MATH-101 Calculus and Analytical Geometry – 3-0 CHs

By

Prof Dr Safia Akram

DOT PRODUCT
&
CROSS PRODUCT

Lec # 3

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 OBJECTIVE

• In this lecture we will define a new kind of multiplication in

which two vectors are multiplied to produce a scalar. This
multiplication operation has many uses, some of which we will
also discuss in this lecture.

• In many applications of vectors in mathematics, physics, and

engineering, there is a need to find a vector that is orthogonal
to two given vectors. In this lecture we will discuss a new type
of vector multiplication that can be used for this purpose.

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 DOT PRODUCT

INTRODUCTION

Two useful concepts that involves vectors 𝐴Ԧ and 𝐵 are the

dot product, which is a scalar, and the vector product,
which is a vector.
Now first discuss the Scalar products

DOT PRODUCT / SCALAR PRODUCT

The dot product 𝐴Ԧ ⋅ 𝐵 of two vectors may be defined

geometrically or algebraically.

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 Definition 1
Geometric Definition:
When two non-zero vectors 𝐴Ԧ and 𝐵 are placed so their
initial points coincide,
they form an angle 𝜃 of measure 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋. This angle is
called the angle b/w 𝐴Ԧ and 𝐵.

Definition:
The Scalar product (Dot product) 𝐴Ԧ ⋅ 𝐵 of vectors 𝐴Ԧ and 𝐵
is the number 𝑨
𝐴Ԧ ⋅ 𝐵 = A 𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 Eq. (1)

𝐵
Where 𝜃 is the angle b/w 𝐴Ԧ and 𝐵 𝜃

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 Definition 2
Algebraic Definition/Dot Product in component form:
To find the scalar product of two given vectors, we multiply
their corresponding components 𝑖,Ƹ ෡𝑗 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘෠ and add the
results.
If 𝐴Ԧ = 𝑎1 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑎2 𝐽መ + 𝑎3 𝑘෠ and
𝐵 = 𝑏1 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑏2 𝐽መ + 𝑏3 𝑘෠ then
෠ ⋅ (𝑏1 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑏2 𝐽መ + 𝑏3 𝑘)
𝐴Ԧ ⋅ 𝐵 = (𝑎1 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑎2 𝐽መ + 𝑎3 𝑘) ෠
𝐴Ԧ ⋅ 𝐵 = 𝑎1 𝑏1 +𝑎2 𝑏2 + 𝑎3 𝑏3 Eq. (2)
Solving Eq. (1) for 𝜃 gives a formula for finding angles
between vectors
The angle between two non-zero vectors 𝐴Ԧ and 𝐵 is
𝐴Ԧ ⋅ 𝐵
𝜃 = cos −1 Eq. (3)
A 𝐵
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 Example:
Find the angle between the vectors
𝐴Ԧ = 4𝑖Ƹ − 3𝐽መ + 𝑘෠ and 𝐵 = −𝑖Ƹ − 2𝐽መ + 2𝑘෠
Solution:
𝐴Ԧ ⋅ 𝐵 = 4 −1 + −3 −2 + 1 2 = −4 + 6 + 2 = 4

A = (4)2 +(−3)2 +(1)2 = 16 + 9 + 1 = 26

B = (−1)2 +(−2)2 +(2)2 = 1 + 4 + 4 = 9 = 3

−1
𝐴Ԧ ⋅ 𝐵 −1
4
𝜃 = cos = cos = 1.31 radian
A 𝐵 3 26
= 74.840
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 LAWS OF DOT PRODUCT/ PROPERTIES OF
DOTPRODUCT

1. Commutative Law:
The dot product is commutative
If 𝐴Ԧ = 𝑎1 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑎2 𝐽መ + 𝑎3 𝑘෠ and

𝐵 = 𝑏1 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑏2 𝐽መ + 𝑏3 𝑘෠ then
෠ ⋅ (𝑏1 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑏2 𝐽መ + 𝑏3 𝑘)
𝐴Ԧ ⋅ 𝐵 = (𝑎1 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑎2 𝐽መ + 𝑎3 𝑘) ෠

