Ee3101 Lab Report Exp
Ee3101 Lab Report Exp
Ee3101 Lab Report Exp
-1-
Nonideal
Behavior of Electronic Components at High
Frequencies and Associated Measurement
Problems
Matt xxxxx
Student ID : xxxxxxxx
10/2/06 – 10/16/06
Abstract
Throughout this experiment we take the input and output measurements
of given circuits at
various frequency rates. This is to demonstrate the frequency response of
these circuits. In
other words, the circuits behave differently at different frequencies. At
high frequencies we
can see the effects of shunt capacitance of the measurement terminals
and interconnection
cables, resonance of the circuits, and the nonidealistic
frequency behavior of passive
components. This experiment is designed to explore the response of
circuits at high
frequencies and to modify the circuits to have the proper responses that
are would be required
in electrical circuit design.
EE3101 LAB REPORT EXP#3 26 OCT 2006
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Introduction
AS opposed to dc or low frequencies, the characteristic of the circuits
changes with each
component. This experiment focuses on the aspects of high frequency
measurement divided
into three basic parts. We start with experiments to understand the
characteristic of shunt
capacitance of the interconnection cables and the measuring instruments.
Next we study about
the resonance in RLC circuits. Finally, we look at the nonideal
frequency behavior of passive
circuit components. All of the measurements throughout these three basic
parts use similar
procedures. We vary the input frequency from low to high to gather the
most important value,
either the resonant frequency or the break frequency of the circuit. These
two characters are
results of the capacitance in the circuit that works as a short circuit at
high frequencies.
RC
f B 2p
1
=,
LC
f R 2p
1
=
The break frequency is when the output is the 3dB
of the max value, and the resonant
frequency is the when the phase shift of the input to the output signal is
zero. Throughout the
report you are able to see other characters as Q – factors. Through the
following 7
experiments we are able to gather a broad understanding on high
frequency responses
Body
Part 1 – Shunt Capacitance and the RC Compensator
Experiment 3.1
In the first experiment we measure the transfer function, which would be
the gain, or
| Vo / Vi | of the circuit. We take our measurements from low to high
frequencies. We do this
to see the effects of the shunt capacitance that the oscilloscope and the
interconnecting cables
that occur. We start at the low frequency of 1 kHz and go up to 1MHz. We
construct circuit
Figure 1 to measure the shunt capacitance. We could expect that, because
of the shunt
capacitance, Vout will have a smaller value as the input voltage frequency
increases.
EE3101 LAB REPORT EXP#3 26 OCT 2006
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Fig 3.1.1
1. Data & Results
f(hz) Vin Vout | Vo / Vi |
1000 5.000 2.380 0.476
5000 5.000 2.380 0.476
10000 4.940 2.280 0.462
28160 5.000 1.767 0.353
50000 5.000 1.300 0.260
100000 5.000 0.750 0.150
500000 4.820 0.167 0.035
1000000 4.820 0.099 0.021
Fig 3.1.2
Gain vs Frequency
0.000
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.250
0.300
0.350
0.400
0.450
0.500
0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000 1200000
Frequency (Hz)
Gain (Vout/Vin)
Gain vs Frequency
Fig 3.1.3
EE3101 LAB REPORT EXP#3 26 OCT 2006
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As expected, we can see a decrease of gain that is result of the decrease
in the Vout. This is
the effect of the shunt capacitance as it works as a short circuit.
Now we calculate the exact value of the shunt capacitance we need
further calculations.
2. Shunt Capacitance
In order to calculate the shunt capacitance we look for the break
frequency, which has the
information of the capacitor in the circuit:
RC
f B 2p
1
= , where R = R1||R2 = 50KΩ
VV
V
RR
VR
out
out in
5 0. 7 07 1. 787
2
1
( 70. 7 %)
12
2
=´´=
´´
+
=
Then we pick the closest value from our measurements, which would be:
pF
Rf
C
f KHz
B
B
1 .1 3 10 113
2
1
28. 16
\ = = ´ 10 =
\@
-
p
So the shunt capacitance of the oscilloscope and the interconnecting
wires are 113pF by
measurement. As you can see the shunt capacitance has a very small
value. This is why we
can see the effects of the shunt capacitance only at the high frequency
rates that make the
shunt capacitance work as a short circuit. This effect needs to be
considered when we are
making measurements of circuits at high frequencies as mentioned.
