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Study and Analysis of Power System Stability Based on FACT Controller

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Article in Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Informatics (IJEEI) · June 2022
DOI: 10.52549/ijeei.v10i2.3630

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Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Informatics (IJEEI)
Vol. 10, No. 2, June 2022, pp. 317~332
ISSN: 2089-3272, DOI: 10.52549/ijeei.v10i2.3630  317

Study and Analysis of Power System Stability Based on FACT

Controller System
Yousif Al Mashhadany1, Ahmed K. Abbas2, Sameer Algburi3
1Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Anbar, Iraq
2Department of Construction and Projects, University Headquarter, University of Anbar, Ramadi, Iraq
3Al-Kitab University, College of Engineering Technology, Iraq

Article Info ABSTRACT

Energy framework soundness is identified with standards rotational movement
Article history: and the swing condition administering electromechanical unique conduct. In
Received Jan 1, 2022 the exceptional instance of two limited machines, the basis of equivalent
territory security can be utilized to ascertain the basic clearing point in the
Revised May 16, 202
force framework, It is important to look after synchronization, in any case the
Accepted Jun 3, 2022 degree of administration for customers won't be accomplished. This term
steadiness signifies "looking after synchronization." This paper is an audit of
three kinds of consistent state. The main sort of adjustment, consistent state
Keywords:
steadiness clarifies the most extreme consistent state quality and force point
Steady State Response; chart. The transient solidness clarifies the wavering condition and the idleness
Transient Control Processing, steady while dynamic soundness manages the transient security time frame.
Power System Stability There are a few different ways to improve framework soundness a portion of
the techniques are clarified. Versatile AC Transmission Frameworks (FACTS)
FACTS.
Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) regulators have been utilized
frequently to comprehend the different issues of a non-variable force structure.
Versatile AC Transmission Frames or FACTS are devices that permit versatile
and dynamic control of intensity outlines. Improving casing respectability has
been explored with FACTS regulators. This examination focuses to the
upsides of utilizing FACTS apparatuses with the explanation behind
improving electric force tire activity. There has been discussion of an
execution check for different FACTS regulators.
Copyright © 2022 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.

Corresponding Author:
Ahmed Khudhair Abbas,
Department of Construction and Projects,
University Of Anbar, Ramadi, Iraq
Email: ahmed89at@uoanbar.edu.iq

1. INTRODUCTION
The The stabilization of the energy system is described as "the power system's ability to recover a
state of operational stabilization after physical disruption for a given initial working conditions, With most
device parameters bound such that the whole system stays virtually intact"[1]. According to the aforementioned
description, if the device does not attain operational harmony, it is obvious that it is deemed instable. Power
intake has elevated appreciably over the preceding decades, however, the improvement of electricity
technology and transmission has been significantly curtailed because of the loss of sources in addition to
environmental restrictions. As a result, positive transmission traces are excessively laden, and gadget balance
will become a proscribing element in electricity transfer. So the reliability of the electricity gadget is turning
into a key difficulty for operators, particularly the highly loaded energy systems with a shortage of reactive
power. Power instability is a significant challenge to the safety, performance and reliability of power systems
[2]. The power sources have become much more advanced and complicated because of varied sources of
generation and distribution without altering or adding, in certain cases, forces the device to work in severe
overstressed. Furthermore, the necessity of reactive capacity is becoming difficult to satisfy as well as to
preserve the bus voltage is kept under acceptable limits[7].To greatly increase performance, power plant
operators are coercive to step away from of the (traditional/conventional) paradigm of centralized energy
sources, De-centralized far less controlled processes transmissions and distributions. This world propensity to

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deregulate power networks seeks to be more effective and competitive in an open-market setting. In this
analysis, will focus on the energy system's distribution section and issues involving. Because of limited
transmission line (TL) extension and growing generating problems, such as strongly overloaded lines, The
unplanned distribution of power and the reliability of energy quite severe.
To solve these challenges, different varieties of technologies are implemented which can easily
operate and effectively while at the same time alleviate the voltage stabilization problem and improve the
power quality flow throughout the energy system. In current power system networks there's several types of
instabilities (e.g. voltage, frequency, and so on.). Then accordingly the various stabilization approaches are
therefore utilized. The stabilization mechanism operates effectively by compensating the volatility caused. In
the previous this is achieved by connected and disconnected condensers, inductors or combination of both, next
the synchronous capacitors saturation reactor.
Other specialized instruments such as STATCOM, VSC, and TCSC etc. are currently in operation.
These equipment develop intelligent power controlling system, and quick switching devices such as MOSFET
and IGBT, allow it possible to easily switch and provide reliable and efficient control. The intelligent control
is carried out using the complicated calculations made by either analog or micro-processing circuitry. Even
though analog circuits have done well, they have made the digital controllers the first decision in latest
developments in semi-conductor devices due to various their capabilities and cheap prices.