𝐴Ԧ ⋅ 𝐵 = 𝑎1 𝑏1 +𝑎2 𝑏2 + 𝑎3 𝑏3 = 𝑏1 𝑎1 + 𝑏2 𝑎2 + 𝑏3 𝑎3

𝐴Ԧ ⋅ 𝐵 = 𝐵 ⋅ 𝐴Ԧ Eq. (4)
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. 2. Distributive Law:
The dot product obey the distributive law
𝐴Ԧ ⋅ 𝐵 + C = A ⋅ 𝐵 + A ⋅ 𝐶Ԧ Eq. (5)
Or
(𝐴 + 𝐵) ⋅ 𝐶Ԧ = A ⋅ 𝐶Ԧ + 𝐵 ⋅ 𝐶Ԧ Eq. (6)
If 𝐴Ԧ = 𝑎1 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑎2 𝐽መ + 𝑎3 𝑘෠ ,
𝐵 = 𝑏1 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑏2 𝐽መ + 𝑏3 𝑘෠ and
C = c1 𝑖Ƹ + c2 𝐽መ + c3 𝑘෠ then

𝐵 + C = 𝑏1 + 𝑐1 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑏2 + c2 𝐽መ + (𝑏3 + 𝑐3 )𝑘෠

መ ⋅ ( 𝒃𝟏 + 𝒄𝟏 𝒊Ƹ + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 𝑱෠ + (𝒃𝟑 + 𝒄𝟑 )𝒌)
𝐀 ⋅ 𝑩 + 𝑪 = (𝐚𝟏 𝐢Ƹ + 𝐚𝟐 𝐉መ + 𝐚𝟑 𝐤) ෡
= 𝑎1 𝑏1 + 𝑐1 +𝑎2 𝑏2 + c2 + 𝑎3 (𝑏3 + 𝒄𝟑 )
= (𝑎1 𝑏1 + 𝑎2 𝑏2 + 𝑎3 𝑏3 ) + (𝑎1 c1 + 𝑎2 𝑐2 + 𝑎3 𝑐3 )
= 𝐴Ԧ ⋅ 𝐵 + A ⋅ C
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 REMARK:

Equation (5) and Equation (6) together permit us to multiply

sums of vectors by the familiar laws of algebra. For Eq.

(𝐴 + 𝐵) ⋅ C + D = A ⋅ 𝐶Ԧ + A ⋅ 𝐷 + 𝐵 ⋅ 𝐶Ԧ + B ⋅ 𝐷

3. Let 𝐴መ be a unit vector, then 𝐴መ ⋅ 𝐴෠ = 1, Thus

𝑖Ƹ ⋅ 𝑖Ƹ = 1, 𝑗Ƹ ⋅ 𝑗Ƹ = 1, 𝑘෠ ⋅ 𝑘෠ = 1

𝑖Ƹ ⋅ 𝑗Ƹ = 0, 𝑗Ƹ ⋅ 𝑘෠ = 0, 𝑘෠ ⋅ 𝑖Ƹ = 0

2
4. A ⋅ A = A A cosθ = A = A2 , So the square of a vector
is equal to the square of its modulus.
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 PREPENDICULAR (ORTHOGONAL) VECTORS:
Two vectors 𝐴Ԧ and 𝐵 are perpendicular ⇔ (if and only if )
A⋅𝐵 =0
PROOF:
Let 𝐴Ԧ be perpendicular to 𝐵, then an angle 𝜃 between them is 900 .
Therefore
A ⋅ 𝐵 = A B 𝑐𝑜𝑠 900 = 0
A⋅𝐵 =0
Conversely:
Let A ⋅ 𝐵 = 0 then
A B 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0
⇒ 𝜃 = 900
This shows that 𝐴Ԧ is perpendicular to 𝐵 10
 REMARK:

If A ⋅ 𝐵 = 0, vectors 𝐴Ԧ and 𝐵 are called orthogonal.

