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Faculty of Computing, Engineering

and Science
Assessment Brief

Module Title: Engineering Materials

Module Code: NG3S243
Module Leader/Tutor: David Dawkins
Assessment Type: Portfolio – Lab 1 (1 of 4)
Assessment Title: Tensile Testing
Weighting: Portfolio Instructions
Word count/duration/equivalent: 1000 ±10%
Submission Date: 22nd December 2023
Return Date: 11th January 2024

Assessment Description

Introduction:
Tensile testing serves as a crucial method for elucidating the mechanical attributes of
engineering materials, albeit with the stipulation of precise test specimen dimensions, in
contrast to the dimension-agnostic nature of hardness testing.
The process necessitates the meticulous preparation of specimens in alignment with the
applicable British Standard (BS EN 6892), followed by their testing to the point of failure.
This is fundamental for generating the stress-strain curve, a pivotal tool for unravelling the
material's mechanical properties.
The "Engineering" stress-strain curve, crafted through a meticulous calculation of stress
(force applied divided by the cross-sectional area of the specimen in N/m²) using only the
original cross-sectional area and strain derived from elongation over the specimen's original
length (Callister, 2007), elucidates a distinctive picture of material behaviour.
Figure 1(a) illustrates a typical stress-strain curve, with the linear segment signifying the
elastic deformation threshold, where deformations are reversible upon load removal. The
Yield stress level (σy), marking the limit of elasticity, can be discerned at the intersection of
the curve with a guideline, paralleling the linear section, with a 0.002 strain offset,
corresponding to a 0.2% change in length (BS EN 6892).
While some low-carbon steel specimens display a "double yield point," focus is typically
directed toward the lower yield limit (Askeland, 1997). Beyond this limit, deformation
becomes plastic and permanent, devoid of reversibility upon load removal. The ultimate
tensile stress (UTS) represents the zenith of stress that the specimen can withstand.

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Continued deformation or tension will induce "necking" or localized thinning, ultimately
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leading to failure. It is noteworthy that the Tensile test machine is calibrated to maintain a
consistent pulling speed, irrespective of the load required to deform the test specimen.
Assessment of the final cross-sectional diameter and specimen length offers valuable
insights into the material's ductility (Askeland, 1997), defined as its ability to undergo plastic
deformation due to tension.
The equipment utilised for these tests is situated at the University of South Wales in the
Materials Laboratory, specifically in G113a. Regular annual calibration ensures that the
equipment consistently complies with the relevant British Standards.

(a) (b)

(a) – Adapted from Fig 6.11, Callister, 2007, page 145 on Typical engineering stress-strain
curve where M and F denote the ultimate tensile and fracture stress respectively; (b)
Adapted from Fig 6.15, Callister, 2007, page 149, on the Determination of Young's modulus
on the stress-strain curve.

To attain a comprehensive understanding of these mechanical properties and their interplay

with material behaviour, the laboratory session endeavours to.
a) Establish the mechanical parameters of diverse engineering materials using a
standard tensile test machine and under the applicable British Standards.
b) Foster an in-depth comprehension of the nexus between material behaviour and
these parameters.
The key objectives encompass.
a) The execution of tensile tests in alignment with the relevant British Standards across
a spectrum of materials.
b) The development of an informed appreciation of the intricate interplay between
material behaviour and these parameters.

