Development Life Cycle & Algorithm

Understand the problem:


•Input
•Output
•Process
Develop the solution
(Algorithm):
•Structure chart
•Pseudocode
•Flowchart
Converting design to
computer codes.

e.g:
Flowchart -> C++ program
Algorithm is the steps
to solve problems
Software Development Life Cycle
• Problem Analysis
Identify data objects
Determine Input / Output data
Constraints on the problem
• Design
Decompose into smaller problems
Top-down design
Structured Chart
Develop Algorithm
Pseudocode
Flowchart
Software Development Life Cycle

• Implementation/coding/programming
Converting the algorithm into programming language
• Testing
Verify the program meets requirements
System and Unit test
• Maintenance
All programs undergo change over time
Input, Processing, and Output
Three steps that a program typically performs:
1) Gather input data:
• from keyboard
• from files on disk drives
2) Process the input data
3) Display the results as output:
• send it to the screen
• write to a file
Problem solving methods in this Class

• 2 problem solving methods will be


discussed in this class are:
Develop Algorithms
❖ Flowchart
❖ Pseudo code
Algorithms
• Algorithm - a sequence of a finite number of
steps arranged in a specific logical order to
produce the solution for a problem.
• Algorithms requirements:
i. Must have input
ii. Must produce output
iii. Unambiguous ( jelas)
iv. Generality(keluasan)
v. Correctness
vi. Finiteness ( measureable)
vii. Efficiency
Pseudo code

• Pseudo code is a semiformal, English-like language with


limited vocabulary that can be used to design &
describe algorithms.
• Purpose- to define the procedural logic of an algorithm
in a simple, easy-to-understand for its readers.
• Free of syntactical complications of programming
language.
Pseudo code
• Execution sequence follow the steps flow.
Example: Algorithm for
multiplying two numbers
1. Start
2. Get A
3. Get B Execution
4. Calculate result sequence
C=A*B
5. Display result C
6. End
Hands on Example!
Write your Pseudo code.
Example:
Calculte Area,Ix and Iy of Rectangle
1. Start
2. Get B
3. Get H
4. Calculate result

5. Display result Area, Ix and Iy


6. End
Flowchart
• Flowchart – a graph of geometrical shapes that
are connected by lines.

• 2 important element in flow chart:


1. geometrical shapes – represent type of
statements in the algorithm
2. Flow line – show the order in which the
statements of an algorithm are executed.
Flowchart
• Flowchart - Represents an Start

algorithm in graphical symbols


Get A
Get B

Example: Algorithm for


multiplying two numbers Calculate Resut
C=A*B

• Desk Check/Trace the algorithm!!!


Display the
Result C

Stop
Flowchart Symbol
Terminal: Used to indicates the start and end of a flowchart. Single flowline. Only one “Start”
and “Stop” terminal for each program. The end terminal for function/subroutine must use
“Return” instead of “Stop”.

Process: Used whenever data is being manipulated. One flowline enters and one flowline exits.

Input/Output: Used whenever data is entered (input) or displayed (output). One flowline enters
and one flowline exits.
Decision: Used to represent operations in which there are two possible selections. One flowline
enters and two flowlines (labelled as “Yes” and “No”) exit.

Function / Subroutine: Used to identify an operation in a separate flowchart segment (module).


One flowline enters and one flowline exits.

On-page Connector: Used to connect remote flowchart portion on the same page. One flowline
enters and one flowline exits.
Off-page Connector: Used to connect remote flowchart portion on different pages. One flowline
enters and one flowline exits.

Comment: Used to add descriptions or clarification.

Flowline: Used to indicate the direction of flow of control.


The Flowchart Explanation
Start Terminal.
Start Program start
here

Read A Input.
Read B Enter values for
A and B

Calculate Resut
C=A*B Process

Display the
Result C Output

Stop Terminal
Stop Program end
here
Example: Use of
comments/description
Start

Read N, N = The number of students


M M = The number of subjects

Yes

No

Stop
Example: Use of connectors on the same page.

Start

1 2

1- connection on the same


flowchart portion

2- connection on the different


Stop flowchart portion
1

2
Example: Use of connectors on the different page.

Page 1 Page 2

Start

2
1

Yes 1

No
Stop

2
The details (how the function works)
Example: Function-call example. we put in another flowchart.
This also known as
Note: Module = function = subroutine Function-Definition

Page 1 Start terminal for a


Function is different.
Page 2
Start Do not use “Start”
AVRG ( result,n1, n2,n3)

Read
n1, n2 , n3

sum = n1+ n2+n3

Body of a function is
AVRG (result, n1, n2,n3) the same with
normal flowchart

result = sum/3
At this part,
we only know what
we want to do. But we Print
result
don’t know how to do it

This part also known as Return


Function-Call

Stop
End terminal
must be “Return”
So now?

• Convert your pseudocode


to flow chart
Flowchart
Start

Read A
Read
ReadB &BH

Calculate Resut
C=A*B
Area, Ix & Iy

Display
Display the
Result
Area, Ix &CIy

Stop

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