2. BACKGROUND OF POWER SYSTEM STABILITY

The stability is a significant for the stable and efficient operation of the energy system, limiting the
transmission distance as well as the distribution capability of the power network is a deciding consideration.
Consequently, different steps to enhance the stability of the system should be provided static and transient
stability are part of the control angle stability. In consideration of the significance of PSS, Techniques of
stability of the power system and steps to enhance the PSS are studied; In order to have improves overall to
effective and stable power system operation [3]. In interconnected power systems, the majority of issues are
related to lower frequencies fluctuation, particularly in the privatized model. Providing quick system damping
as well as enhancing dynamic system efficiency.
In the last 3 decades, the traditional (PSS) function, i.e. a fixed function (lead-lag) compensator. PSS
is commonly utilized to eliminate oscillation at low frequencies and increase system performance, as being the
most economical regulation used for damping. PSS is presently being used by power providers worldwide to
improve systems reliability as efficient controllers [4-15].While the electrical power damping features are
fascinating, they adversely influence system voltage stability, others were attributable to PSS limited power,
only local and not interarea oscillatory modes being damped. PSS could also lead to changes in the bus voltages
during extreme disruptions, leading to power factor activity and a lack of stability and cannot avoid oscillation
due to serious instability, Especially these three-phase faults that could occur in the terminal of generators [16].
In order to achieve greater stability margin, this condition has needed a revision of conventional energy systems
principles and practices, Enhanced organizational stability and increased use of installed power networks.
Almost all of the large power plants in various countries have so far been fitted with PSS [17-21].
The latest advancements in power electronics has contributed to FACTS development. FACTS
instruments are among the latest proposals to mitigate these conditions by regulating the transmission lines and
enhancing power fluctuations damping. It utilize of these controls improves operating stability by supplying
power plant controllers with additional options. FACT begin designed to solve the shortcomings of existing
mechanical operated power systems and improve the stability of the power system, with efficient and high-
speed electronic equipment. In general, the FACTS systems are installed in the power system purpose of
providing easy continuous monitoring of a power flow through the regulation of voltages to critical buses in
the transmission system, by adjusting a transmission impedance or adjusting its phase angles between both the
transmission line ends. A thorough analysis and examination of Information controllers is provided in this
article. In This study shows an interest in this subject, where enhanced device reliability with FACTS devices
has also been intensively researched. Besides that, damping control systems Versatile AC (FACTS) are
alternate efficient methods, and also most research tend to be using them [22-25]. Most of these modern
electronic equipment could be regulation all variables at the same time. In contrast to traditional devices which
lack speed as well as controllability at simultaneous [26-30].

3. ANALYSIS OF FACT CONTROLLER SYSTEMS

This theory and advancement in the development of electronic circuits resulted in a new progression
which is implemented by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) in the end of 1980 and named Flexible
AC transmission systems (FACTS). It has attracted considerable importance, Owing to recent developments
in electronics that was a solution to a greater utilization of the already existing power systems services thus
retaining and enhancing the safety of the power systems. In [31] a new idea was developed and a new direction
was implemented in the study of power systems. The FACTS definition and its development were pioneered
IJEEI, Vol.10, No. 2, June 2022: 317 - 332
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by Hingorani [32] in 1988. Edris among others in [33] suggested terminology and descriptions for various
controllers of FACTS.
FACTS devices were used generally to resolve various steady state control issues of the power system.
A lot of studies and analysis was carried out into the Damping of the Interarea and increased power system
efficiency utilizing FACTS controls. In general, deploying FACTS equipment for the specific purpose of
enhancing stability of the power system is not economically viable. FACTS devices get the ability to control
the transmission of alternating current in a power system by increasing or reducing the current flow in particular
lines thus reducing power management issues. The system depends on the ability to control a power flow route
as well as the connecting of network links which are not totally interconnected. In general, this contributes to
power trading among various stations. FACTS controller controllable and versatility make them ideal to
minimize wind power intermittence-related issues. In addition, FACTS devices could supplied grids network
services like the voltage regulation. FACTS devices can, injection or absorbs system reactive power as needed
[34, 35]. Moreover, it stabilizes the Network and supports the transient stabilization of the system throughout
electrical disturbances [36].

3.1. Classification of FACT Controller Systems Based on Technological Features

AC network controller could be divided into two kind’s conventional network control and FACTS
device, which are utilized for improving the power systems efficiency. Several of technology depend on
switching: dynamically modified (such as phase shifting transformers), thyristor switched or fast switched,
utilize IGBTs. However several kinds of FACTS are already understood and is utilized in power system, like
the phase shifting transformer (PST) and the static VAR compensator (SVC). The FACTS technology spectrum
was expanded by recent advances in electronic circuits and control.
The FACTS devices come with two separate classifications: according to technological characteristics,
▪ First generation: utilized gate-controlled ignition (SCR) thyristors.
▪ Second generation: gate operated semi-conductors (GTO's, IGCT IGBT's).

In addition, new FACTS technologies include intermittent green energy sources as well as growing
international flow of electricity. The added versatility and controllability of the FACTS able the challenges of
unreliable supply problems to be minimized. SVCs and STATCOM systems are ideally equipped for grid
including faults rid that traditional wind turbines could not deliver. Fig. 1. Overview of traditional network
controller and FACTS Controllers.

Figure 1. Overview of traditional network controller and FACTS Controllers.