Part 2 – Resonance in RLC Circuits
Experiment 3.2
EE3101 LAB REPORT EXP#3 26 OCT 2006
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We now build our second circuit (Fig 3.2.1) to see the effects of the
resonance in the RLC
circuits that has its resonant frequency at 2 kHz.
Fig 3.2.1
Our two goals here are to:
1. Determine the resonant frequency and Qfactor.
2. Determine the impedance Z in ( jw o ) at the resonant frequency.
We design our circuit to have an R relatively very small R<<1kΩ in order
to make the circuit
dependent more on the inductor and capacitor. So we put our R as 10Ω.
For L we use a
100mH component from our circuit kit. To determine our capacitor value,
we need further
calculations to make the resonant frequency at approximately 2 kHz:
LC
f R 2p
1
=
LC
f R2
2
4
1
p
=
4 22
1
R Lf
C
p
=
For our resonant frequency fr = 2 kHz, and L = 100mH,
nF nF F
Lf
C
R
m
p
63. 33 100 0. 1
4
1
22= = » =
However, in our lab kit the closest value of capacitor we have was 100nF.
With a modified capacitance:
f Hz kHz
C nF F Z
R 1591. 5 1. 6
100 0. 1 (1 04 )
=@
==m
EE3101 LAB REPORT EXP#3 26 OCT 2006
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If we would have used a series of 100nF capacitance we could have
gathered a resonant
frequency closer to 2 kHz. However with the resonant frequency at around
1.6 kHz, we are
still able to see the effect of the resonant frequency at high rates
frequencies. In this
experiment we start with the low frequency at the input and increase the
frequency to see the
effects.
We cannot rely on correct gain values in this situation because of the
parasitic resistance
though the inductor and capacitor. Instead, we will look at the phase shift
between Vin and
Vout. In this case, we know that out break frequencies will occur at phase
shifts of +45° and
45°
and our resonant frequency will occur at a phase shift of 0°.
1. Data & Results
f(hz) Phase Vo >
Vin
1552 45°
1796 45°
1670 0°
Fig 3.2.2
* Determine the resonant frequency and Qfactor.
By measurements circuit Figure 3.2.2 has its resonant frequency at 1.67
kHz because that is
where we have a phase shift of 0°.
f R = 1 .6 7 kHz
If we compare our value with our theoretical value 1591.5 Hz, we can see
we have evaluated a
reasonable result.
To determine the circuit’s Qfactor:
6 .8 44
1. 79 1. 552
1 . 67
=
-
=
D
-=
kk
k
f
f
Q factor o
* Determine the impedance Z in ( jw o ) at the resonant frequency.
To determine the impedance of our circuit (Figure 3.2.1), we can use
another formula for the
Qfactor
and solve for Zin.
2 2 1 .6 7 100 6. 844
=
´´
-==
Zin
k mH
R
fL
Q factor R p p
EE3101 LAB REPORT EXP#3 26 OCT 2006
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Zin = 153. 316W
Since our Zin is R plus the parasitic resistances of the inductor and
capacitor we can calculate
what the parasitic resistance is by subtracting 10W from it.
The calculation will be the following:
Z ( j ) = Z - R = 153. 3 16 - 10 = 142. 316W in o parasitic w
Experiment 3.3
We now modify our circuit (Figure 3.2.1) to have a Qfactor
= 5. Then we drive the resultant
circuit with a 2 kHz square wave to compare the spectra of the input
voltage and the current
waveforms.