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Laboratory Set-Up & Method:
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i. Initial Recordings:
Begin the experimental process by meticulously documenting the original dimensions of the
prepared specimens. Utilise digital callipers for precise measurements. Emphasize the
necessity of measuring the parallel length of the "dog-bone" specimens to ensure accuracy.
ii. Sample Materials:
The assessment will involve the testing of three distinct material specimens, each chosen to
represent various properties and characteristics.
iii. Specimen Loading:
Carefully load each specimen one at a time into the secure holding jaws of the testing
equipment. It is of utmost importance to ensure the correct alignment of the specimen to
maintain the integrity of the results.
iv. Testing to Failure:
Initiate the testing process by subjecting the loaded specimens to the tensile forces until they
reach their breaking points. During this phase, ensure that comprehensive data is
systematically collected.
v. Repetition of Testing:
Following the complete testing of one specimen, proceed to repeat the process with the
remaining test specimens. This redundancy is vital for confirming the consistency and
reliability of the results.
vi. Specimen Debriefing:
After reaching failure, remove the broken specimen from the equipment's jaws. Take precise
measurements of the final diameter at the region of the neck, a critical parameter for further
analysis.
vii. Seeking Assistance:
In instances of uncertainty or the need for clarification, do not hesitate to reach out to the
Technical Demonstrator. Their expertise is available to assist in ensuring the accuracy and
validity of the testing process.

Test Results & Discussion:

I. Data Collection and Conversion:
Methodically collect data for each specimen/test, recording the applied force and measuring
the elongation of the specimen in millimetres (mm). Convert these raw readings into values
of engineering stress (σ in N/m² or Pa) and engineering strain (ε). Engineering stress is
calculated by dividing the applied force by the original cross-sectional area, while
engineering strain is determined by assessing the elongation relative to the original length.

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II. Graphical Presentation:
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Use software like Microsoft Excel to construct engineering stress (σ) - engineering strain (ε)
curves in a graphical format. These curves visually depict how the material responds to
applied stress. In this step, identify key parameters, such as yield stress and ultimate tensile
stress, to assess the material's behaviour under tensile loading.
III. Ductility Assessment:
Calculate the ductility of each material, which reflects its ability to undergo plastic
deformation under tension. Ductility is determined by evaluating the difference in elongation
and the change in the cross-sectional area, an important factor during testing.

Lfinal−Loriginal
×100 %
L original
Also, the change in the cross-sectional area can be calculated using.
A original − A final
×100 %
A original

IV. Analysis:
Conduct a thorough evaluation of the mechanical properties of the different materials.
Compare your empirical results with published data and standards to understand how these
materials perform in relation to established benchmarks and practical engineering
applications.
V. Interpretation:
Provide insightful commentary on the implications of the test results and the comparative
analysis. Explain how the mechanical properties of the materials affect their potential use in
engineering applications. Highlight any variations or deviations from established standards
or expectations.

This assessment stage is crucial for drawing meaningful conclusions about the materials'
mechanical characteristics and their suitability for various engineering scenarios. By
following these steps, you will gain a comprehensive understanding of the materials'
behaviour and performance.

Conclusion
In the conclusion, your aim is to provide a concise summary of the key findings discussed in
the Results and Discussion sections without introducing new information. Highlight the
practical significance of these findings, particularly in terms of material behaviour and their
relevance to real-world engineering applications. You may also suggest potential directions
for future research or improvements in testing methods while emphasising how the
assessment aligns with existing knowledge in the field. The conclusion serves as a brief
recap, underscoring the importance of comprehending material behaviour through tensile
testing in the context of engineering and materials science.

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References and Appendices:
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When preparing your analysis, you are free to make assumptions. However, all assumptions
must be clearly stated and justified in your report. You are expected to do additional
research and reading as part of this assignment.

All source material must be referenced according to the Harvard Referencing system.

1. The British Standard Institution, 2001, Tensile testing of metallic materials. Method of
test at ambient temperature (BS EN 6892).
2. R.A. Higgins, 2006 “Materials for Engineers & Technicians”, 4th Edition, Elsevier –
Chapter 3 on Mechanical Testing pgs. 22 – 28.,
3. Callister, W.D., 2006, Materials Science & Engineering – An Introduction, 7th Edition,
John Wiley & Sons.
4. Askeland, D.R., 1996, The Science & Engineering of Materials, 3rd Edition,
Chapman & Hall. – Chapter 6 on Mechanical Testing & Properties, pgs. 140 – 149.