In addition, FACTS eliminates grid fluctuations, which would be particularly interesting when
working with it. Traditionally, Instruments such as a shunt-condenser, series-capacitor, and phase shift etc.
These specifications have been utilized to control. Most of traditional systems can only handle one parameter
simultaneously. FACTS devices allow one or more parameters to be managed at the same time. Several other
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Facts devices like SSSC, UPFC and IPFC are able to regulate all three elements simultaneously.The main
differentiation among the first and second generation systems is ability to produce reactive power and also to
reciprocity active power. The FACTS instruments of first and second generation are classified following

3.1.1. First Generation of FACTS Controller

3.1.1.1. Static Var Compensator (SVC)
SVCs are member of the group of Flexible AC transmission system devices, voltage control and
system stabilization. “Static" means that the SVC does not have moving elements. Before the SVC was
invented, power factor reparations were the preserve of huge rotating equipment like a synchronous capacitors.
A SVC is an automatic impedance-adaptive system, Conceived to get the unity of power factor closer to the
device. The main objective is generally to regulate the voltage rapidly in a network at weaknesses points.
Implementations may take place at the connectivity mid - point or even at the ends of the line.
(SVCs) using thyristor-switched capacitors (TSCs) as well as thyristor-controlled reactors (TCRs).
The needed reactive power was built for providing or absorbing the energy [37, 38]. If a reactive load of the
control system is capacitive which means (leading), Reactors can be used by SVC to absorb device VARs,
Reducing device voltage. Under inductive (lagging) situations, the capacitor bank is automatically turned in,
therefore providing greater voltage of the device. Ii could also be put close to heavy loads and the variable
quickly, Arc furnaces, for example. SVC is equivalent to a synchronous, however without revolving, capacitor,
it can be utilized for reactive power supply or absorption [39-41].
The SVC is associated with a transformer which is directly interconnection to a bus, where voltage of
which is to be controlled. SVC consists of a shunt-reactor as well as a shunt-condenser which are controllable.
Regulation of the overall sensitivity of SVC is achievable through the monitoring of a thyristor firing angle.
SVC regulation has been suggested with genetic algorithms as well as Fuzzy-logic methods [42-48]. These
techniques are preferable to traditional techniques through time-domain simulation results. SVC controls have
been observed to have major effects on nonlinear system behavior, particularly when working under highly
stressful environments and increasing SVC gains.

3.1.1.2. Thyristor-Controlled-Series-Capacitor (TCSC)

TCSC was used for several decades to enhance power transmission and to improve system reliability,
and is among the most significant and well established FACTS instruments. TCSC is an efficient and
economically viable way of addressing (transient issues, dynamic, steady state and voltage) stability in long-
transmission-lines. The TCSC consists of 3 principal elements: condenser C, L inductor, SCR1 and SCR2 bi -
directional thyristor. The combination of TCR as well as condenser makes for a smooth regulation of the
capacitive reaction over a wide variety, and then switched over to a state in which the bi-direction thyristor
couples continually perform and inject an inductive reactance into the line. TCSC can be understood by an
interpretation of the behavior and attitude of an inductor that is attached to a fixed condenser in series. This
operation could be designed as a quick switch from the corresponding system reactance’s [49, 50].
Chang and Chow] [51] have established TCSC’s optimum time control approach, with the minimum
of a time-performance index. In [52] it was suggested to provide a fuzzy logic for a TCSC. The TCSC
impedance was calibrated to a rotor angle of a unit as well as the extent of a velocity deviation. Additionally,
various TCSC control systems, such as a changeable configuration controller, have been proposed [53, 54].

3.1.1.3. Thyristor-Controlled-Phase-Shifter (TCPS)

The TCPS is indeed a possible replacement for FACTS applications that have been recently suggested.
In literature [55-59], the Researchers sophisticated numerous TCPS techniques. A phase shift angle shall be
calculated as just a non - linear functions of rotor angle as well as velocity in a TCPS control technology. Even
then, in a real-time framework with a huge number of generators, It is not really important to have a single
generator rotor angle calculated in reference to the system [60].There has also been a significant emphasis on
implementing different TCPS systems [61-63]. A non-linear synchronized generator stimulation as well as a
TCPS regulator was suggested for enhanced power system transient stabilization. Furthermore, Because of his
difficulty, the topic of modelling a multi-machine TCPS has also been dedicated to a few studies only [64].
Two separate TCPS systems are compared with Ise et al [65-67]. TCPS simulation and modelling
were not taken into consideration as opposed to other FACTS systems. In linear- control technologies [68], the
issue related to TCPS regulation were discussed. A basic control algorithm relies on the equivalent linear
criteria was suggested by Edris [69]. That TCPS were modeled as just a nodes power injection, its results of
which occur as extra injection of bus power in inner generator buses. Ngan [70] for form-B TCPS mentioned
some other mathematical formula. In [71] the best ideal position of TCPS were identified by utilize of
congestion control under regular and emergency situations. Jiang et al. [72] suggested a non-linear system
function theory based on approach for the TCPS regulation.