1. To modify the circuit to have a Qfactor
at 5:
R
fL
f
f
Q factor o R 2p
=
D
-=
Q
R f R L 2p
= with Q = 5, fr = 1.6kHz, and L = 100mH
=W
´´
= 209
5
R 2p 1 . 670 0. 1
If we look back to our circuit we see the parasitic resistance of the circuit
and the original R.
R = 209W = 143. 3 16W + R ¢
So we should put a resistance of value of R ¢ = 65. 6 8W
We can do this by putting two 100W resistors in parallel to give 50W and
then put a 10W
resistor in series to make the equivalent resistance 60 W
R ' = 100W || 100W + 10 W = 60W » 65. 6 8W
We now modify the circuit to have a Q factor of 5 by making our circuit
look like the
following:
EE3101 LAB REPORT EXP#3 26 OCT 2006
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Fig 3.3.1
2. Gather spectra of the input voltage and current waveforms.
Figure 3.3.2
EE3101 LAB REPORT EXP#3 26 OCT 2006
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Figure 3.3.3
Figure 3.3.2 would be the FFT of the input voltage, and Figure 3.3.3 would
be the FFT of the
output voltage. Because the output voltage is a part of the input current
we used the output
voltage of the circuit. If we compare the differences of the two spectra of
the waveforms we
could see that while the input voltage (Figure 3.3.2) is a combination of
several harmonics,
the current (Figure 3.3.3) has only one harmonic as an effect. The other
harmonics could be
assumed to be cut off by the circuit. The combination of the input
harmonics makes the input
to be a square wave, and the only harmonic on the output makes the
wave to look as a
sinusoidal waveform.
Note: In order to gather a clear waveform, we turned on the Noise Rej.,
and put the
center of the FFT at 2 kHz with a Span of 50 kHz.
Experiment 3.4
We now determine the resonant frequencies of the circuit of Figure 3.3.1
for C values from
0.0001uF to 0.1uF to see the relationship between the capacitance of the
circuit with its
resonant frequency. The circuit used in this experiment is identical to
Experiment 3.2.
To make the experiment easy, I observed the circuit phase shift and took
the 0° frequency with
different values of C.
Where fr calculated is:
EE3101 LAB REPORT EXP#3 26 OCT 2006
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2p
1
LC
f r=
C(uf) fr calculated (hz) fr measured (hz) % error
0.001 15916 16130 1.34%
0.01 5033 5066 0.66%
0.1 1592 1776 11.56%
Fig 3.4.1
Frequency vs Capacitance
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
Capacitance (uF)
Frequency (Hz)
fr calculated (hz)
fr measured (hz)
Fig 3.4.2
From the results in Fig 3.4.1, Fig 3.4.2, we can see that the resonant
frequency is inversely
proportional to the square of the capacitance:
C
fr
1
µ
Experiment 3.5
Goals for experiment 5.
1. Design a parallel resonant circuit (with R = infinity) with a resonant
frequency of 2
kHz.
2. Determine the Q of the circuit.
3. Modify circuit to make Q = 5.
EE3101 LAB REPORT EXP#3 26 OCT 2006
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4. Measure the modified circuit and gather the resonant frequency and Q
of the circuit
5. Determine the admittance of the circuit at the resonant frequency.
The procedures of this experiment are similar to the earlier experiments.
Fig 3.5.1
Rs is used to derive a current source for the circuit. (L=100mH, without R)
Is = Vs / Rs. We will use 100 kΩ.
1. To make resonant frequency at 2 kHz with L = 100 mH.
LC
f R 2p
1
=
LC
f R2
2
4
1
p
=
4 22
1
R Lf
C
p
=
nF nF
Lf
C
R
63. 33 50
4
1
22= = »
p
However, in our lab kit the closest value of capacitor we have was 100nF
so we will use two
100nF in series to create an equivalent capacitance of 50nF.
With a modified capacitance:
f Hz kHz
C nF nF nF F Z Z
R 2250. 79 2 . 3