Possible problems for MidTerm Exam of WTA

1. Sketch the Pressure Volume behavior to show the compressibility of fluids.

You have to draw 3 lines for Incompressible, Slightly- compressible and Compressible fluids.

2. Sketch the relation between Pressure and Time to describe 3 different flow
regimes You have to draw 3 lines to show SSS, SS and Unsteady State Flows.

3. Flash calculation of IPR

Given data:
Reservoir Pressure = x psia
Bubble Point Pressure = x psia
Flowing Bottom Hole Pressure = x psia
Flow Rate = x STB/d
Calculate:
J value?
 If reservoir pressure is above bubble point pressure for
single phase

If reservoir pressure is below bubble point pressure for two phase (partial two phase)

If the reservoir pressure is above bubble point pressure and flowing

bottom-hole pressure is below bubble point pressure
k∗h
J= if three phase flow
μ∗B

Flow rate at the bubble point pressure?

4. The well inflow model is the relation between 3 components, describe them.

5. Diffusivity equation is a combination of 3 equations, describe them (equations are not necessary
but desirable).

6. Estimate the compressibility of co of an undersaturated crude oil with x API gravity (x specific gravity) at
a reservoir temperature of x °F and pressure of x psia. You have to calculate Tpc, Ppc and based on
Figure 1 find cpr. After calculate co.
 Specific gravity 0.78
P 2000 psia
T 150 F=609.67 R
Pc 450 psia
Tc 900 R
2000 609.67
p( pr )= =4.4 t( pr )= =0.67
450 900
C pr = 5.5*10^-2
7. Describe the measures for boosting an IPR (at least 3)
 Add more pay zones
 Reperforate the formation
 Acidizing job
 Hydraulic fracturing
 Drill short radius well and multimaterials
 Sand control measures
8. Derive an equation IPR for partial two-phase flow, sketch the line graph (Pwf vs q), and show
some flash calculations
Given data:
Pr = x psi
Pb = x psi
J=x
Find qb, qmax, q for Pwf = x psi

9. Diffusivity equation consists of 3 equations, describe them and show the equations
10. What’s the difference between superposition in space and superposition in time?
 11. Given the rock and fluid properties, analyze the pressure drawdown test.

Drawdown semilog analysis

3800

3700

3600

3500

3400

3300 P1

3200
P1h
3100
r
3000

2900 P2

2800 0,01 0,1 1 10 100

0,001

q x STB/d Pi x
φ x B x
h x ft μ x cP
rw x ft ct x psi-1
Your task is to calculate m-slope and based on that find permeability, skin factor and radius of
investigation.
M- slope = p1-p2/log(0,001)-log(100) (psi/cycle)

12. In Type Curve analysis, skin factor can be estimated qualitatively by the shape of the pressure
and pressure derivative response. Show 3 regions of skin factor below and name it.
13. Drawdown Type Curve Analysis. Rock and fluid properties are given in problem 11.

 Calculate k from the pressure match point ratio p/pD

 Calculate CD from the time match point ratio teq/tD
 Calculate S from the matching stem value CDe2s
 100

1000 Match point CDe2S=

x
10

100

1 Pressure change,
Dimensionless

10

0.1

1
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Equivalent time, hr
0.01

0.001
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
tD/CD = x
Dimensionless time

14. Manual log-log plot. Rock and fluid properties are given

1000

Pr
Pressure change, derivative,

100

(tp’)r

Pw
10

tr
1
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
tw
Equivalent time, hr
Calculate CD, k, S =?
 15. Describe the pressure loses (put equations) in Nodal Analysis

16. Calculate average reservoir pressure using MBH and Ramey Cobb

mo = x cp ct = x psi-1
rw = x ft h = x ft
 = x% B = x RB/STB
q = x STB/D tp = x hrs
pwf = x psia k = x mD
A = x ft2 CA = 4.5141

P*
 6

3
pMB

-1
0.01 0.1 1 10
tpAD

Solution:

1)

2)

17. Pick the correct statements from listed below:

a) Superposition time functions should be used for a final interpretation when other flow regimes
occur during the test.
b) If detailed flow rate history is available, the MDH and similar methods should never be used for
the final analysis.
c) Late-time region (LTR). In this region, the pressure transient is moving through the formation nearest
the wellbore.
 d) In the MTR, the curve is affected by altered permeability near the wellbore and wellbore storage.
e) Using a packer in the hole and shutting-in the well at the packer can minimize the effect of
altered permeability near the wellbore and wellbore storage.