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IJEEI ISSN: 2089-3272  321

3.1.2. Second Generation of FACTS Controller

3.1.2.1. Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)
The STATCOM or Static Compensator is a shunt-connected component utilized on AC transmission
systems as well as being a perfect replacement to standard VAR static compensation. It is part of a FACTS
families of the second generation. The GTO thyristor-based STATCOM has enabled such technology it is
suggested and promises stronger dampers properties than the SVC, since it shares active power transiently with
system [73]. Because it is linked in parallel, it is named the shunt connected regulator. The STATCOM outlet
current could be controlled automatically with no consideration to a system voltage, it is inductive or capacitive,
regardless of the information. It typically supports voltage modulation as well as of lower power factor power
network. While connecting to the source, it could provide dynamic stability as well as active AC control.
However the voltage stability in the power system is quite frequently used [74].
The power storage device of STATCOM is presented in Fig 2.As seen in the fig device, the
STATCOM Dc sides including power storage, which could be solar devices or condenser banks, are related.
STATCOM often promises transient as well as dynamic stability for its energy storage device.

Figure 2. The power storage device of STATCOM

Haque [75] shows that STATCOM’s ability and provide external damping of low frequency
fluctuations by utilize of the power feature. In [76], STATCOM were found to be efficient in regulating the
voltage of the power network. Abido [77] proposed an (SVD) focused on determining and calculating the
controllability through separate control channels for the poorly damped electromechanical mode of
STATCOM. The electromechanical were found to be regulated mostly by a phase modulation system. These
were concluded that the damping stabilizers dependent on STATCOM increase the critical clearance time and
substantially boost the transient reliability of the power system.

3.1.2.2. Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)

The SSSC is a modern series equipment’s compensations of FACTS. Owing to its excellent capability
over impedance compensation, the SSSC is increasingly important. It works in the same way as that of the
STATCOM system. This has a voltage converter that is connecting by a transformer to a transmission line as
seen in Fig 3. A continuous source of energy must be provided by the capacitor as well as the VSC's losses
compensated. Under varying working conditions, its mode of operations, Parameters of regulation and control
technique vary, And therefore relay safety will invariably be impacted.
For manage the active flow of power, SSSC is capable of inject voltage in quadrature with transmitting
or receiving a line-end voltage. It does not absorb reactive power from the AC although this reactive power
specification is created by providing a DC condenser itself. Which involves being able to control of both active
as well as reactive power[78-80].moreover, If they require to balance the reactive power or preserve it, A
comparatively limited source of electricity may be utilize to supply continuous voltage. If our objective is to
control the infused voltage phase angle, only if the power source is large enough.

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322  ISSN: 2089-3272

Figure 3. SSSC.
The SSSC was used to enhance performance of the system in several power system studies [81-83].
In [84] that SSSC were studied to regulate a line flow and increase the reliability of the power system. SSSC
was implemented in various areas [85] In energy system studies like the optimum power flow, Fluctuation of
dampers [86,87] and optimum position for stabilization power system [88,89]. Vinkovic [90] proposed a new
process to designing an SSSC using the Newton-Raphson framework of power-flow computation. In required
to formulate an SSSC-based controller, Panda proposed an evolutionary multi-objective configuration
approach [91]. In order to prevent a torsional mode unrest in a series compensated transmission system,
Hooshmand [92] was using an SSSC together with a constant condenser.

3.1.2.3. Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR)

DVR is a series attached FACTS device, for voltage control purposes especially over sensations load,
it consisting of a VSC with such a d.c linked power storage. The VSC can be associated in series via a series-
linked injection transformer as well as connection filters to the power network. A DVR is being utilized as a
protective instrument against electrical disruption like voltage dips in sensitive equipment’s as well as critical
load. The active and reactive power needed to produce such voltages is provided by a VSC operated by a DC
connection, as seen in Fig. 4 [93-95].

Figure 4. DVR.

The main elements of the DVR are:

▪ Switchgear;
▪ Booster transformer;
▪ Harmonic filter;
▪ IGCT VSC;
▪ DC charging unit.
▪ Regulate and protection system.
▪ Source of energy, A storage condenser bank

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In two different modes, DVR operates, namely; Standby method as well as boost method, throughout the
steady power system situation, A DVR in standby status would be precisely zero for the DVR voltage. Under
this situation, the low voltage winding of the booster transformer is minimized through VSC, This triggers the
independent converter legs to create a short-circuit path for the transformer association. Therefore, no
switching of the semi-conductor. Even so, the DVR can turn to boost status upon failure detection (e.g. voltage
inconstancies). The DVR voltage for this state is higher than zeros; thus, the booster transformer injects a
compensatory voltage [96]. The DVR just implements a partial voltage amount. For instance, in the case of a
voltage drop, The DVR respond rapidly by injects the required magnitude and phase angle voltage into the
device. DVR does have a very fast response time of approximately 25 milliseconds [97]. In order to reduce the
voltage drop, a rapid regulation response should be presented by the DVR. Furthermore, The DVR just produce
conduction losses.

3.1.2.4. Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

UPFC is one of the most popular and highly complicated as well as most adaptable FACTS device
always utilized to boost power system operation [98].In 1991 Gyugi suggested the principle of UPFC. The
three control parameters-the bus-voltage can be modified, transmission-line-reactance and phase-angle among
two-buses, concurrently or separately
UPFC is dependent on a dc connection that works two inverters as illustrated in Fig 5.It is formed by
two VSCs which are connected by a common dc connecting the coupled outputs, STATCOM as well as SSSC
series, which supply a bi - directional flow of actual power [99]. Inverter 1, supplies or absorbs the actual power
by the dc-connection that is linked by parallel connected transformer to the transmission line, next it has been
converted Back to AC. Inverter 2 satisfies UPFC's main task, It injects AC voltage, that is attached parallel to
the transmission line with such a manageable phase angle as well as magnitude [100,101]. Because of the
typical dc connection there seem to be two terminals. AC terminal, in which inverter 2 generates reactive power
and AC terminals with inverter 2 generating reactive power as well as DC terminal where actual power is
substituted and transferred to dc.