EXAMPLE: Prove that the vectors are orthogonal

a) 𝑖Ƹ , 𝑗Ƹ
b) 3𝑖Ƹ − 7𝐽መ + 2𝑘෠ and 10𝑖Ƹ + 4𝐽መ − 𝑘෠

SOLUTION:

a) 𝑖Ƹ ⋅ 𝑗Ƹ = 0 (Understood)

෠ ⋅ 10𝑖Ƹ + 4𝐽መ − 𝑘෠
b) (3𝑖Ƹ − 7𝐽መ + 2𝑘)
= 30 − 28 − 2 = 0
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 EXAMPLE:
Show that the vectors
𝑎Ԧ = 3𝑖Ƹ − 2𝐽መ + 𝑘,෠ b = 𝑖Ƹ − 3𝐽መ + 5𝑘,
෠ and
cԦ = 2𝑖Ƹ + 𝐽መ − 4𝑘෠ from a right-angle triangle.
SOLUTION:
We see that b + 𝑐Ԧ = 𝑎, Ԧ therefore given vector form a
triangle. Now
𝑎Ԧ ⋅ b = 3 1 − 2 −3 + 1 5 = 14
b ⋅ 𝑐Ԧ = 1 2 − 3 1 + 5 −4 = −21
𝑎Ԧ ⋅ cԦ = 3 2 − 2 1 + 1 −4 = 0
𝑏
𝑐Ԧ
𝑎Ԧ ⋅ cԦ = 0 shows that 𝑎Ԧ ⊥ 𝑐Ԧ 𝑎Ԧ

Therefore, the given triangle is right angle triangle.

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 EXAMPLE:
෠ 𝑖Ƹ − 3𝐽መ − 5𝑘,
Show that the vectors 2𝑖Ƹ − 𝐽መ + 𝑘, ෠
and 3𝑖Ƹ − 4𝐽መ − 4𝑘෠ from the sides of a right-angle triangle.

SOLUTION: Let 𝑎Ԧ = 2𝑖Ƹ − 𝐽መ + 𝑘෠

b = 𝑖Ƹ − 3𝐽መ − 5𝑘෠
cԦ = 3𝑖Ƹ − 4𝐽መ − 4𝑘෠
Now a + 𝑏 = 2𝑖Ƹ − 𝐽መ + 𝑘෠ + 𝑖Ƹ − 3𝐽መ − 5𝑘෠ = 3𝑖Ƹ − 4𝐽መ − 4𝑘෠ = cԦ
Further prove that Δ is right angle (𝑎Ԧ ⋅ 𝑏 = 0 )
𝑎Ԧ ⋅ 𝑏 = 2𝑖Ƹ − 𝐽መ + 𝑘෠ ⋅ 𝑖Ƹ − 3𝐽መ − 5𝑘෠
𝐶
= 2 1 + −1 −3 + (1)(−5)
= 2+3 − 5=0 𝑐Ԧ
𝑎Ԧ ⊥ 𝑏 𝑏
Hence Δ ABC is a right triangle. 𝑎Ԧ
𝐴 B
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 EXAMPLE: If 𝑎Ԧ ⋅ b = 𝑎Ԧ ⋅ cԦ. Show that either
𝑎Ԧ = 0, or b = cԦ or 𝑎Ԧ ⊥ (b − 𝑐)
Ԧ

SOLUTION:
Given that
𝑎Ԧ ⋅ b = 𝑎Ԧ ⋅ cԦ, therefore
𝑎Ԧ ⋅ b − 𝑎Ԧ ⋅ cԦ = 0
𝑎Ԧ ⋅ b − cԦ = 0
which shows that either 𝑎Ԧ = 0, or b = cԦ or 𝑎Ԧ ⊥ (b − 𝑐)
Ԧ
This implies that either
𝑎Ԧ = 0, or b = cԦ or 𝑎Ԧ ⊥ (b − 𝑐)
Ԧ