18. Based on semilog plot below, find the following

values: k, s (∆p)skin, rwa ,
Reservoir properties take from problem x, Pwf(∆t=0) = x psig

Semilog single-rate buildup data plot

5800
5600 P1
5400
5200
5000
4800 P2
4600
4400
4200
4000
1000000

100000 10000 1000 100 10 1

Solution:

1) M slope = p1-p2/log(1)-log(100000)

2) then find p(1hr)

3)

4)
 19. Define the reasons for downward and upward shapes of buildup test (at least 3 for each type)
Downward Shape of Buildup Test:
The pressure buildup curve exhibits a downward shape when the pressure within the wellbore or reservoir
decreases over time. Several factors can lead to a downward curve in a buildup test:
a. Fluid Production: If the well is producing fluid, the pressure within the reservoir will gradually decrease as
the fluid is withdrawn. This typically occurs in oil and gas wells during production operations.
b. Water Influx: In some cases, water may be infiltrating the reservoir and displacing hydrocarbons. This can
lead to a decrease in pressure within the reservoir.
c. Wellbore Damage: Damage to the wellbore or near-wellbore area can result in a reduction in the flow
capacity of the well, causing a gradual pressure decline.
d. Reservoir Depletion: Over time, as a reservoir is depleted, the pressure in the reservoir decreases. This is
particularly common in mature oil and gas fields.
Upward Shape of Buildup Test:
The pressure buildup curve exhibits an upward shape when the pressure within the wellbore or reservoir
increases over time. Several factors can lead to an upward curve in a buildup test:
a. Reservoir Recharge: If the well is shut in for a period and then reopened, it may allow for pressure to build
up as the reservoir recharges with fluid. This can occur after a well has been temporarily closed or after a
hydraulic fracture treatment.
b. Reservoir Expansion: Certain reservoirs may exhibit an upward curve due to the expansion of fluids within
the reservoir rock as pressure increases.
c. Fluid Injection: In enhanced oil recovery operations, fluids (such as water or gas) may be injected into the
reservoir to increase pressure and improve hydrocarbon recovery. This injection can result in an upward
pressure buildup curve.
d. Well Stimulation: Treatments like acidizing or hydraulic fracturing can create pathways for fluid flow
and result in an upward pressure buildup as fluids are pushed into the formation.
20. Describe the two situations that can cause a permanent shift in the pressure between the
flow period and the buildup
21. Reservoir Test Limit. Given the rock and fluid property data in Table below, analyze the
reservoir limits test data given in Table 2.
Find slope mpss, bpss, Vp, N, A, J.

22. Use of superposition principle

A flowing well is completed in a reservoir that has the following properties.
Pi = x psia
B = x RB/STB
µ = x cp
k = x md
h = x ft
Ct = x psi-1
φ=x
What will the pressure drop be in a shut-in well x ft from the flowing well when the flowing well has
been shut in for x day following a flow period of x days at x STB/D ?
23. Gravel pack definition and function
24. Wellbore storage, Rising or falling and Filled with Liquid
25. Superposition in Space. Superposition in Time.
26. What types of special core analysis are particularly important in Well Testing?
27. Define 4 main parameters of reservoir data
28. Identify the 3 key parameters of fluid properties that are extremely important of Well
Test Interpretation?
29. Define the 4 parameters that are determined by using fluid compressibility?
30. A sour natural gas has the following composition. Determine the compressibility factor for the
gas at x°F and x psia

Component yi Pci (psia) Tci (°R)

CO2 x 1071 547.5

H2S x 1300 672.1

N2 x 493.1 227.2

CH4 x 666.4 343.0

C2H6 x 706.5 549.6

31. Calculations with real gas law
Given the natural gas gravity to air γg = x, the pseudocritical pressure, ppc and temperature, Tpc
are x psi and x R, respectively. If the pressure and temperature are x psi and x°F, respectively,
calculate how many lb of gas can fit in x ft3 of space?
Solution:

