Review of Related Literature

This chapter presents the relevant literature and studies that the researcher considered in

strengthening the importance of the present study. It also presents the synthesis of the art to fully

understand the research for better comprehension of the study.

A Strategy for Emergency Vehicle Preemption and Route Selection

According to Khaled Shaaban and Muhammad Asif Khan et. Al (2019) “ A strategy of

emergency vehicle and route selection” by forming a green wave while traveling, emergency

vehicle preemption, or EVP, seeks to grant right-of-way to EVs approaching the scene of an

incident via a system of signalized intersections. EVP systems are designed with two objectives

in mind: first, to minimize any obstacles to electric vehicle (EV) travel on the road and at

intersections; and second, to lessen the adverse effects of preemption on through-traffic. The

implementation of a suitable preemption strategy can mitigate the adverse effects of EVP on

regular traffic. The earlier suggested EVP schemes seek to reduce the EV's travel time without

taking into account the detrimental effects of EVP on regular traffic. This study develops a

combined approach for EV preemption and optimal path selection. The suggested plan

determines the best route for the EV before it leaves its starting point and then triggers the

preemption at the appropriate moment at each intersection along the way to clear the way ahead

of the EV. Minimizing the influence of EVP over regular traffic at both stages (i.e., path

selection phase and preemption phase) is another goal of the suggested EVP scheme. The ability

to use vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication in the EV path to clear the

entire route or the approaching lane once the optimal path has been chosen is a significant benefit

of the suggested method. A microscopic simulation environment for an actual traffic network

was used to test the strategy. The results showed that the EV's travel time was significantly
reduced while the effects of preemption on regular traffic were kept to a minimum.

Corresponding agencies and practitioners may find the suggested approach and evaluation

process useful in determining how preemption would affect planned or current arterials.

ROUTE-BASED DYNAMIC PREEMPTION OF TRAFFIC SIGNALS FOR

Based on the study of E. Kwon and Sangho Kim et al. (2003)” Route-based Dynamic

Preemption of traffic signals for emergency vehicle operation” that for the effective real-time

preemption of traffic signals for emergency vehicles, a route-based dynamic strategy is created.

The suggested approach combines a sequential dynamic preemption strategy with an online route

selection module to minimize delay caused by needless preemption and allow traffic lines at

intersections along a specific emergency route to be cleared ahead of time for emergency

vehicles. A microscopic simulation model that was calibrated using the emergency vehicle travel

time data gathered from the sample network was used to simulate the suggested strategy in a real

traffic network. The current intersection-by-intersection preemption strategy, which was also

modeled and simulated in this study, was contrasted with the performance of the suggested

dynamic preemption. The simulation results unmistakably show that the suggested strategy,

when compared to the current approach, significantly shortens the time it takes an emergency

vehicle to travel long, complex routes while preserving network-wide traffic performance.

An Efficient Congestion Avoiding Approach for Optimal Path Finding for Emergency
Vehicle

As mentioned by Biru Rajak and Sharabhani Millick (2019)” An efficient congestion avoiding

approach for optimal path finding for emergency vehicles” needed to be cleared quickly in order

to arrive at their destination as soon as possible and save lives. Emergency vehicles needed their

own clearance path. Because it blocks the entire route for other vehicles, the dedicated path
causes chaos, and it is not always feasible to create one. Therefore, a smart road navigation

system that can adjust in real-time to traffic congestion in terms of vehicle velocity, vehicle

count, lane number, and distance from source to destination is absolutely necessary.

Review of traffic control techniques for emergency vehicles

As mentioned by R. Nordin and M. M. Rosli et al (2019) “Review of traffic control techniques

for emergency vehicles” during peak hours and peak seasons, traffic control systems are crucial

for managing traffic congestion on the roads. Controlling the traffic at traffic light intersections

during emergency situations, particularly during peak hours, is one of the biggest challenges.

This might have an impact on the path taken by emergency vehicles, like police cars, fire trucks,

and ambulances, to get to their destination. More research on traffic control strategies is required

because Malaysia experiences increased traffic congestion during peak hours and peak seasons.

This study examined and synthesized data on the various types of traffic control systems

currently in use for managing traffic on roads, including image processing, wireless sensor

networks, and radio frequency identification (RFID). This essay examined and contrasted the

features, advantages, and drawbacks of every method. Based on the reviews, this paper suggests

the best traffic control method for emergency vehicles that is affordable, requires little upkeep,

and has a wide range of application options.