Figure 5. UPFC power circuit topology.

It has utilized mainly in the regulating transmission line power flow. Secondly, voltage regulation,
enhancement of transient and dynamic stability. Furthermore, individual and simultaneous oscillation dampers
as well as steady state stabilization could be achieved in an adaptive way [102,103], Provision of multi -
function elasticity to address several of the energy industry challenges. The UPFC could regulate this within
the context of conventional principles of power transmission, unlike other controls, it could be independently
regulate the actual and the reactive power flow throughout the line.

3.1.2.5. Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC)

The newest generation of FACTS instruments, called the IPFC, it is a combination of various series
compensators systems that regulate power flows in transmission lines with considerable effectiveness. The
latest compensation and efficient power flow control theory proposed by Gyugyi et al. [104] was utilized as
the approach to the difficulties of compensating multiple power supply lines in a power substation. In other
words, several VSCs are connected to a specific DC terminal in IPFC as well as all series compensation is
required for each transmission line. The power optimization could be a performed of an entire transmission
system by means of sufficient power wheeling from overloaded transmission lines with under loaded power
lines by mutual DC connects [7]. As seen in Fig 6, a simple IPFC includes two VSCs.

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324  ISSN: 2089-3272

VSC 1 VSC 2

Figure 6. IPFC power circuit topology.

Every inverter inject voltage of the series for transmission line compensation as well as the mutual DC
connection can be established utilizing the bi-directional relation between the two voltage supply for real power
transmission[ [105]. Consequently, IPFC is similar to UPFC power flow regulation. Just one change in IPFC
is whether inverter 1's active power is replaced by inverter 2’s additional sequence using an additional line
rather than a UPFC shunt inverter [31, 5] .The IPFC is in regulatory modes when it performs less than its rating
power, the regulatory lowering with one side of a P and Q then on the other side of a P. Furthermore, the total
active power generated from two VSCs is 0, which neglects energy loss.

3.2. Advantages of FACT Controller Systems

▪ FACTS controllers provide the following benefits [106,107]:
▪ Performance and reliability improved transmission system
▪ Increased reliability of the complex and intermittent grid and elimination of loop flows
▪ Mitigate sub-synchronous resonance (SSR)
▪ Load compensation
▪ Environmental benefits Better usage of existing transmission framework resources
▪ Power quality improvement
▪ Greater transmission potential between managed areas
▪ Damping of power system oscillation
▪ Limit short circuit currents
▪ Improved supply efficiency for sensitive industries
▪ Better use of existing infrastructure for transmission
▪ Enhance the transient stability limitation for the device
▪ Rising the load capacity of the system
▪ Enhance system damping
▪ Prevention of cascading outages
▪ Power control enhancement

3.3. Connection Type of FACT Controller Systems

FACTS controllers are categorized based on the kinds of power network connection [108-111]:

3.3.1 Serial Controllers

These FACTS devices are operate by inject a serial impedance. Practically a series controller could
comprise of a fundamental frequency or variable impedance source dependent on variable circuitry including
a condenser or reactor. In theory, each series controls inject the voltage into series with the line. A serial
controller provides either reactive power or absorbs it; therefore, every other phase angle is active power
control only. Members of this kind of device comprise SSSC, TSSC, TCSC, IPFC and TCSR.

3.3.2 Derivation Controllers

Derivation controls operate through injecting current into device only at interconnecting stage in a
quadrature with line. Typically, they compose of an electronic changeable, a changeable impedance, or even
both. The changeable impedance connecting to the line voltage induces changeable flow of current,
representing the injecting of the current into line. The device absorbs just reactive power; any other phase angle

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reflects control of active power. The control systems which belong to this group involve STATCOM, TSC,
TCR, and TCBR.

3.3.3 Serial To Serial Controllers

FACTS system is a combination of two different series FACTS which is a combination (series-series), that
are coordinately regulated, or may have been a single controller, in a multi-line transmission system. Series
controllers supplied reactive independent series compensation for every line as well as actual power over the
power connection between the lines. The actual power transition for the consolidated (series - series ) control
system, which is called Inter-Line-Power-Flow-Controller, allows both the actual as well as the reactive power
flow to be balanced in the lines, optimizing transmission system usage; The word "unified" in this situation
implies that each the controllers' DC terminals are connected to accomplish successful power transfers among
them.

3.3.4 Serial-Derivation Controllers

this Type of FACT connection systems could be a mixture of serial as well as derivation control, The device
normally uses combination shunt and series controllers, which insert current into the device regulates the shunt
element of the controller, whereas the voltage in series takes charge of the power in line with its series element.
Therefore, a shunt as well as the series element of the controllers are united, at any situation, a proper
interchange is possible to implement an actual power transfer among the series and shunt controller. Unified
Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is indeed an ideal device, that integrating feature of a filters as well as
conditioning is becoming a Universal Power Line Conditioner (UPLC).