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EXERCISE

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 CROSS PRODUCT/ VECTOR PRODUCT
INTRODUCTION
Cross product are widely used to describe the effects of forces
in studies of electricity, magnetism, fluid flows and orbital
mechanics.
Definition: 1 The vector product or cross product of two
vectors 𝐴Ԧ and 𝐵 is denoted as 𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 and is defined as
𝑛ො
𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 = A 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑛ො 𝑩
Where 𝜃 is an angle between 𝐴Ԧ and 𝐵
𝑛ො is a unit vector normal to the plane
containing 𝐴Ԧ and 𝐵 such that the 𝜃
vectors 𝐴,Ԧ 𝐵 and 𝑛ො from a right 𝑨
handed system. 24
Now by applying the definition of cross product to unit vectors
𝑖,Ƹ ෡𝑗 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘෠ we have
a) 𝑖Ƹ × 𝑖Ƹ = 𝑖Ƹ 𝑖Ƹ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 00 𝑛
ෝ=0 z
෡𝑗 × ෡𝑗 = ෡𝑗 ෡𝑗 sin 00 𝑛ො
𝑘෠
𝑘෠ × 𝑘෠ = 0
b) 𝑖Ƹ × ෡𝑗 = 𝑖Ƹ ෡𝑗 𝑠𝑖𝑛 900 𝑘෠ = 𝑘෠
෡𝑗 × 𝑘෠ = 𝑖Ƹ
𝒚
𝑘෠ × 𝑖Ƹ = ෡𝑗 0 ෡𝑗
𝑖Ƹ
NOTE: x
The cross product of 𝑖,Ƹ ෡𝑗 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘෠ are written in the cyclic
pattern. ෠
𝑘 ෡𝑗

𝑖Ƹ 25
Definition:2 Determinant formula for 𝑨 × 𝑩
Our next objective is to calculate 𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 from the components
of 𝐴Ԧ and 𝐵 relative to a cartesian coordinate system.
Suppose that
𝐴Ԧ = a1 iƸ + a2 Jመ + a3 k෠
and 𝐵 = 𝑏1 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑏2 𝐽መ + 𝑏3 𝑘෠
Then
𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 = a1 iƸ + a2 Jመ + a3 k෠ × 𝑏1 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑏2 𝐽መ + 𝑏3 𝑘෠
0
= a1 𝑏1 iƸ × iƸ + a1 𝑏2 iƸ × Jመ + a1 𝑏3 iƸ × k෠
0
+a2 𝑏1 𝑗Ƹ × iƸ + a2 𝑏2 jƸ × Jመ + a2 𝑏3 jƸ × k෠
0
+a3 𝑏1 𝑘෠ × 𝑖Ƹ + a3 𝑏2 𝑘෠ × 𝑗Ƹ + a3 𝑏3 𝑘෠ × 𝑘෠
෠ + a1 𝑏3 −𝑗Ƹ + a2 𝑏1 −k෠ + a2 𝑏3 𝑖Ƹ
= a1 𝑏2 (k)
+a3 𝑏1 (𝑗)Ƹ + a3 𝑏2 (−i)Ƹ
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= (a2 𝑏3 − a3 𝑏2 ) 𝑖Ƹ − (a1 𝑏3 − a3 𝑏1 ) 𝑗Ƹ + a1 𝑏2 − a2 𝑏1 𝑘෠

𝑖Ƹ ෡𝑗 𝑘෠
𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 = 𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3

By interchanging 2nd and 3rd rows

𝑖Ƹ ෡𝑗 𝑘෠
𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 = − 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 = −𝐵 × 𝐴Ԧ
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3

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 PROPERTIES OF CROSS PRODUCT
1. A × B = −B × A (already proof in determinant formula of A × B)
2. Scalar Distributive law:
(𝑠A) × (𝑟B) = rs(A × B)
where s and r are scalar numbers.
3. Vector Distributive law:
A × B + C = A × B + A × 𝐶Ԧ
B + C × A = B × A + 𝐶Ԧ × A
4. From definition of cross product
𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 = A 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑛ො Eq. (1)
Therefore 𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 = A 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 Eq. (2)
Ԧ
𝐴×𝐵
Thus from (1) and (2) 𝑛ො = Ԧ
(which is unit vector)
𝐴×𝐵
Ԧ
𝐴×𝐵
Also 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
A 𝐵
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 5. Parallel Vectors
Non-Zero vectors 𝐴Ԧ and 𝐵 are parallel ⇔ A × B = 0
Proof If 𝐴Ԧ and 𝐵 are Parallel vectors,
so 𝜃 = 00 ⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛00 = 0. then
𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 = A 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑛ො
= A 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛00 = 0.

