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Lecture 17

1. The document discusses techniques for adding phasors, including the superposition of a large number of phasors of equal amplitude and equal phase difference. It presents the formula to calculate the resultant phasor as the sum of the phasors. 2. Interference of waves is discussed, including constructive and destructive interference from two coherent wave sources. The formula for total irradiance from multiple light waves is presented. 3. Optical interference is defined as the interaction of two or more light waves yielding an irradiance that differs from the sum of the individual irradiances. Types of optical interference including division of wavefronts and amplitudes are described.

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24 views

Lecture 17

1. The document discusses techniques for adding phasors, including the superposition of a large number of phasors of equal amplitude and equal phase difference. It presents the formula to calculate the resultant phasor as the sum of the phasors. 2. Interference of waves is discussed, including constructive and destructive interference from two coherent wave sources. The formula for total irradiance from multiple light waves is presented. 3. Optical interference is defined as the interaction of two or more light waves yielding an irradiance that differs from the sum of the individual irradiances. Types of optical interference including division of wavefronts and amplitudes are described.

Uploaded by

rakshithbt2359gowda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Technique of

Phasor Addition

1
Phasor Addition

Resultant wave
5
=E ∑=
E
i =1
i E0 sin(ω t + ϕ )

2
Problem
Superposition of a large number of phasors of equal amplitude and

equal successive phase difference θ. Find the resultant phasor.

Remember: The sum of the first n terms of a geometric series is:

n −1
1− r n
a + ar + ar + ar + ... + ar
2 3 ( n −1)
= ∑ ar = a
k

k =0 1− r

3
Addition of Phasors

a (1 − e ) ae
inθ
einθ /2
−e inθ /2 − inθ /2
 GP series
A =
(1 − e ) e e − e 
iθ iθ /2
 iθ /2 − iθ /2

sin (nθ / 2 ) i (n −1)θ / 2


=a e
sin (θ / 2 )

4
5
sin (nθ / 2 ) i (n −1)θ / 2
A=a e
sin (θ / 2 )

6
Interference of
Waves

7
Interference of water waves

Two wave sources are said to


be coherent:

- if the phase difference


between the sources is constant,

- if they have same frequency,

- if the two waves have


comparable amplitudes.

The interference pattern produced


in a ripple tank using two sources
of circular waves which are in
phase with each other.
Constructive & destructive interference

The two sources S1 and S2 are in phase and


coherent. Therefore, the wavelengths of waves
from S1 and S2 are the same, say λ.
Optical Interference
Optical interference corresponds to the interaction of two or
more light waves yielding a resultant irradiance that deviates
from the sum of component irradiance.
Division of wavefront
Optical Interference

Division of wavefront
Division of amplitude

Wavefront Division: Involves taking one


wavefront and dividing it up into more than
one wave.
Eg: Young’s double slit interference;
Diffraction grating

Division of amplitude
Amplitude Division: Involves splitting a
light beam into two beams at a surface of
two media of different refractive index.
Eg: Michelson interferometer
10
Superposition of waves

E = E1 + E2 + E3 + E4 + .....
E =+
( E1 E2 ).( E1 + E2 ) (for two waves)
2

2 2 2  
E = E1 + E2 + 2( E1 ⋅ E2 )
 
= E j E0 j cos(k j . r − ω t + ε j )

Taking time average on both sides


I = I1 + I 2 + I12 11
Time Average
I1 = E 2
1 T t +T
1
I2 = E 2
2 T
f(t) T
=
T ∫
t
f (t') dt '

I12 = 2 E1.E 2 T

Interference term
1
E1.E2 E01.E02 cos(k1.r + ε1 − k2 .r − ε 2 )
2
   
I12 = E01.E02 cos δ ( δ = k1. r + ε1 − k2 . r − ε 2 )
The phase difference arising from a combined path
length and initial phase difference. 12
Total irradiance I = I1 + I 2 + 2 I1 I 2 cosδ
   
For maximum irradiance ( δ = k1. r + ε1 − k2 . r − ε 2 )
cos δ = 1
I max = I1 + I 2 + 2 I1 I 2

Total constructive interference

δ = 0, ± 2π , ± 4π ,..........
13
Total irradiance I = I1 + I 2 + 2 I1 I 2 cosδ
   
For minimum irradiance ( δ = k1. r + ε1 − k2 . r − ε 2 )
cos δ = −1
I max = I1 + I 2 − 2 I1 I 2
Total destructive interference

δ = π , ± 3π , ± 5π ,..........
14
Twin Source Interference Pattern

I = I1 + I 2 + 2 I1 I 2 cosδ
For I1=I2=I0    
δ= (k1. r + ε1 − k2 . r − ε 2 )
δ
I=2 I 0 (1 + cos δ ) =4 I 0 cos 2

15

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