Hints and Tips: To excel in this assignment, consider the following tips:

1. Assessment Familiarity: Begin by thoroughly understanding the assessment

requirements for the tensile testing project. Ensure you are clear about the
objectives, the materials to be tested, and the expected outcomes.
2. Effective Time Management: Plan your time wisely, considering the various stages
of the tensile testing process. Allocate sufficient time for sample preparation, testing,
data collection, and report writing to meet deadlines.
3. Testing Equipment Proficiency: If you're not already proficient in using tensile
testing equipment, take the time to familiarise yourself with its operation.
Understanding the equipment is crucial for accurate testing.
4. Material Selection Strategy: Be deliberate in your selection of materials for testing.
Consider the characteristics of each material, such as its composition and properties.
Document the reasons for choosing specific materials.
5. Data Collection and Analysis: Pay meticulous attention to collecting and recording
data during the testing process. Ensure precision in measurements and data analysis
to derive meaningful stress-strain curves.
6. Graphical Representation: When plotting stress-strain curves, use software like
Excel to create clear and well-labelled graphs. Make sure the curves are properly
labelled and provide a legend for clarity.
7. Safety and Compliance: Adhere to safety protocols throughout the testing process.
Ensure that you are compliant with all relevant standards and guidelines, especially
when handling test specimens and equipment.

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8. Ductility Assessment: Calculate the ductility of the materials using the appropriate
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formula and method. Document the calculation process and discuss the implications
of the results in your report.
9. Report Organisation: When writing your report, structure it with clear sections and
headings. Use the USW Harvard referencing system, for citations. Ensure your report
is coherent and follows academic writing conventions.
10. Quality Assurance: Maintain the highest standards in every aspect of the
assessment. Double-check your measurements and calculations and review your
report for errors. Ensure that the results and interpretations are accurate.

Guidance on Format of Assessment

Note: Students are reminded not to include this assignment brief with the assignment
submission

Learning Outcomes Assessed

 Able to use standard materials testing methods and analyse the data & the cause of
materials failure.
 Demonstrate a detailed knowledge and understanding of the structure, properties,
processing and subsequently the use of engineering materials.

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Marking Criteria/Rubric
Note: All grades are provisional until they are ratified by the exam board

Grading Scale:
• 70-100 points First (1st): Comprehensive Knowledge - Demonstrates a comprehensive
understanding of tensile testing, including materials' behaviour, testing methodology, data
analysis, and practical implications. The report is impeccably structured and communicates
findings effectively.
• 60-69 points: Upper Second Class (2:1) - Shows a strong grasp of the key concepts in
tensile testing, effectively applying them in both testing and analysis. The report is well-
structured and clearly conveys the findings.
• 50-59 points: Lower Second Class (2:2) - Meets the essential requirements and
demonstrates understanding in tensile testing, with minor errors or omissions in testing, data
analysis, or report presentation.
• 40-49 points: Third Class (3rd) - Meets the minimum requirements but may lack depth or
clarity in some aspects of tensile testing. Shows a foundational understanding of the
materials' behaviour and report presentation.
• 30-39 points: Limited Evidence - Provides limited evidence of understanding and execution
in tensile testing, with significant gaps in knowledge.
• 20-29 points: Basic Understanding - Shows a basic understanding of tensile testing but
with notable gaps in knowledge and execution.
• 0-19 points: Little or No Evidence - Demonstrates little to no evidence of understanding or
execution in tensile testing, including critical errors or omissions in the assessment.