If 𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 = 0 then
A 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑛ො = 0
⇒ either 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0 or A = 0, or 𝐵 = 0.
1) If 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0 ⇒ 𝜃 = 00 or 1800 , which shows that the
vectors 𝐴Ԧ and 𝐵 are parallel .
2) If A = 0, or 𝐵 = 0, then since the zero vector has no specific
direction. We adopt the convention that the zero vector is parallel
to every vector. 29
 6. The vector A × B is Orthogonal to both 𝐴Ԧ and 𝐵.
Proof: Using (two vectors 𝐴Ԧ and 𝐵 are orthogonal ⇔ 𝐴Ԧ ⋅ 𝐵 = 0)
It is sufficient to show that (A × B) ⋅ 𝐴 = 0 and (A × B) ⋅ 𝐵 = 0
Let ෠
𝐴Ԧ = a1 iƸ + a2 Jመ + a3 k, 𝐵 = 𝑏1 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑏2 𝐽መ + 𝑏3 𝑘෠
𝑖Ƹ ෡𝑗 𝑘෠
𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 = 𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3
= (a2 𝑏3 − a3 𝑏2 ) 𝑖Ƹ − (a1 𝑏3 − a3 𝑏1 ) 𝑗Ƹ + a1 𝑏2 − a2 𝑏1 𝑘෠
(A × B) ⋅ 𝐴 = (a2 𝑏3 − a3 𝑏2 ) a1 + b1 𝑎3 − a1 𝑏3 a2
+ a1 𝑏2 − a2 𝑏1 a3
= a1 a2 𝑏3 − a1 a3 𝑏2 + b1 𝑎3 a2 − a1 𝑏3 a2 + a1 𝑏2 a3 −a2 𝑏1 a3 = 0.
Hence A × B is Orthogonal to 𝐴Ԧ
The Proof that (A × B) ⋅ 𝐵 = 0 is similar.
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EXAMPLE: Find a vector Perpendicular to each of the
vectors ෠ 𝐵 = 4𝑖Ƹ + 2𝐽መ − 𝑘෠
A = 2𝑖Ƹ − 𝐽መ + 𝑘,
SOLUTION: A vector perpendicular to both vectors 𝐴Ԧ and 𝐵
is A × B.
𝑖Ƹ ෡𝑗 𝑘෠
𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 = 2 −1 1
4 2 −1

= −𝑖Ƹ + 6𝐽መ + 8𝑘෠

Verification: (A × B) ⋅ 𝐴 = −𝑖Ƹ + 6𝐽መ + 8𝑘෠ ⋅ 2𝑖Ƹ − 𝐽መ + 𝑘෠

= −2 − 6 + 8 = 0
(A × B) ⋅ 𝐵 = −𝑖Ƹ + 6𝐽መ + 8𝑘෠ ⋅ 4𝑖Ƹ + 2𝐽መ − 𝑘෠ = −4 + 12 − 8 = 0
Hence A × B is perpendicular to both vectors A and B
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 GEOMETRICAL REPRESENTATION OF
VECTOR PRODUCT

Area of Parallelogram:
The magnitude of the cross product / vector product A × B is
equal to the area of Parallelogram.
Area of Triangle:
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 Δ = 𝐴×𝐵
𝟐

Proof (Try yourself)

