Assignment 3b Solutions 22
Assignment 3b Solutions 22
Assignment 3b Solutions 22
3B 4.11 Find the impulse response of the LTI system H characterized by each of the equations below.
Z t+1
(a) Hx(t) = x(τ)dτ;
Z−∞
∞
(b) Hx(t) = x(τ + 5)eτ−t+1 u(t − τ − 2)dτ;
Z −∞
t
(c) Hx(t) = x(τ)v(t − τ)dτ; and
Z−∞
t
(d) Hx(t) = x(τ)dτ.
t−1
3B Answer (a).
Let h denote the impulse response of the system.
Z t+1
h(t) = δ (τ)dτ
−∞
(
1 t > −1
=
0 t < −1
= u(t + 1).
3B Answer (b).
Let h denote the impulse response of the system.
Z ∞
h(t) = δ (τ + 5)eτ−t+1 u(t − τ − 2)dτ
−∞
−5−t+1
=e u(t − [−5] − 2)
= e−t−4 u(t + 3).
3B Answer (c).
Let h denote the impulse response of the system. We have
Z t
h(t) = δ (τ)v(t − τ)dτ.
−∞
Now, we employ a change of variable. Let λ = τ − t so that τ = λ + t and dλ = dτ. Applying this change of
variable, we obtain
Z 0
h(t) = δ (λ + t)v(t − [λ + t])dλ
−∞
Z 0
= δ (λ + t)v(−λ )dλ .
−∞
3B 4.12 Consider the system with input x and output y as shown in the figure below. Each system in the block diagram
is LTI and labelled with its impulse response.
x y
h1 h2 +
h3
(a) Find the impulse response h of the overall system in terms of h1 , h2 , and h3 .
(b) Determine the impulse response h in the specific case that
3B Answer (a).
Let v denote the output of the system with impulse response h1 . From the block diagram, we have
v(t) = x ∗ h1 (t)
y(t) = v ∗ [h2 + h3 ](t) + x(t).
Therefore, we have
3B Answer (b).
Substituting the given expressions for h1 , h2 , and h3 into the expression for h, we obtain
(Note that δ (· + 1) simply means the function v defined by the equation v(t) = δ (t + 1).)
3B 4.13 Consider the system shown in the figure below with input x and output y. This system is formed by the series
interconnection of two LTI systems with the impulse responses h1 and h2 .
x y
h1 h2
For each pair of h1 and h2 given below, find the output y if the input x(t) = u(t).
(a) h1 (t) = δ (t) and h2 (t) = δ (t);
(b) h1 (t) = δ (t + 1) and h2 (t) = δ (t + 1); and
(c) h1 (t) = e−3t u(t) and h2 (t) = δ (t).
3B Answer (b).
First, we calculate the impulse response h of the overall system. We have
h(t) = h1 ∗ h2 (t)
= (δ (· + 1) ∗ δ (· + 1))(t)
Z ∞
= δ (τ + 1)δ (t − τ + 1)dτ
−∞
= δ (t + 2).
(Note that δ (· + 1) is simply an abbreviated notation for the function v(t) = δ (t + 1).) The output y is given by
y(t) = x ∗ h(t)
= u ∗ δ (t + 2)
= u(t + 2).
3B Answer (c).
First, we calculate the impulse response h of the overall system. We have that
h(t) = h1 ∗ h2 (t)
= [e−3t u(t)] ∗ δ (t)
= e−3t u(t).
Now, we compute the convolution y(t) = x ∗ h(t) = −∞ ∞
x(τ)h(t − τ)dτ. By drawing graphs of x(τ) and h(t − τ)
R
and applying the appropriate logic, we conclude that there are two cases to consider for the computation of y(t):
t < 0 and t ≥ 0. In the case that t < 0, we have that y(t) is trivially zero. So, we now consider the case that
t ≥ 0. For t ≥ 0, we have that y(t) is given by
y(t) = x ∗ h(t)
= h ∗ x(t)
Z ∞
= e−3τ u(τ)u(t − τ)dτ
−∞
Z t
= e−3τ dτ for t > 0
0
= [− 31 e−3τ ]|t0
= − 31 [e−3t − 1]
= − 31 e−3t + 13 .
Thus, we have that
− 13 e−3t + 13
(
t ≥0
y(t) =
0 t <0
= [− 13 e−3t + 13 ]u(t).
3B 4.14 Determine whether the LTI system with each impulse response h given below is causal and/or memoryless.
(a) h(t) = (t + 1)u(t − 1);
(b) h(t) = 2δ (t + 1);
(c) h(t) = ωπc sinc(ωct);
(d) h(t) = e−4t u(t − 1);
(e) h(t) = et u(−1 − t);
(f) h(t) = e−3|t| ; and
(g) h(t) = 3δ (t).
3B Answer (a–g).
A LTI system with impulse response h is memoryless if h(t) = 0 for all t 6= 0. Therefore, the systems in (a), (b),
(c), (d), (e), and (f) all have memory, while the system in (g) is memoryless.