1) find ppr and tpr

2) match them in chart and find z factor

 3) find
p(g) and then find m from

32. Relating downhole rate with the rate at standard conditions

For a production rate of xMMscf/d (million cubic feet per day), calculate the downhole rate if
downhole p = x psi, T = x°F, and gas gravity is x(assume there are no non-hydrocarbon gases).
33. An oil well produces x STB/D of x API gravity oil and x SCF/D of x specific gravity natural gas.
At a specific location in the x -in. inner diameter (ID) pipeline, the temperature and pressure are
x
°F and x psia, respectively. The separator pressure and temperature are x psia and x °F,
respectively. Determine the in-situ oil flow rate. Use Kartoatmodjo and Schmidt Correlation
(1991).

first find yg
and Rs
 then find Bo

find in-situ oil flow rate

34. Calculate the wellbore volume and WBS coefficient for a wellbore filled with a single-phase
liquid. The well is x ft deep and has x”, x lb/ft casing (x”/ x ID). The bottomhole pressure is x
psi. If the well is filled with water (cw = x psi-1) what is the wellbore storage coefficient?

35. Calculate the cross-sectional area and wellbore storage coefficient for a wellbore with a rising
liquid level. The well is x ft deep and has x”, x lb/ft casing (x” ID). the bottomhole pressure is x
psi. If the well has a column of water of density x , in it, what is the wellbore storage coefficient?

36. A wellbore is filled with a single-phase gas. the well has x ft of x” tubing (x” ID) and x ft of x”,
x lb/ft casing (x” ID). The average temperature in the wellbore is x °F, and the average pressure
is x psia. If the wellbore is filled with gas having cg = x psi-1, what is the WBS coefficient?
 D = 5.921 in = 5.921/12 = 0.5 ft
V = pid^2/4 * h = 3,14 *(0.25/4)*7200 = 1413
C = V*Cg = 1413 *3,21 *10^-4 = 4535*10^-4
37. Manual Log-Log Analysis

1000 10000
Adjusted pressure change, derivative,
Pressure change, derivative,

100 1000

10
100

1 10
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Equivalent time, hr Adjusted equivalent time, hr
38. A new oil well produced x stb/day for x days; then it was shut-in for a pressure buildup test,
during which the data in Table x were recorded. The other data were: βo = x rb/stb, A = x ft, φ =
x, rw = x ft, ct, = x, and µo - x cP. From these data, estimate the formation permeability, k, pi, and
skin factor s.
39. A single-phase and single-rate pressure buildup test was conducted on an oil well. The data in the
first two columns of Table 5-2 were recorded. The following well/reservoir parameters are given:
Bo = x rb/stb, h = x ft, φ = x, rw = x ft, c0 = x, and µo = x cP, psc = 14.65 psia, T = x F, re = x ft, and
ρo = x lbm/ft3.
Assume the well is draining from the center of a square. Well depth = x ft, q f = final production
rate at shut-in time = x stb/day, and cumulative production at shut-in time = x stb. Determine the
following:
1. At what shut-in time ∆t does afterflow cease and boundary effect appear?
2. Formation permeability, k
3. Skin factor, s
4. Additional pressure drop near the wellbore, (∆p)skin
5. Effective wellbore raadius, rwa
6. Flow efficiency FE using p*
7. Damage ratio DR using p*
8. Productivity index, PI
9. Radius of investigation by the shut-in transient at the start and end of the MTR
10. End of wellbore storage distortion.
40. x cm3 of a gas at the reservoir conditions of x K (x F) and x MPa (x psia) was brought to the
standard conditions, where the gas occupied a volume of x cm3. The produced gas specific
gravity is x. Calculate Bg, Z, and the gas density at the reservoir conditions.

find Bg

Find Z

find gas density

41. Calculate the volume x lb-mole of ideal gas will occupy at:
a) x psia and x°F
b) x psia and x°F
42. A x ft3 tank contains x lb of methane and x lb of ethane at x°F.
 a) How many moles are in the tank?
b) What is the pressure of the tank is psia?
c) What is the molecular weight of the mixture?
d) What is the specific gravity of the mixture?

43. What are the molecular weight and specific gravity of a gas that is one third each of methane,
ethane, and propane by volume?

44. A x lb block of dry ice is placed in a x ft3 tank that contains air at atmospheric pressure x psia and
x°F. What will be the final pressure of the sealed tank when all the dry ice has evaporated and
cooled the gas to x°F?
45. ..................................to be continued