ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences June 2019 Vol 24(2):81-90 ISSN 0853-7291

Abundance of Meiofauna and Physical-Chemical Parameters

as Water Quality Indicator

Muh Sri Yusal1*, Muh Aris Marfai2, Suwarno Hadisusanto3 and Nurul Khakhim2
1Environmental Science, Multidisciplinary Graduate School, Universitas Gadjah Mada
2Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada
3Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Jl. Teknika Utara, Pogung, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.

Email: msriyusal.ugm@gmail.com

Abstract
The zone of Losari Coast is an icon of Makassar city, however increase activity of surrounding communities
causes a decrease in the water quality. Meiofauna is an effective benthic organism used as an indicator of water
quality. This study assessed the meiofauna abundance and physical-chemical parameters as water quality
indicator in the Losari Coast, Makassar. The sampling method in this study was purposive sampling. The resuts
showed that total meiofauna abundance identified was 66791 indv.m -2, composed of 12 phylum and 91 species
or genera. Stations at the estuary of the Jeneberang and Tallo River are two sites with high level of abundance,
this condition allows presence of organic contaminants triggers the high growth of meiofauna in these locations.
Dissolved Oxygen is below its supposed level in waters. Acidity, phosphate and nitrate content at some of
research stations exceed the threshold of their allowed presence in waters set by Indonesia government.
Ostracoda, oligochaeta, polychaeta, tunicata and ciliophora are phylums with a high level of abundance, because
the phylum has high adaptability to pollutant. Good water quality is indicated by a variety of biota living in the
waters, the range of diversity and uniformity indices shows that meiofauna species are categorized highly diverse
and evenly distributed. The dominance index shows that there is no species was dominant, except stations
around Losari reclamation project. Temperature, current velocity, depth, brightness, salinity, pH, DO, nitrate-
seawater, and phosphate-seawater correlate with meiofauna abundance. The results as a consideration for the
management or monitoring of coastal environments.

Keywords: abundance, water indicator, Losari coast, meiofauna, pollutant

Introduction deteriorates its condition to the threshold of

alarming depletion of resource and ecosystem
Coastal areas store an enormous amount of (Coremap, 2006). Some environmental parameters,
biodiversity and, therefore, require preservation, as a e.g., physical and chemical characteristics, change
result of the integration of several interconnected, slowly towards the negative category. Several
dynamic, and productive ecosystems. The aquatic studies show that the contents of dissolved heavy
resources are parts of the natural resources that are metals, namely lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and cadmium
most widely used by the community. However, the (Cd), have slowly exceeded the water quality
exploitation remains to be neglectful of their standard and categorized the waters as polluted
sustainability, reducing their functions and qualities (Monoarfa, 2002; Werorilangi et al., 2011; Jaya et
in the environment. The pollutants that directly or al., 2012; Setiawan, 2014).
indirectly enter the coastal area endanger not only
the lives of all biota but also the entire natural A series of human activities upstream, such
resources of coastal ecosystems, for instance, the as house-scale and gold-crafting industries, densely
threats of degradations of mangroves, seagrasses, populated housing, the constructions of hotels,
coral reefs, and aquatic animals (Elyazar et al., restaurants, and cafes, tourist activities, hospitals,
2007; Dahuri et al., 2008). aquaculture, and agricultural practices, is the main
cause of the entry of pollutants into the waters. It
The coastal zone of Losari Beach is one of the greatly affects water quality and threatens the
coastal areas in South Sulawesi that have great existence of organisms that live on and under the
potential coastal and marine resources. Increased water surface. Aquatic physical-chemical parameters
human activity or development in its surroundings are control factors that have direct or indirect

*) Corresponding author ijms.undip.ac.id Received : 22-12-2018

© Ilmu Kelautan, UNDIP DOI: 10.14710/ik.ijms.24.2.81-90 Accepted : 02-02-2019
ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences June 2019 Vol 24(2):81-90

