LICEO DE CAGAYAN UNIVERSITY

Rodolfo N. Pelaez Boulevard, Kauswagan, Cagayan de Oro City

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
First Semester, Academic Year 2020-2020
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ACTIVITY QUIZ

COURSE : ANATOMY AND PHYIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

MODULE : BLOOD
ROOM : PDR Ana-Lec

1. Describe the functions of blood.

— Transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues. Forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss. Carrying
cells and antibodies that fight infection. Bringing waste products to the kidneys and liver, which filter and clean the
blood. Regulating body temperature.
2. Define plasma and list its functions.
— Blood plasma is a light amber liquid component of blood that is freed from blood cells, but holds proteins and other
constituents of whole blood in suspension. It makes up about 55% of the body's total blood volume. It is the
intravascular part of extracellular fluid. The main role of plasma is to take nutrients, hormones, and proteins to the
parts of the body that need it.
3. Define formed elements and name the different types of formed elements. Explain how and where the formed elements
arise through hematopoiesis.
— White blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes) and platelets (thrombocytes). White blood cells
(leukocytes): They protect you against illness and disease, white blood cells are immunity cells. Red blood cells
(erythrocytes): A type of blood cell that is made in the bone marrow and found in the blood. Red blood cells contain a
protein called hemoglobin, which carries oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body. Platelets (thrombocytes): small,
colorless cell fragments in our blood that form clots and stop or prevent bleeding. All of the formed elements of blood
are derived from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow.
 LICEO DE CAGAYAN UNIVERSITY
Rodolfo N. Pelaez Boulevard, Kauswagan, Cagayan de Oro City
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
First Semester, Academic Year 2020-2020
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. Describe the two basic parts of a hemoglobin molecule. Which part is associated with iron? What gases are transported by
each part?
— The two basic parts are the heme and the globin; The heme contains iron and transports oxygen from the lungs to the
tissues as well as takes carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. Globin, a complex macromolecule, is a protein that
helps to keep the hemoglobin liquefied. When hemoglobin combines with oxygen and carbon monoxide, it produces
oxyhemoglobin and carbonmonoxyhemoglobin respectively
5. What is the role of carbonic anhydrase in gas transport?
— aids in the conversion of carbon dioxide to carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions
6. Why are the vitamins folate and B12 important in red blood cell production?
— Folate has an important role in cell division, Humans requires folate in to produce healthy red blood cells and prevent
anemia, vitamin B12 plays an important role in supplying essential methyl groups for protein and DNA synthesis.
7. Explain how low blood oxygen levels result in increased red blood cell production.
— Erythropoietin secretion enhances and accelerates the production of new red blood cells from their progenitors, up-
regulated in response to hypoxia in the blood. More oxygen can be carried to tissues when erythropoietin stimulates
red blood cell production in the bone marrow to compensate for hypoxia.
8. Where are red blood cells broken down? What happens to the breakdown products?
— Damaged RBCs are broken down from the circulation by macrophages in the spleen and liver, and the hemoglobin they
contain is broken down into heme and globin. The globin protein may be recycled, or broken down further to its
constituent amino acids, which may be recycled or metabolized.
9. Give two functions of white blood cells.
— Protects your body from infection
— Destroying infectious agents
10. Name the five types of white blood cells and state a function for each type.
— Monocytes: Longer lifespan than many white blood cells and help to break down bacteria.
— Lymphocytes: Create antibodies to fight against bacteria, viruses, and other potentially harmful invaders.
 LICEO DE CAGAYAN UNIVERSITY
Rodolfo N. Pelaez Boulevard, Kauswagan, Cagayan de Oro City
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
First Semester, Academic Year 2020-2020
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
— Neutrophils: Kill and digest bacteria and fungi. They are the most numerous type of white blood cell and your first line
of defense when infection strikes.
— Basophils: Small cells infectious agents invade your blood. They secrete chemicals such as histamine, a marker of
allergic disease, that help control the body's immune response.
— Eosinophils: Attack and kill parasites and cancer cells, and help with allergic responses.
11. What are platelets, and how are they formed?
— Cells that circulate within our blood and bind together when they recognize damaged blood vessels, produced from
very large bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes
12. Describe the role of blood vessel constriction and platelet plugs in preventing bleeding. Describe the three steps of platelet
plug formation.
— Vasoconstriction, which blood vessels narrow to increase blood pressure, platelet plug formation involves the
activation, aggregation, and adherence of platelets into a plug that serves as a barrier against blood flow.
13. What are clotting factors? Describe the three steps of activation that result in the formation of a clot.
— Any of several plasma components, that are involved in the clotting of blood, (1) vascular spasm, or vasoconstriction, a
brief and intense contraction of blood vessels; (2) formation of a platelet plug; and (3) blood clotting or coagulation.
14. Explain the function of anticoagulants in the blood and give an example of an anticoagulant.
— Medications that help stop your blood from thickening or clotting. Example of this is Heparin
15. What is clot retraction, and what does it accomplish?
— The shrinking of a blood clot over certain period of days, which, over time increases clot density and decreases clot size.
16. Define fibrinolysis and name the chemicals responsible for this process.
— Fibrinolysis is a process that prevents blood clots from growing and becoming problematic. Chemicals responsible for
this process are plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-2, and a2-antiplasmin.
 LICEO DE CAGAYAN UNIVERSITY
Rodolfo N. Pelaez Boulevard, Kauswagan, Cagayan de Oro City
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
First Semester, Academic Year 2020-2020
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
17. What are blood groups, and how do they cause transfusion reactions? List the four ABO blood types. Why is a person with
type O blood considered a universal donor?
— Blood groups are individuals or their blood can be separated on the basis of the presence or absence of specific
antigens in the blood. Hemolytic reactions occur when the recipient's serum contains antibodies directed against the
corresponding antigen found on donor red blood cells. There are 4 blood groups, A, B, AB and O. O type blood is
considered a universal donor because their donated red blood cells have no A, B or Rh antigens and can therefore be
safely given to people of any blood group.
18. What is meant by the term Rh-positive? How can Rh incompatibility affect a pregnancy?
— Rh-positive, mean your blood has the protein that is why you’re Rh-positive. When you have your second child in the
way it can cause hemolytic anemia. Hemolytic anemia causes a baby's red blood cells to be destroyed faster than they
can be replaced. The effects of hemolytic anemia can range from mild to severe.
19. For each of the following tests, define the test and give an example of a disorder that would cause an abnormal test result:
a. type and crossmatch - Involves finding the best donor for a patient prior to blood transfusion. Hemophilia
b. red blood count - A blood test that measures your levels of erythrocytes. Anemia
c. hemoglobin measurement - Test measures the volume of the protein hemoglobin found in your red blood cells. Anemia
d. hematocrit measurement - Test measures the proportion of red blood cells in your blood. Anemia
e. white blood count - Measures the number of white cells in your blood. Leukopenia
f. differential white blood count - The relative percentage of each type of white blood cell and also helps to reveal abnormal
white blood cell populations. Leukemia
g. platelet count - Test to measure how many platelets you have in your blood. Thrombocytopenia
h. c - Test used to help detect and diagnose a bleeding disorder or excessive clotting disorder. Thrombophilia
i. blood chemistry - Procedure in which a blood sample is checked to measure the amounts of certain substances released
into the blood by organs and tissues in the body. Myeloma
 LICEO DE CAGAYAN UNIVERSITY
Rodolfo N. Pelaez Boulevard, Kauswagan, Cagayan de Oro City
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
First Semester, Academic Year 2020-2020
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