Related Studies

Foreign

A GIS BASED NEW NAVIGATION APPROACH FOR REDUCING EMERGENCY

vehicle response time “that recently, it has become increasingly important to route and intervene

quickly in emergency vehicles to ensure human life and safety. The primary target of the

intervention is emergency vehicles, such as ambulances, fire trucks, police cars, and others. It's

critical to arrive at the emergency site as soon as possible in order to save lives and minimize

financial damage. It is important to give careful thought to how to route and direct emergency

vehicles to the event site from the moment they receive an emergency call. The goal of this study

is to determine which obstacles, such as speed bumps, traffic lights, street parking conditions,

railroad crossings, and crossroads, slow down emergency vehicles' response times and lengthen

their intervention times. A new formula for Segment Effect Value (SEV) is developed to

calculate the impact of obstacles. Street segments are given values based on the obstacles found

on those specific streets. The routes with the shortest intervention times can be found using the

SEV formula. The shortest time and shortest route are compared with the results.

Design and Implementation of an Emergency Vehicle Signal Preemption System Based on

As stated by Y. Wang and L. Huang et al. (20130” Design and Implementation of an Emergency

Vehicle Signal Preemption System Based on Cooperative Vehicle-Infrastructure Technology”

the role of emergency vehicles in traffic flow is crucial. Growing traffic congestion led to a

decline in emergency vehicle operations' effectiveness, dependability, and safety. The

development of the Cooperative Vehicle-Infrastructure System (CVIS), which allows for

vehicle-to-vehicle (v2v) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (v2i) preemption of traffic signals based on

real-time emergency vehicle data, traffic volume data, and traffic signal timings, has led to

advancements in wireless communication technologies. The design and implementation of an

Emergency Vehicle Signal Preemption System (TJ-EVSP) in a CVIS environment are covered in
this paper. There was a presentation of the system function, architecture, and operation

strategies. Following that, the system was installed and tested at two nearby crossroads in

Taicang City, Jiangsu Province, China. The suggested system can increase emergency vehicle

operations' efficiency while wasting fewer traffic resources, according to the results.

Dynamic Shortest Path in Ambulance Routing Based on GIS

As explained by S. Panahi and M. Delavar (2009) “Dynamic Shortest Path in Ambulance

Routing Based on GIS”emergency vehicles can benefit greatly from the use of geographic

information systems (GIS) as a useful tool for network management, analysis, and visualization.

Generally speaking, it provides resources for locating the fastest or shortest path across a

network. Because of its ability to analyze spatial networks, GIS can be used as a decision support

system for vehicle dispatching and routing. One of the most important aspects of providing

citizens with high-quality health care is the effective management of ambulance routing to

incident sites and then to the nearest hospitals. When an ambulance's response time is reduced

and an efficient routing is implemented, response performance is enhanced. The creation of a

novel dynamic routing system that provides a fix for the ambulance routing issue is discussed in

this paper. Traffic congestion affects emergency vehicles' response times in urban areas. When

calculating the shortest path, dynamic vehicle routing takes traffic congestion variations into

account. Real-time traffic conditions and GIS integration form the foundation of the suggested

system. Using the Dijkstra algorithm, an initial ambulance route has been determined in this

system based on historical traffic data. The emergency route is then updated using real-time

traffic data related to traffic congestion. When routing emergency vehicles, a dynamic shortest

path is employed. The study's findings show that the dynamic approach to emergency vehicle

routing is far more effective than the static one. When unanticipated traffic congestion brought
on by an incident is taken into consideration, this efficiency is emphasized. The paper's main

contribution is the development of an integrated dynamic ambulance routing system, which has

resulted in a 20% improvement in emergency response times.

Development of Degree-of-Priority Based Control Strategy for Emergency Vehicle

Based on J. Wanf and W. Ma (2013)” Development of Degree-of-Priority Based Control

Strategy for Emergency Vehicle Preemption Operation” in order to lessen the impact of

emergency vehicles on regular traffic, this paper suggests a degree-of-priority based control

strategy for emergency vehicle preemption operation. Three factors make up the effectiveness of

the proposed model: (1) a multilayer fuzzy model was created to calculate the degree of priority

based on the intensity of preemption influence and demand for emergency vehicles; (2) for

emergency vehicles that were properly classified, a travel time estimation model for emergency

traffic was created; (3) an optimal emergency route determination model was created based on

the priority level of emergency events; and (4) the emergency vehicle travel time was created to

minimize evacuation time as well as lessen the negative effects of preemption on regular traffic;

and (3) a conditional traffic signals priority control method was constructed at every intersection

along the evacuation route to enable the clearing of the traffic queue prior to the arrival of

emergency vehicles. The performance of the suggested strategy was compared with the

traditional local detection-based method under the microscopic simulation model, which was

created using field data as the basis. The outcomes confirmed the effectiveness of the suggested

plan in terms of minimizing emergency vehicle delays and minimizing negative effects on

regular traffic

Congestion-Based Emergency Vehicle Preemption

vehicle preemption” this study examined and assessed a novel approach to emergency vehicle

preemption along a corridor that is route-based and responsive to traffic conditions in real-time.

Throughout the emergency vehicle's route, the method provides an uninterrupted preempted

green signal by adjusting dynamic offsets based on congestion levels. This method promises a

faster emergency response, saving lives and property, as well as a larger emergency service

radius for the dispatch stations by achieving a higher average speed for emergency vehicles.