4. ANALYSIS OF STABILITY
Stability analyses are categorized into three groups based on the extent and order of severity of the
disruption. Fig. 7. Shows the classification of power system analysis [112-117].

Figure 7. The classification of power system analysis

4.1. Stability with steady state

Because the electrical system is often subject to minor disruptions, the system needs steady state
reliability to run properly. The control system is able to restore synchronist, after sluggish and tiny disturbances.
In addition, steady-state-stability in stable conditions is related to the response to a progressively rising load of
a synchronous machine. Essentially, the top limit of system loading is calculated without compromising
synchronicity, As long as the loading progressively increases.
evaluation of stable state stability may be needed, In the preparation of electric power system analysis and
synthesis, That power therefore generated via the generator (G) and motor (M) which is applied with equations
(1) and (2) respectively.
𝐷 𝑉𝐺𝑉𝑀
𝑃𝐺 = 𝑉𝐺 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽 − 𝛥) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽 + 𝛿 ) (1)
𝐵 𝐵
𝑉𝐺𝑉𝑀 𝐴
𝑃𝑀 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽 − 𝛿)– 𝑉𝑀2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽 − 𝛼) (2)
𝐵 𝐵

4.2. Stability with transient

Transient stability is a control system’s capability to remain synchronized when exposed unexpected
for major disrupted. This can induce very significant differences in rotational speed, power angles as well as
power transfers. Typically occurring within a short period such as one second with a generator that is near to
the source of disruption, such as a malfunction in transmission facilities, Loss of production or loss of heavy
load. A rapid, broad perturbation involves breakdown applications, fault clearance, switching (on / off) the

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system components (transmission line - transformer - generator loads). Transient stability studies aim to assess
if the system remains in stability despite these shocks or not. If it is noticed that the machine remains basically
in synchronism with first, second, the system is considered to still be transiently stable.
Transient stability study includes several of the mechanical characteristics of the devices in the system.
Following each disturbance, In order to satisfy the necessity of the power transmission concerned, the devices
should change the relative angles of their rotors. Transient stability limits are nearly often lesser than steady
state rate and thus are very essential. The transient stability limit count on the kind of perturbation, position
and volume of the disturbances. Stability of energy systems specifically relates to the study of rotor stability.
Different assumptions required for this are:
▪ for stability analysis, A stabilized three-phase system including equilibrated disturbance were regarded
▪ Deviations of machine frequencies from synchronous frequency are minimal.
▪ The DC offset as well as the high frequency current are available in the short- circuit in the generator.
However, these are ignored to evaluate the equilibrium.
▪ The load of the network as well as impedance is steady state condition. Therefore the power flow equation
will determine voltages, currents as well as power.

4.3. Stability in Dynamic

Dynamic stability is the power system's capability to stay in synchronized following the first swing
(transient stability duration), till a new stable balance status has been achieved. Moreover, it is utilized in the
analysis of transient power systems situations. Electrical disruptions in a power grid can lead to transient
electromechanical operations. In addition to the transient electrical phenomenon, generating unit's power
balance is often disturbed as well as the mechanical fluctuation of engine rotors is also accompanied by the
disturbances.
This minor disturbances happen because of indiscriminate loading as well as generation rates. The
indiscriminate differences could result in catastrophic failure in an interconnected power system, because it
might proceed to a steady rise throughout the rotor angle. Following the disturbance, primary mover responds
to raise or decrease energy demand to restore a balance among power inputs as well as exciting electricity
loads. Dynamic stability means a response to minor fluctuations happening mostly on the system, producing
fluctuation. When these fluctuations may not achieve more than some amplitudes and die out readily, the
process is seen to be dynamically stable. When these fluctuations continue to rise in amplitude, that process is
dynamically un-stable. This kind of instability typically comes through a connectivity among control systems.

5. ANALYSIS OF ENHANCEMENT FOR PSS BASED FACTS CONTROLLERS

One of the best achievements of technology in those years is FACTS controllers. Various FACTS devices
are being utilized for optimizing control and enhance the ability of power transmission. Thyristor regulated
FACTS devices, like the TCSC as well as SVC, are modelled on the transmission system in load flow
experiments as impedance controlled devices [118-121]. Nevertheless, VSC-based controllers like SSSC as
well as IPFC, controllers as STATCOM and the combination of both; shunt as well as VSC dependent on
controllers, The UPFC is much more complicated and is constructed as just a source manageable system [122-
125]. The Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) is indeed equally close yet cost-effective to that of Unified
Power Flow Controller (UPFC) UPFC. FACTS technical support for finding solutions such as transient and
dynamic stability, In Fig 8 below is shown the practical benefits of core FACT techniques

Fig. 8. Practical benefits of core FACT techniques

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IJEEI ISSN: 2089-3272  327

The technological advantages of FACTS in solving transient stability challenges for dynamic implementation;
Damping, regulation of voltage after contingency as well as stabilization of voltage are outlined. If the complex
(rapidly changing) network requirements must be met, FACTS techniques are mostly needed. The
interrelationship between voltage, current, impedance, control as well as reactive power, many characteristics
for each device. The control parameters for different FACTS controllers are mentioned in Table 1 [126,127].