influence on the speed of metabolic rate and the 2009). Meiofauna is a biological component that
aquatic organisms proliferation. Koropitan et al. can be used as an indicator of changes in water
(2009) stated that environmental physical factors quality. There are some advantages of using it as a
has an important role in the speed of metabolic rate water quality bioindicator, namely: (1) this
and respiration of aquatic biota so that need to community of organisms has different sensitivity to
dissolved oxygen gas is increasing. This shows that various types of pollutants and provides a quick
higher the influence of physical factors in the reaction to changes in waters; (2) due to its low
aquatic environment such as temperature, salinity, mobility, it is easily influenced by the state of its
and the partial pressure of dissolved gases, surrounding environment; and (3) it is easy to
therefore the dissolved oxygen value decreases in capture and identify (Giere, 2009; Moreno et al.,
water. Likewise with aquatic chemical parameters 2011; Mirto et al., 2012; Alves et al., 2013).
that indirectly affect the process of aquatic Therefore, this study aims to assess the abundance
organisms growth and development, such as in of meiofauna and environmental physical-chemical
terms of the formation of energy and proteins in cell parameters as water quality indicator at Losari
metabolic processes (Nicholson et al., 2006). coast, Makassar.

In general, aquatic biota that can indicate

water quality is benthic organisms, which are a Materials and Methods
community of microscopic to macroscopic
invertebrates. This community lives and remains in The study was carried out in July-October
seafloor environment for a long time. The use of 2017 at Losari coast, which stretches from the north
benthic animals in water quality assessment is more to the south of Makassar City, South Sulawesi. This
effective and efficient, and it can function as a area represents the intensive human activity and
comparative data to the measurement of the development in the surrounding environment. Nine
physical and chemical characteristics of an aquatic (9) sampling sites were located nearby tourist
environment (Arroyo et al., 2004; Hariyati, 2007; attraction areas, hotels, beach reclamation projects,
Armenteros et al., 2009; Giere, 2009; Riena et al., aquaculture practices, agricultural land in the upper
2012; Assy et al., 2013; Pratomo et al., 2013; part of the river, hospitals, ports, industrial areas,
Septiani et al., 2013). house-scale industries, and densely populated
housing. See Figure 1.
A benthic animal that can effectively indicate
water pollution is meiofauna. Meiofauna defines a This study employed purposive sampling
collection of organisms larger than microfauna but method, i.e., the selection of samples based on
smaller than macrofauna. With a size range of 63- specific objectives, on the aquatic substrate as the
1,000 μm, these organisms can pass through a 1- habitat of meiofauna. The study area was
mm mess, but they are retained by a 45-μm mesh determined based on the previous research that
(Moodley et al., 2000; Montagna et al., 2002; described the Losari coast as an area contaminated
Gwyther & Fairweather, 2002; Gwyther, 2003; Giere, by hazardous chemicals and metal contents.

Figure 1. Map of sampling sites at Losari coast of Makassar City, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

82 Abundance of Meiofauna and Physical-Chemical Parameters (M.S. Yusal et al.)

ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences June 2019 Vol 24(2):81-90