Using measured vehicle queues, the study assessed the efficacy of two potential offset

adjustment algorithms. It has been demonstrated to cut emergency vehicle travel times by 31% in

situations without preemption and by 13% in situations utilizing the conventional individual-

intersection preemption method.

Local

Traffic Congestion and Management in Zamboanga City, Philippines: The Public

As mentioned by Fred Moreno (2023)” Traffic Congestion and Management in Zamboanga City,

Philippines: The Public Transport Commuters' Point of View” this study examines traffic

congestion and management in Zamboanga City, Philippines, from the viewpoint of commuters

using public transportation. The study aims to shed light on commuters' challenges related to

traffic congestion and the efficacy of current management strategies through a survey given to a

representative sample of commuters. The results show that commuters using public

transportation in Zamboanga City are severely impacted by traffic congestion, which causes

longer travel times, higher stress levels, and decreased productivity. Additionally, the study

pinpoints the main causes of traffic congestion, such as shoddy road construction, uncontrolled

street parking, and ineffective traffic flow management. The study also looks at commuters'
opinions about the management techniques currently in use in Zamboanga City when using

public transportation. According to the data, commuters believe that there is insufficient planning

and coordination between different transportation authorities, which leads to poor traffic control.

This study offers suggestions for enhancing Zamboanga City's traffic congestion and

management based on the examination of survey data. These include creating integrated

transportation policies, tightening parking laws, and improving road infrastructure. The study

comes to the conclusion that improving overall urban mobility and achieving effective traffic

management in Zamboanga City depend heavily on attending to the concerns of commuters

using public transportation.

Two-Step Vehicle Classification System for Traffic Monitoring in the Philippines

According to R. N. Celso and R. Cajote (2018)” Two-Step Vehicle Classification System for

Traffic Monitoring in the Philippines” one of the main issues is traffic congestion. For the

proposed Philippine urban traffic monitoring system, a vehicle classification system would be

helpful for a number of purposes, including law enforcement, road monitoring, and emergency

vehicle prioritizing. In this study, a two-step vehicle categorization system with three vehicle

sizes and seven vehicle classifications is implemented. First, vehicle pictures are recovered from

a Philippines metropolitan traffic series using the ViBe background subtraction technique. The

vehicle photos in the collection are correctly segregated. From the isolated image of every car,

features based on geometry and texture were retrieved. The optimal features to employ in each

classifier are chosen through feature selection. The two-step vehicle classification system is

implemented using a variety of machine learning models (kNN, SVM, MLPN). The kNN model

with an F-measure of 97.41% is used in the implemented vehicle size classifier. Next, an SVM

model with an F-measure of 90.68% is used by the medium vehicle classifier. Ultimately, an
MLPN model with an F-measure of 97.97% is employed by the large vehicle classifier. With an

overall F-measure of 91.41%, the resulting two-step vehicle classification system is effective.

This two-step classification system assumes that background subtraction has correctly segmented

the input vehicle.

Machine Vision System of Emergency Vehicle Detection System Using Deep Transfer
Learning

Based on K. C. Maligalig and A. D. Amante, et al. (2022)” Machine Vision System of

Emergency Vehicle Detection System Using Deep Transfer Learning” emergency vehicles are

vital in any emergency or life-threatening situation since accidents can occur anywhere, at any

time. However, traffic congestion is a major issue in many places because so many people

possess vehicles. Emergency vehicles, especially ambulances, as well as other vehicles like fire

engines and police cars, are impacted by these traffic bottlenecks. The goal of this project is to

create a method for detecting emergency vehicles that will help law enforcement enforce traffic

restrictions when emergency vehicles are on the road. The detection system that will use CNN

for implementation was developed by the researcher using deep learning, more precisely the

YOLov3 technique. The detecting system found that model 21 has the highest mAP value

(98.78%) out of the 25 models.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13369-019-03913-8

https://trid.trb.org/view/66362

https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/rascs/2021/00000014/00000007/art00008

https://ijeecs.iaescore.com/index.php/IJEECS/article/view/17009

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
314202279_A_GIS_BASED_NEW_NAVIGATION_APPROACH_FOR_REDUCING_EMER
GENCY_VEHICLE_S_RESPONSE_TIME/link/59de93440f7e9bcfab240a06/

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Design-and-Implementation-of-an-Emergency-Vehicle-
Wang-Wu/1c2740cef9d550fc2de6d462910e20e9050511c6
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https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=traffic+emergency+vehicles+philippines&oq=traffic+emergency+veh
icles+phili#d=gs_qabs&t=1699758103298&u=%23p%3DZ5v5RVpjpfoJ

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Dynamic-Shortest-Path-in-Ambulance-Routing-Based-
on-Panahi-Delavar/40e4c12604d1e6de477a93f00279637d13ca8d21