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Marking Rubric:
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Background information on the application of tensile testing to establish the
mechanical properties for engineering materials: (30 Points)
 Poor (0-9 points): The background information is insufficient and lacks a clear
understanding of the significance of tensile testing in materials engineering.
 Fair (10-19 points): Provides limited background information with minimal depth and
a limited context regarding the application of tensile testing.
 Good (20-29 points): Demonstrates a solid grasp of the background and its
relevance to establishing material properties through tensile testing.
 Excellent (30 points): Presents exceptionally comprehensive background information,
showcasing a profound understanding of the application of tensile testing in
engineering materials, offering profound insight.
Test methods and Analysis of test and experimental results. Comment on how the
different microstructures affect the properties of the different materials: (20 Points)
 Poor (0-5 points): Fails to adequately describe test methods, lacks analysis, and
provides no discussion of how different microstructures impact material properties.
 Fair (6-10 points): Offers a basic overview of test methods, provides limited analysis,
with minimal consideration of microstructure effects.
 Good (11-15 points): Adequately describes test methods, conducts analysis, but the
discussion regarding microstructure effects remains somewhat limited.
 Excellent (16-20 points): Provides detailed test methods and thorough analysis. The
discussion about how various microstructures influence material properties is clear
and comprehensive.
Comments regarding validation against published data and subsequent correlation of
lab results: (15 Points)
 Poor (0-4 points): Fails to validate results against published data or correlates them
effectively.
 Fair (5-9 points): Makes an attempt at validation and correlation, but the accuracy
and relevance are limited.
 Good (10-14 points): Successfully validates results against published data and
attempts to correlate findings, but some gaps are noticeable.
 Excellent (15 points): Effectively validates results and demonstrates a strong
correlation between laboratory findings and published data.

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Use of relevant case study examples for Tensile Testing: (15 Points)
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 Poor (0-4 points): Lacks any reference to case studies or relevant examples.
 Fair (5-9 points): Makes brief references to case studies, but they lack relevance or
depth.
 Good (10-14 points): Includes relevant case studies as examples but may not fully
integrate them into the discussion.
 Excellent (15 points): Utilises relevant case studies effectively to illustrate key points,
enhancing the overall quality of the assessment.
Discussion and Concluding remarks: (10 Points)
 Poor (0-2 points): The discussion is weak, and the conclusion lacks depth or
meaningful insight.
 Fair (3-5 points): Provides a basic discussion and concludes without significant depth
or insightful remarks.
 Good (6-8 points): Engages in a productive discussion and offers a reasonable
conclusion with some depth and insight.
 Excellent (9-10 points): Presents a thorough and insightful discussion with a well-
structured and profound conclusion that effectively summarises the key points.
Presentation, Structure, and USW Harvard Referencing: (10 Points)
 Poor (0-2 points): Lacks structure, coherence, and appropriate referencing, making it
challenging to follow.
 Fair (3-5 points): Shows some structure and coherence, but referencing may be
inconsistent or inadequate.
 Good (6-8 points): Demonstrates reasonable structure and coherence, with basic
referencing.
 Excellent (9-10 points): Presents well-organized content with excellent coherence
and appropriate USW Harvard referencing, contributing to the overall quality of the
assessment.
Total 100 Points

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Submission Details
All submissions are to be completed on A4 paper and appropriately presented. The report
file MUST be submitted Via Turnitin before the deadline

Word count
 1 x Front Cover (Name, Student Number and Report title only)
 4 x A4 sides (Main body of the report) This section must not exceed 4 sides of A4 in
length (This including -contents, tables, figures etc.)

References, and appendixes can be placed after the main body of work (use only if relevant)

What happens next?

Your marked assessment should be available 20 working days after submission. However,
please be advised that this may be subject to change in the event of Bank Holidays,
University Closure, or staff sickness. If there is something about the feedback you have
been given that you are unclear about, please see your module tutor.

Feedback Method
Feedback will be available from on Turnitin or/and via your Module Leader.

Late Submission
Late submissions can only be accepted with approved Extenuating Circumstances. See
Advice Zone for details.

Retrieval in the Event of Failure

If retrieval is an option, this will be in accordance with USW regulations.

Extenuating Circumstances
https://advice.southwales.ac.uk/a2z/extenuating-circumstances

Referencing, Plagiarism and Good Academic Practice

https://advice.southwales.ac.uk/a2z/referencing-plagiarism-and-good-academic-practice

Learning Support Resources

https://studyskills.southwales.ac.uk

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Your Assessment Queries DDUS
Any questions about this assessment or contact your module leader/course leader.

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