The density of meiofauna on the Losari Coast Stations V and II. Compared with other phyla,
was determined using formula by Krebs (1989). The Ostracoda, Oligochaeta, Ciliophora, and Tunicata
diversity index in a community was calculated using had a high density, whereas Aelosomatidae had a
the Shannon-Wiener's Index (Odum, 1994). Diversity low density. There was a significant difference in the
Index can identify the extent of water pollution or average abundance of meiofauna in several
determine the water quality of an area or region. research stations, as evident from F= 7.584 and P=
Water quality classification based on the diversity 0.00. These results showed that the abundance of
index (Odum, 1994). The Dominance Index was meiofauna phylum in every station was significantly
measured with the formula of the Simpson’s Index of different from each other or, in other words, without
Dominance (Krebs, 1989). Uniformity or evenness similarities. Tukey’s test resulted in three groups of
index was calculated using the formula of the Hilis meiofauna inhabiting the Losari coast (Table 2. and
Evenness Index (Krebs, 1989). 3.). The results of the one-way ANOVA affirmed the
differences in the densities of meiofauna phylum at
One-way ANOVA was applied which is aimed each station.
to examine the significant differences in the
abundance of meiofauna at the research stations In general, Losari Beach is inhabited by true
(Mirto et al., 2012). Tukeys test was done following meiofauna, which is benthic organisms whose entire
those that significantly different. Principal life cycle are in the form of meiofauna living at the
Component Analysis determined the abiotic bottom of the waters (permanent meiofauna).
variables (i.e. physical and chemical parameters) Ostracoda, Oligochaeta, and Ciliophora can adapt to
that affected the abundance of meiofauna. habitats containing the accumulation of organic and
inorganic contents from the nearby land and aquatic
environment. These phyla can live in a variety of
Results and Discussion habitat conditions, such as muddy environments or
surfaces covered with fine sand or coarse sand.
Abundance and composition of meiofauna Ciliophora has cilia covering some or all parts of its
body as an organ that helps its movement to find
Total meiofauna abundance discovered food or adapt to an unfavorable environment. In a
during the research was 66,791 indv.m-2, consisting polluted environment, Oligochaeta is equipped with
of 91 species or genera from 12 phyla (Figure 2 and cysts on the walls of its body to anticipate anaerobic
Table 1.). Station I had a total meiofauna abundance conditions (lack of oxygen) at the bottom of waters.
of 3,209 indv.m-2, while Station II, III, and IV had
Meanwhile, Ostracoda has adhesive threads to
3,185 indv.m-2; 4,746 indv.m-2; and 5,100 indv.m-2,
attach its body to benthic plants, sands, or other
respectively. Station V had the lowest meiofauna
substrates (Giere and Pfannkuche, 1982; Hartmann,
abundance, i.e. 2,415 indv.m-2, whereas Station VI
1985; Rodriguez et al., 2001).
had the highest one, i.e. 16,239 indv.m-2. As for the
remaining Station VII, VIII, and IX, the total
meiofauna abundances were 10,909 indv.m-2; Some of the meiofauna have slender bodies
10,118 indv.m-2; and 10,870 indv.m-2, respectively. and adhesive glands. Oligochaeta can even adapt to
Based on the phylum, the total meiofauna oxygen-deficient habitats using its rigid body shape
abundance was as follows: Aelosomatidae (40 with a few but large setae. The reproduction rates of
indv.m-2), Ciliophora (1,902 indv.m-2), Gastrotricha Ostracoda, Oligochaeta, and Ciliophora are also high
(555 indv.m-2), Gnathostomulida (258 indv.m-2), even in unfavorable environmental conditions. They
Nematoda (751 indv.m-2), Nemertina (456 indv.m-2), can anticipate such adversities because they are
Oligochaeta (25,562 indv.m-2), Ostracoda (31,945 hermaphrodite, bisexual, and even parthenogenic,
indv.m-2), Polychaeta (1,286 indv.m-2), i.e., asexual reproduction without the fertilization of
Sarcomastigophora (595 indv.m ), Tunicata (2,905
-2 two different sexes. Ciliophora can also regenerate
indv.m-2), and Turbellaria (536 indv.m-2). In by binary fission, i.e. direct division of the nucleic
numerical order, the composition of the density of cells of the body to give rise to two cells without the
meiofauna was as follows: Ostracoda (47.828%), fertilization of two entities with different sexes
Oligochaeta (38.272%), Tunicata (4.349%), (Corliss, 1972; Fenchel, 1987; Higgins and Thiel,
Ciliophora (2.848%), Polychaeta (1.925%), 1988). Tunicata can adapt to an unfavorable
Nematoda (1.124%), Sarcomastigophora (0.891%), environment by simplifying its internal organs to a
Gastrotricha (0.831%), Turbellaria (0.8309%), very small shape and hermaphroditic form (i.e.,
Nemertina (0.683%), Gnathostomulida (0.386%), having multiple sex cells for reproduction). The small
and Aelosomatidae (0.060%) (Figure 2. and 3.). gonadal sex is always carried on the lower side of
the body until it becomes mature and develops into
The highest abundance was found at Stations new individuals at any time (Higgins and Thiel, 1988;
VI, VII, and IX, while the lowest one was identified at Mirto et al., 2012).