Table 1. The control parameters for different FACTS controllers

N.o FACTS controllers Technical contribution
1. Static synchronous Compensator Voltage control, VAR compensation, Transient and dynamic Stability,
(STATCOM) Voltage stability, Damping oscillations
2. Static VAR Compensator Voltage control, VAR compensation, Transient and dynamic, Stability,
(SVC,TSC,TCR) Voltage stability, Damping oscillations
3. Static synchronous series current control, Transient and dynamic, Stability, Voltage stability, Damping
Compensator (SSSC) oscillations
4. Thyristor Controlled series current control, Transient and dynamic, Stability, Voltage stability, Damping
Compensator (TCSC/TSSC) oscillations
5. Unified power flow controller Active and reactive power control, Voltage control, VAR compensation,
(UPFC) Transient and dynamic , Stability, Voltage stability, Damping oscillations
6. Interline power flow controller Voltage control, Reactive power control, Transient and dynamic, Stability,
(IPFC) Voltage stability, Damping oscillations
7. Amalgam power flow controller Controls power flow in a network but also increases the reliability and
(APFC) security of power systems.

Table 2. The FACTS controllers function for power system operation [128].
Subject Issues Corrective Action FACTS Devices
Low voltage at heavy load Supply reactive power SVC, STATCOM
High voltage at low load Reduce line reactance TCSC
High voltage following an
Absorb reactive power SVC, STATCOM
outage
Voltage limits
Absorb reactive power, prevent
SVC, STATCOM
Low voltage following at overload
outage Supply reactive power, prevent
SVC, STATCOM
overload
Thermal limits Transmission circuit overload Increase transmission capacity TCSC, SSSC, UPFC
Power distribution on parallel
Adjust line reactance TCSC, UPFC
lines
Load flow
Adjust phase angle UPFC, SSSC, PAR
Load flow reversal
Adjust phase angle UPFC, SSSC, PAR
Limitation of short circuit
Short circuit power High short circuit current TCSC, UPFC
current
Stability Limited transmission power Decrease line impedance TCSC, UPFC

Table 3 shows that the SSSC needs additional time to improve stability. UPFC's and TCSC FACTS
unit is indeed a powerful instrument to increase inter-area power system load transfer, voltage regulation and
stabilization [49,104].

Table 3. Comparison of Power System Stability Improvement FACTS Instruments

Settling time in post fault
FACTS Device
No. Power System Stability Improvement period
(in seconds)
1. UPFC YES 0.6
2. TCSC YES 1.5
3. SVC YES 7
4. SSSC YES 11

The traditional solutions are usually cheaper than FACTS controller, however their dynamic performance is
minimal. The designers have the challenge of finding the cheapest option. Table 4 displays the average cost
per KVAR of different traditional instruments as well as FACTS devices. Nevertheless, the price per KVAR
reduction when the greater capacity of FACTS devices. The total price therefore based on the size of a fixed
as well as regulated component of the FACTS devices. The price of FACTS facilities constitutes just half of
the actual price of a FACTS project. Such expenses such as civil works, installation, commissioning, insurance,
as well as administration and management which is around half of a FACTS project price.

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328  ISSN: 2089-3272

Table 4. The traditional FACTS Devices and its costs

FACTS Controllers Cost(US $)
Shunt Capacitor 8/kVar
Series capacitor 20/kVar
SVC 40/kVar controlled portions
TCSC 40/kVar controlled portions
STATCOM 50/kVar
UPFC Series Portions 50/kVar through power
UPFC Shunt Portions 50/kVar controlled

6. CONCLUSION
According to above clarification of some strength conditions, power point outline and short out
conditions, if the shortcoming endures, the heap point will increment inconclusively in light of the fact that the
information force will be completely utilized for increasing speed. This may prompt a flimsy condition. The
essential highlights of FACTS regulators and their capacity to improve structure security are the essential worry
of a force casing's feasible monetary activity. The territory and money signals utilized for the FACTS-based
damping regulators plan has been discussed. The issue of coordination between the different control plans was
additionally thought of. Execution check was investigated for a few FACTS regulators. Possible future pathway
for FACTS development was analyzed. Besides, the experience of huge genuine offices and organizations and
advances in semiconductor development has been abbreviated. A concise review of FACTS applications is
appeared for ideal force stream and unstructured energy publicizing.

