30

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter of the paper presents the research design, the research locale,

population and respondent of the study, sampling design, research instrument of the

study, validity and reliability of the research instrument, data gathering procedure and the

statistical treatment of data used in this study.

Research Design

This study employed the descriptive — correlational research design. This research

design is deemed appropriate because it primarily describes the level of language barriers

and academic performance among senior high school students. The quantitative approach

was also used to determine the extent of language barriers of senior high school students.

Moreover, it was used to determine the significant difference and influence between the

challenges in developing the skills and competencies of respondents when data will be

grouped according to profile.

The descriptive method involves description, recording, analysis and interpretation

of the general characteristics of the group under the study. According to Aquino (2010),

descriptive survey method includes those that purport to present facts concerning

anything, a group of people, a number of objects, a set of conditions or any kind of

phenomenon, in which the data must be subjected to the thinking process in terms of

ordered reasoning.

Moreover, it is correlational because it determines the significant relationship

between the level of language barriers and academic performance. According to Bhandari
(2022), a correlational research design investigates relationships between variables

without the researcher controlling or manipulating any of them. A correlation reflects the

strength and/or direction of the relationship between two or more variables.

Research Locale

This research was conducted in the selected senior high school sections in Culianan

National High School at (PAGCOR building specifically 3rd and 4th).

Culianan National High School (PAGCOR building specifically 3 rd and 4th) is

located at Culianan, Zamboanga City.

Population and Respondents of the study

A total of 291 students from the five selected sections were constituted the

population of the study. The distribution of these students by section is presented in Table

1 below.

Table I

Target Population and Respondents of the Study by Sections

Sections Population Sample

N % n %
A 54 19 31 19
B 59 20 35 20
C 52 18 30 18
D 68 23 39 23
E 58 20 34 20
Total 291 100 169 100
 The target population of the study were senior high school students who were

officially enrolled during the first semester of the school year 2022-2023 in Culianan

National High School, Culianan Zamboanga City. These students belong to 5 sections

particularly: Archimedes, Aries, Kepler, Scorpio and Taurus.

With a population size of 304, the researchers considered a sample of 169

respondents determined using Slovin’s formula for computing the sample size with a five

percent margin of error. These samples were randomly selected through stratified random

sampling, which was used to define groups and a systematic method to randomly

determine the samples. Using the percentage share of 169 respondents that was shown in

the table above, section D had the greatest number of students and had the greatest

number of respondents, consisting of 39 respondents, because they are about 23% of the

total population, which is the greatest percentage. Sections B and E had the second-most

respondents in the research. They both had 20% each of the total respondents for the

study. While section A has the second lowest population among the five selected

sections, about 19% of the total population. Section C has the lowest population among

the five selected sections, about 18% of the total population.

Sampling Design

The simplified random sampling design was used to determine and select the

respondents of the study. In this design, each student from the selected sections was given

equal chances of being selected as respondents in the study. This sampling design was

used since the selected respondents were representative of the target population. It is also

considered to be more powerful in eliminating sampling bias.

 The researchers created a simple random sample using the lottery method, where

each member of the population is assigned a number. After which, numbers are selected

at random. But for larger populations, a lottery method can be inconvenient. Selecting a

random sample from large population usually required a computer-generated process by

which the same methodology as the lottery method was used; only the number

assignments and subsequent selections are performed by computers.

Research Instrument of the Study

This study used one research instrument to gather the data on the variables being

studied. A valid questionnaire developed by Qurban (2019), was used to measure the

level of language barriers of senior high school students of Culianan National High

School. The survey aims to identify the opinion of the participants on language barriers.

It consists of four sections:

Section 1 of the research instrument showed the demographic information of the

respondents such as name, age, sex, and track.

Section 2 determined the level of language barrier of the respondents using the

Likert Scale: 4-Strongly Agree, 3-Agree, 2-Disagree and 1-Strongly Disagree.

Section 3 was the academic performance of the respondents. The academic

performance was the average grade in the first semester of the school year 2022-2023.

Each statement consisted of a 5-point scale where 90-100=Outstanding, 85-89=Very

Satisfactory, 80-84=Satisfactory, 75-79=Fairly Satisfactory and 75 below=Did not Meet

Expectation.
 Section 4 corresponded with the qualitative question which consisted of 4

statements that indicated the effects of language barrier on the academic performance of

senior high school students.

Validity and Reliability of the Instrument

The questions in the survey were developed based on measures which were

validated in previous studies. Qurban (2019) established the validity and reliability in the

survey instrument of the language barrier survey.

The researchers requested permission to be able to use the composed survey

questionnaires. The research instrument was set forth by the adviser for the fundamental

revisions of the content. The same instrument was given to the evaluators for consistency,

relevance and appropriateness of the research instrument to the research problem.

Aligned with the research study, the group of evaluators sought to evaluate the research

instrument. The research considered the advisers and panel of evaluators' suggestions.

Data Gathering Procedure

Letter of permission was sought from the school principal to gather data from the

respondents. After the approval of the permit, a copy of the letter was given to the class

advisers and subject teachers. As soon as the schedules of gathering of data with the

teachers are arranged, the researchers coordinated with the participants to seek consent.

They will be assured of the confidentiality of the responses.

Each respondent was provided with the survey questionnaire checklist to answer

and accomplish. The researcher conducted the gathering and retrieval of the instruments

and fully explained to the respondents the real intent of the study and for proper
tabulation, analysis and interpretation. The researchers also utilized online platform

specifically google forms to collect and retrieve data from the respondents.

After the retrieval of the questionnaires, the responses were tabulated, encoded,

computed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). It was analyzed and

interpreted according to the sequence of the problem raised in the study.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The following statistical tools were used in analyzing and interpreting data after the

gathering of responses from the respondents:

Slovin’s formula. This measure was used to calculate the sample size (n) in a given

population size (N) and a margin of error (e).

Frequency count and percentage. This measure was used to determine the profile

of the respondents in terms of age, sex, and track.

Mean. This measure was used to determine the level of language barriers and

academic performance of senior high school students. This was used to answer problems

1 and 2.

Pearson Product – Moment Correlation Coefficient. This was used to determine

the significant relationship between the level of language barriers and academic

performance of senior high school students. This was used to answer problem 3.

One Factor Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). This measure was used to determine

the significant relationship between the level of language barriers and academic

performance when data are grouped according to profile in terms of age and track. This

was used to answer problem 4.

 T-test. This measure was used to determine the significant relationship between the

level of language barriers and academic performance when data are grouped according to

profile in terms of sex. This was used to answer problem 4.