Abundance of Meiofauna and Physical-Chemical Parameters (M.S. Yusal et al.) 83

ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences June 2019 Vol 24(2):81-90

Stations VI, VII, and IX represent the conditions nearby the hotels, restaurants, cafes,
conditions in Jeneberang and Tallo Rivers estuaries hospitals, house-scale industries, and handicraft and
that flow directly to the Losari coast. Stations VI and gold-crafting industries. These anthropogenic
IX have a high abundance of meiofauna because activities introduce inorganic wastes, e.g., hazardous
organic pollutants, which trigger the high growth rate metals, to the surrounding waters and cause a fatal
of meiofauna, are transported by both rivers and impact on the growth of aquatic organism
washed out by rainwater from the low-lying areas to (Monoarfa, 2002; Werorilangi et al., 2011; Jaya et
the river mouth. The same case applies to Station al., 2012; Setiawan, 2014).
VII, which illustrates the condition of Tanjung
Merdeka Beach as the tourist attractions in Dominance, diversity and evenness indices
Makassar City. This area is crowded with local
tourists during the holidays and even on weekdays. The dominance index of meiofauna in all
The constructions of tourist-supporting facilities on stations ranged from 0.0507 to 0.1178 with an
and around the beach, such as villas, lodges with average of 0.0746±0.0217. This range is close to 0,
simple to luxurious amenities, semi-permanent indicating the absence of dominant meiofauna
buildings for recreation or rest, and cafes and food species at each station. As for the diversity index, it
stalls, have started. The development at the tourism ranged from 2.2653 to 3.0992 with an average of
sites also plays a major role in the entry of organic 2.8824±0.2009. These figures represent the high
wastes into the surrounding waters. These particles diversity of the community of meiofauna inhabiting
can cause a high abundance of meiofauna in this the research stations (Odum, 1994). A high diversity
region. means that the meiofauna can adapt to disturbed
and polluted environments caused by the entry of
Station V has a very low level of abundance. It contaminants from the surrounding land or
illustrates the areas around Soekarno-Hatta Port, environment (Coull et al., 1992; Albuquerque et al.,
Makassar, which is the largest port in the eastern 2007).
part of Indonesia. It is characterized by intensive
development activities, busy maritime traffic, and The evenness index varied between 0.7860
port renovation to welcome the Indonesian and 0.9459 with an average of 0.8673±0.0439.
government’s Sea Toll Road Program. Station II also These index values are close to 1, which indicates
has a low abundance of meiofauna. It typifies the that the meiofauna species are diverse and evenly

Table 1. The meiofauna abundance at Losari coast, Makassar City, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Density (indv. m-2)

Phyla
ST.I ST.II ST.III ST.IV ST.V ST.VI ST.VII ST.VIII ST.IX Ʃ
Aelosomatidae - - 40 - - - - - - 40
Ciliophora 238 297 159 20 99 119 120 692 158 1902
Gastrotricha 159 0 79 0 20 79 40 0 178 555
Gnathostomulida 0 20 119 0 0 0 0 40 79 258
Nematoda 20 0 79 158 178 0 0 0 316 751
Nemertina 20 20 99 0 0 40 79 0 198 456
Oligochaeta 218 1481 1402 1936 772 5747 4523 4583 4900 25562
Ostracoda 1960 1168 1307 1840 970 9977 6007 4585 4131 31945
Polychaeta 40 79 158 99 59 79 20 178 574 1286
Sarcomastigophora 356 20 40 0 0 40 80 0 59 595
Tunicata 0 20 1284 1047 158 79 40 0 277 2905
Turbelaria 198 40 20 0 159 79 0 40 0 536
∑ 3209 3185 4746 5100 2415 16239 10909 10118 10870 66791

Table 2. The Results of the One-way ANOVA of the meiofauna abundance along the Losari Coast

Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig

Between Groups 4.630E7 11 4209146.891 7.584 .000
Within Groups 5.328E7 96 555031.012
Total 9.958E7 107

84 Abundance of Meiofauna and Physical-Chemical Parameters (M.S. Yusal et al.)

ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences June 2019 Vol 24(2):81-90

Turbellaria Ciliophora

Polychaeta Olygochaeta

Tunicata Nematoda

Ostracoda Sarcomastigophora

Figure 2. The meiofauna phyla which has high abundance in Losari Coast

distributed, or in other words, there are no dominant physical-chemical parameters do not meet the
species at the research stations (Krebs, 1989). standards for water quality. Dissolved oxygen was
However, Station III is an exception. It has a low below its supposed level in waters. Meanwhile, pH
evenness index due to the presence of dominant as well as phosphate and nitrate content at some of
meiofauna species. These station is dominated the research stations exceed the threshold of their
meiofauna are be able to adapt of disturbed allowed presence in waters (Table 4.).
environmental conditions caused by reclamation
project activities. Figure 4 show a correlation between some of
the physical-chemical environmental factors, such as
Relationship between water quality and abundance temperature, current velocity, depth, brightness,
of meiofauna salinity, pH, DO, nitrate in seawater, phosphate in
seawater, and the abundance of meiofauna in the
According to the Decree of the Indonesian study area. The relationship between these variables
Ministry of Environment No. 51/2004, some of the are positive and negative, and the contributions of