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EXAMPLE:
1. Find a vector Perpendicular to the plane of 𝑃 4, −3, 1 ,
𝑄 6, −4, 7 and 𝑅(1, 2, 2)
2. Also find the area of the triangle with vertices 𝑃 4, −3, 1 ,
𝑄 6, −4, 7 and 𝑅(1, 2, 2) .
3. Also find unit vectors perpendicular to plane of 𝑃, 𝑄 and R.
SOLUTION:
The vector 𝑃𝑄 × 𝑃𝑅 is perpendicular to plane because it is
perpendicular to both vectors
PQ = 6𝑖Ƹ − 4𝐽መ + 7𝑘෠ − 4𝑖Ƹ − 3𝐽መ + 𝑘෠ 𝒛
= 6 − 4 𝑖Ƹ + −4 + 3 𝐽መ + 7 − 1 𝑘෠ 𝑹

= 2𝑖Ƹ − 𝑗Ƹ + 6𝑘෠ = (2, −1, 6)

𝐏
PR = 𝑖Ƹ + 2𝐽መ + 2𝑘෠ − 4𝑖Ƹ − 3𝐽መ + 𝑘෠
= 1 − 4 𝑖Ƹ + 2 + 3 𝐽መ + 2 − 1 𝑘෠ 𝒚
= −3𝑖Ƹ + 5𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘෠ = (−3, 5, 1) 𝒙
33
𝑸
 𝑖Ƹ ෡𝑗 𝑘෠
𝑃𝑄 × 𝑃𝑅 = 2 −1 6
−3 5 1

−1 6 2 6 2 −1 ෠
= 𝑖Ƹ − 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘 = −31𝑖Ƹ − 20𝐽መ + 7𝑘෠
5 1 −3 1 −3 5

Hence area of the parallelogram with adjacent sides P, Q and R is

𝑃𝑄 × 𝑃𝑅 = −31 2 + −20 2 + 7 2 = 1410

1
It follows that area of triangle = 1410 = 18.8
2
3) Since 𝑃𝑄 and 𝑃𝑅 is perpendicular to the plane, its direction 𝑛ො is a
unit vector perpendicular to the plane

𝑃𝑄×𝑃𝑅 Ƹ
−31𝑖−20 መ 𝑘
𝐽+7 ෠ −31𝑖Ƹ 20𝐽መ 7𝑘෠
𝑛ො = = = − +
𝑃𝑄×𝑃𝑅 1410 1410 1410 1410
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EXAMPLE: Find A × B and 𝐵 × A if
෡
A = 2𝑖Ƹ + 𝐽መ + 𝑘, ෡
B = −4𝑖Ƹ + 3𝐽መ + 𝑘
SOLUTION:
𝑖Ƹ ෡𝑗 𝑘෠
𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 = 2 1 1
−4 3 1

1 1 2 1 2 1 ෠
= 𝑖Ƹ − 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘
3 1 −4 1 −4 3

= 1 − 3 𝑖Ƹ − 2 + 4 𝐽መ + (6 + 4)𝑘෠

𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 = −2𝑖Ƹ − 6𝐽መ + 10𝑘෠

𝐵 × 𝐴Ԧ = − 𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 = 2𝑖Ƹ + 6𝐽መ − 10𝑘෠ 35

EXAMPLE: Find a unit vector perpendicular to plane of
vector 𝑎Ԧ = 2𝑖Ƹ + 2𝐽መ − 𝑘෠ and 𝑏 = 6𝑖Ƹ − 3𝐽መ + 2𝑘෠
Also find the 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 of angle b/w 𝑎Ԧ and 𝑏.
SOLUTION:
Here
𝑖Ƹ ෡𝑗 𝑘෠
𝑎Ԧ × 𝑏 = 2 = 𝑖 Ƹ − 10𝐽መ − 18𝑘෠
2 −1
6 −3 2
Therefore 𝑎Ԧ × 𝑏 = 1 + 100 + 324 = 425 = 5 17
Thus the required unit vector will be
𝑎×𝑏 Ƹ
𝑖−10 መ
𝐽−18 ෠
𝑘
𝑛ො = =
𝑎×𝑏 5 17

Now 𝑎Ԧ = 4 + 4 + 1 = 3 and b = 36 + 9 + 4 = 7

𝑎×𝑏 5 17 5 17
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = = = 36