A LTI system with impulse response h is causal if h(t) = 0 for all t < 0. Therefore, the systems in (a), (d), and
(g) are causal, while the systems in (b), (c), (e), and (f) are not causal.
3B 4.15 Determine whether the LTI system with each impulse response h given below is BIBO stable.
(a) h(t) = eat u(−t) where a is a strictly positive real constant;
(b) h(t) = (1/t)u(t − 1);
(c) h(t) = et u(t);
(d) h(t) = δ (t − 10);
(e) h(t) = rectt; and
(f) h(t) = e−|t| .
3B Answer (a).
A LTI system with impulse response h is BIBO stable if and only if h is absolutely integrable. From the given
h, we have
Z ∞ Z ∞
|h(t)| dt = eat u(−t) dt
−∞ −∞
Z ∞
= eat u(−t)dt
−∞
Z 0
= eat dt
−∞
1 0
at
ae for a 6= 0
= −∞
1
at 0
= a e −∞
1
= a [1 − 0]
1
= a
< ∞.
3B Answer (b).
A LTI system with impulse response h is BIBO stable if and only if h is absolutely integrable. From the given
h, can write
Z ∞ Z ∞
1
|h(t)| dt = t u(t − 1) dt
−∞ −∞
Z ∞
1
= t u(t − 1)dt
−∞
Z ∞
1
= t dt
1
= [lnt]|∞
1
= ln ∞ − ln 1
= ∞.
3B 4.16 Suppose that we have two LTI systems with impulse responses
3B Answer.
These systems are inverses if h1 ∗ h2 (t) = δ (t). We have
Z ∞
h1 ∗ h2 (t) = h1 (τ)h2 (t − τ)dτ
−∞
Z ∞
1
= 2 δ (τ − 1)2δ (t − τ + 1)dτ
−∞
Z ∞
= δ (τ − 1)δ (t − τ + 1)dτ
−∞
= δ (t).
3B 4.17 For each case below, find the response y of the LTI system with system function H to the input x.
1
(a) H(s) = for Re(s) > −1 and x(t) = 10 + 4 cos(3t) + 2 sin(5t) [Hint: ae jθ + a∗ e− jθ = 2 Re ae jθ ]; and
s+1
1
(b) H(s) = s for Re(s) > −1 and x(t) = 10 + 2e3t − et .
e (s + 1)
3B Answer (a).
We have
h i
e j3t + e− j3t e j5t − e− j5t
1 1
x(t) = 10 + 4 +2
2 2j
y(t) = H(0)(10) + H( j3)(2e j3t ) + H(− j3)(2e− j3t ) + H( j5)(− je j5t ) + H(− j5)( je− j5t )
= 1(10) + 1+1 j3 (2e j3t ) + 1−1 j3 (2e− j3t ) + 1+1 j5 (− je j5t ) + 1−1 j5 ( je− j5t )
− j j5t
= 1(10) + 1+2 j3 e j3t + 1−2 j3 e− j3t + 1+ j5 e + 1−j j5 e− j5t
− j j5t − j ∗ j5t ∗
= 1(10) + 1+2 j3 e j3t + ( 1+2 j3 )∗ (e j3t )∗ + 1+ j5 e + ( 1+ j5 ) (e )
j
= 10 + 2 Re 1+2 j3 e j3t + 2 Re 1+ j5 e j5t .
−
3B D.108 In this exercise, we consider an algorithm for generating a sequence p of n points in the plane (i.e., p0 , p1 , . . . , pn−1 ).
The first point p0 is chosen as the origin (i.e., p0 = [ 0 0 ]T ), with the remaining points being given by the formula
i−1
cos θ sin θ i
pi = pi−1 + .
− sin θ cos θ 0
(a) Using MATLAB, write a function called drawpattern that takes n and θ as input arguments (in that order)
with θ being specified in degrees, and then computes and plots the points p0 , p1 , . . . , pn−1 connected by straight
lines (i.e., draw a line from p0 to p1 , p1 to p2 , p2 to p3 , and so on). When performing the plotting, be sure to
use axis(’equal’) in order to maintain the correct aspect ratio for the plot. For illustrative purposes, the plots
produced for two sets of θ and n values are shown in Figures (a) and (b) below.
(b) Generate the plots obtained by invoking drawpattern with n = 100 and θ set to each of the following
values: 89◦ , 144◦ , and 154◦ . [Note: In MATLAB, the sin and cos functions take values in radians, not
degrees.]
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
-10 -10
-20 -20
-30 -30
-40 -40
-50
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
3B Answer (a).
The drawpattern function can be implemented using the code below.
3B Answer (b).
The plots obtained with the drawpattern function are shown below.
50
50
40 40
30 30
20
20
10
10
0
0
-10
-10
-20
-20
-30
-40 -30
-50 -40
40
30
20
10
-10
-20
-30
-40
θ = 154◦ , n = 100