Abundance of Meiofauna and Physical-Chemical Parameters (M.S. Yusal et al.) 85

ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences June 2019 Vol 24(2):81-90

the environmental factors to the abundance of et al., 1991; Morse, 1993). Water salinity is an
meiofauna vary between 0.15% and 11.78% (Table environmental parameter that strongly affects the
5). Seawater salinity, pH, and phosphate are presence of meiofauna. Increased salinity interferes
positively correlated to the abundance of meiofauna with the presence of meiofauna at the bottom of the
at the bottom of the waters. In other words, the waters. As well as, Aryawati et al. (2017) stated that
higher the range of these three parameters, the temperature and pH are environmental parameters
higher the abundance of organisms. has support the growth of sea biota.

Acidity (pH) is influenced by the entry of Temperature, current velocity, depth,

contaminants into the waters, an acid aquatic brightness, DO, and nitrate-seawater are negatively
environment (low pH) potentially lead to the death of correlated with the abundance of meiofauna in the
aquatic organisms. In seawater, phosphate is an study area. Accordingly, an increase in the range of
abiotic parameter that is necessary for the these parameters is likely followed by a decrease in
development of meiofauna in waters. Therefore, the abundance of meiofauna. Oxygen content is an
when the phosphate content decreases, the important factor in the life of organisms like
abundance of these organisms also drops (Clavero meiofauna. Dissolved oxygen is useful in the process

35000 60

30000 50
25000
40
ind.m-2_

20000
30
15000
20
10000

5000 10

0 0

Figure 3. The composition of meiofauna phyla along the Losari Coast

Note. = Abudance, = Composition

Table 3.Results of Tukey’s test of meiofauna abundance along Losari coast, Makassar City, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Tukey HSDa Subset for alpha = 0.05

Phylum N
1 2 3
phylum Aelosomatidae 9 2.22
phylum Gnathostumulida 9 11.00
Phylum Nemertina 9 13.22
phylum Turbellaria 9 15.56
phylum Gastroicha 9 19.89
phylum Sarcomastigophora 9 226.22 226.22
phylum Nematoda 9 266.33 266.33
phylum Polychaeta 9 336.67 336.67
phylum Ciliophora 9 393.56 393.56
phylum Tunicata 9 700.89 700.89
phylum Oligochaeta 9 1389.44 1389.44
phylum Ostracoda 9 2223.33
Sig. .699 .056 .433

86 Abundance of Meiofauna and Physical-Chemical Parameters (M.S. Yusal et al.)

ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences June 2019 Vol 24(2):81-90

Table 4. Physical-chemical characteristics of waters at Losari coast, Makassar City, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Research Stations
Parameters Max. Limit*
St. I St. II St. III St. IV St. V St. VI St. VII St. VIII St. IX
Salinity 25 30 29 26 26 20 27 20 25 Natural
Ph 9.98 7.52 7.48 7.8 7.42 7.15 7.7 7.78 7.98 7-8.5
Temp. (oC) 30 28 31 28 32 33 30 32 33 Natural
Depth (m) 3.2 2.4 6 2 3 4 2.6 4 2 -
Current velocity (m.s-1) 0.032 0.08 0.4 0.1 0.59 0.68 0.35 0.42 0.67 -
Brightness (m) 2 2 3 1 1.5 3.5 2.5 3.4 1.5 -
DO 4 3.4 5 3.2 5 5 5 3 5 >5 mgL-1
Phosphate-seawater 0.03 0.12 0.0002 0.18 0.0003 0.005 0.0004 0.64 0.0024 0.015 mgL-1
Phosphate-sediment 0.02 0.025 0.019 0.015 0.018 0.017 0.013 0.023 0.023 -
Nitrate-seawater 0.0006 0.02 0.0003 0.51 0.00021 0.09 0.0002 0.78 0.00023 0.008 mgL-1
Nitrate-sediment 0.0014 0.001 0.0005 0.0006 0.0012 0.001 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 -
Max. Limit*: Based on the Decree of the Indonesian Ministry of Environment No. 51/2004