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[96] Y. A. Ahmed, Y. I. Al Mashhadany , M.A. Nayyef, High Performance of Excitation System for Synchronous
Generator based on Modeling Analysis, Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics; Vol. 9, No. 6,
December 2020, pp. 2235-2243
[97] T. K. Saha and P. T. Nguyen, “Dynamic voltage restorer against balanced and unbalanced voltage sags: modeling
and simulation,” presented at the IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, Denver, CO, 2004.
[98] R. Omar, N. Rahim, M. Sulaiman. “Modeling and Simulation for Voltage Sags/Swells Mitigation Using Dynamic
Voltage Restorer”, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 2009, pp 464 – 470.
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Restorer”, International Journal of Science and Engineering Research, Volume-4, Issue-6, June 2013, pp 999 –
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reliability," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 2881–2890, 2010.
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converters for load flow, sensitivity, and dispatch analysis,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 934–
941, May 2004
[102] H.A. Attia, H.W. Ping, Y. I. Al-Mashhadany, Design and analysis for high performance synchronized inverter
with PWM power control, 2013 IEEE Conference on Clean Energy and Technology.
[103] S. Khanchi and V. Kumar Garg, "Unified Power Flow Controller (FACTS Device): A Review," International
Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA), vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 1430-1435, Jul-Aug 2013.
[104] H.Samir, Z. S. Ahmed and D. Mohamed K. Y. I Djilani, "Modeling a Unified Power Flow Controller for the
Study of Power System Steady state and Dynamic Characteristics," in 5th International Conference of Modeling,
Simulation and Applied Optimization (ICMSAO), 2013.
[105] U. Abubakar, S. Mekhilef, K. S. Gaeid, H. Mokhlis, Y. I. Al Mashhadany, Induction motor fault detection based
on multi-sensory control and wavelet analysis, IET Electric Power Applications journal, 2020, Vol. 14 Iss. 11,
pp. 2051-2061 , doi: 10.1049/iet-epa.2020.0030
[106] Alok Kumar Mohanty, Amar Kumar Barik, “Power System Stability Improvement Using FACTS Devices”
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER), Vol.1, Issue.2, pp-666-672 ISSN: 2249- 6645.
[107] Y. I. Al-Mashhadany, “ANFIS-Inverse-Controlled PUMA 560 Workspace Robot with Spherical Wrist”, Elsevier
Procedia Engineering journal, 2012, pp 700-709
[108] S.K Srivasta, “Advanced Power Electronics Based FACTS Controllers”, Asian Power Electronics Journal,
Volume-4, No_3, December 2010, pp. 90 – 95
[109] Y. I. Al-Mashhadany, Inverse Kinematics Problem (IKP) of 6-DOF Manipulator By Locally Recurrent Neural
Networks (LRNNs), International Conference on Management and Service Science August 24-26, 2010.
[110] A. Singh, A.Tiwari, “FACTS controllers for Reactive Power Compensation of Wind Energy Conversion System,
S-JPSET, Volume-2, Issue-1, 2011, pp 41 - 48
[111] B. Singh, K.S Verma, P. Mishra, R. Maheshwari, U. Srivastava, A. Baranwal “ Introduction to FACTS
Controllers: A Technological Literature Survey ”, International Journal of Automation and Power Engineering,
Volume-1, Issue-9, December 2012, pp 193 – 234
[112] S.D Jebaseelan, R.R Prabu, “Reactive Power Control Using FACTS controllers”, Indian Streams Research
Journal, Volume-3, Issue-2, March 2013, pp 1 – 15
[113] S. Rath, B.P Sahu, P. Dash, “Power System Operation and Control Using FACTS controllers”, International
Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, Volume-1, Issue-5, July 2012, pp 1 – 5.
[114] Y. I. Al-Mashhadany, Modeling and Simulation of Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Controller for Chopper-Fed DC Motor
Drive, 2011 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Colloquium, Malaysia, 18 – 19 April 2011, pp 110-115

Study and Analysis of Power System Stability Based… (Yousif Al Mashhadany et al)
 332  ISSN: 2089-3272

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Search Algorithm for Coordination Design of PSS and TCSC Damping Controller”, Plos One, 2016, 1-17.
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[122] A. A. Hussien, Y. I. Al Mashhadany, K. S. Gaeid, M. J. Marie, S. R. Mahdi and S. F. Hameed, "DTC Controller
Variable Speed Drive of Induction Motor with Signal Processing Technique," 2019 12th International Conference
on Developments in eSystems Engineering (DeSE), Kazan, Russia, 2019, pp. 681-686
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BIOGRAPHY OF AUTHORS
Prof. Dr. Yousif Ismail Mohammed Al Mashhadany is a lecturer in Electrical Engineering
Department – College of Engineering (Control Engineering). Senior member IEEE, He received
the B.Sc. (1995), M.Sc. (1999), and Ph.D (2010) in Department of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering from the Rashid School of Engineering and Science / University of Technology in
Baghdad/Iraq. He completes postdoctoral fellow research in electrical engineering - control
department at the University of Malaya in Malaysia (UMPEDAC) in 2012. He works since 2004,
a lecturer in the Department of Electrical Engineering / Engineering College / University of Anbar.
He has many publishing that included three books, two chapters, thirty seven Journals paper most
of them (Clarivate, Scopus and international journal), and thirty two conferences paper.

Ahmed Khudhair Abbas received his bachelor’s degree in the Department of Electrical Power
Techniques Engineering from the Al-Mamon University College in Baghdad, (2012). Where he
also obtained his Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree in 2015 in school of Electrical system
engineering (Electrical Power Engineering) from University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) in
Malaysia. In 2016, he became an assistant lecturer in Anbar University and in 2021 became a
lecturer. He is presently working in a University Headquarter, Construction and Projects
Department in Anbar University, Iraq. He works since 2016, a lecturer in the Department of
Electrical Engineering / Engineering College / University of Anbar. He has many publishing that
included, seven Journals paper most of them (Scopus, international journal and local journal), and
three conferences paper. His areas of interest are Power Quality, Control Systems engineering,
Power Electronics, MATLAB Simulation, Renewable Energy Technologies, and Power System
Protection.

IJEEI, Vol.10, No. 2, June 2022: 317 - 332

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