Table 5. The Summary of the PCA: The contribution of the Physical-chemical variables (%) to the abundance of meiofauna

F1 F2 F3 F4
Abundance 9.3351 0.3204 11.0283 0.5926
Dominance 15.5018 1.2818 0.2574 2.2129
Evenness 12.9428 2.4495 0.7741 6.7369
Diversity 10.8347 0.9757 6.8906 6.1825
Phosphate-seawater 0.1568 25.1152 1.6087 0.2906
Phosphate-sediment 0.0429 6.1403 1.7934 12.2964
Nitrate-seawater 1.4470 21.5619 0.0239 4.6404
Nitrate-sediment 0.0551 0.3321 0.0091 58.1719
Salinity 7.4806 3.8605 11.0559 2.1631
Ph 4.3253 6.5400 6.0891 0.5108
Temperature 11.7814 2.1903 6.5276 1.9727
Depth 8.2246 0.0313 25.6541 0.0261
Brightness 6.4216 0.0115 17.9144 2.8752
DO 0.5742 25.2823 0.1408 0.8765
Current Velocity 10.8760 3.9073 10.2326 0.4512

1
DO
0,75

0,5 Current
Salinity velocity
Evenness Temperatur
0,25
F2 (23,39 %)

e
Diversity
0 Depth
Nitrate- Brightness
Abundance
-0,25 sediment Dominance
Phosphate-
-0,5 pH sediment

-0,75 Nitrate-
Phosphate- seawater
seawater
-1
-1 -0,75 -0,5 -0,25 0 0,25 0,5 0,75 1
F1 (37,64 %)

Figure 4. Output diagram of the Principal Component Analysis between the physical- chemical parameters and the abundance
of meiofauna on the Losari coast, Makassar City, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abundance of Meiofauna and Physical-Chemical Parameters (M.S. Yusal et al.) 87

ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences June 2019 Vol 24(2):81-90

of breathing and metabolism of meiofauna that lives Armenteros, M., Creagh, B. & Gonzalez-Sanson, G.
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Arroyo, N.L., Maldonado, M., Perez-Portela, R. &
Benito, J. 2004. Distribution patterns of
Nematoda, Ciliophora, Ostracoda,
meiofauna associated with a sublittoral
Gnathostomulida, Gastrotricha, and Oligochaeta are
laminaria bed in the Cantabrian Sea (North-
meiofauna that can live and reproduce in
Eastern Atlantic). Mar. Biol. 144: 231-242. doi:
unfavorable environmental conditions, such as low
10.1007 /s00227-003-1191-8
DO content (Giere and Pfannkuche, 1982; Heip et
al., 1985; Coull, 1992; Morse, 1993). The same
Aryawati, R., Bengen, D.G., Pratono, T. & Zulkifli, H.,
case applies to the other parameters, namely
2017. Abundance of phytoplankton in the
current velocity, temperature, depth, brightness, and
coastal waters of South Sumatera. Ilmu
nitrate-seawater, which shape the abundance of
Kelautan. 22(1):31-39. doi: 10.14710/ik.ijms.
meiofauna in waters. However, some meiofauna
22.1.31-39
species can survive even when some of these
parameters are low in the environments (Giere, Assy, D., Widyorini, N. & Ruswahyuni, 2013.
2009). Hubungan Kelimpahan Meiofauna Pada
Kerapatan Lamun Yang Berbeda di Pulau
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Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program

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(Coremap), 2006. Degredasi Sumber Daya
Ciliophora have a high level of abundance on the
Pesisir dan Kelautan Sulawesi Selatan.
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abundance of meiofauna. Meanwhile, the research collection of ciliate type-specimens and
stations nearby the port, Paotere Harbor, hotels, guidelines for future contributors. Trans. Am.
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industries have a low abundance of meiofauna due
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meiofauna and the entry of hazardous metal Palmer, M.A. & Wells, J.B.J. 1992. Phylal
contents generated by the diverse anthropogenic meiofauna from the rocky inlertidal at Murrell's
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indicating that the meiofauna species in the study Effects of Nereis diversicolor O.F. Muller
area are very even. abundance on the dissolved phosphate
exchange between sediment and overlying
water Palmones River Estuary (S. Spain).
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