1.What is data and write its Types.

=Data can be defined as a systematic record of a

particular quantity. It is the different values of that quantity represented together in a
set. It is a collection of facts and figures to be used for a specific purpose such as a survey
or analysis. When arranged in an organized form, can be called information. The source
of data ( primary data, secondary data) is also an important factor.■Types of Data=Data
may be qualitative or quantitative. Once you know the difference between them, you can
know how to use them.
Qualitative Data: They represent some characteristics or attributes. They depict
descriptions that may be observed but cannot be computed or calculated. For example,
data on attributes such as intelligence, honesty, wisdom, cleanliness, and creativity
collected using the students of your class a sample would be classified as qualitative.
They are more exploratory than conclusive in nature.■Quantitative Data: These can be
measured and not simply observed. They can be numerically represented and
calculations can be performed on them. For example, data on the number of students
playing different sports from your class gives an estimate of how many of the total
students play which sport. This information is numerical and can be classified as
quantitative.

2.Discuss the sources of data. Examples of sources of data.=In short, the sources of data
are physical or digital places where information is stored in a data table, data object, or
some other storage format.Data can be gathered from two places: internal and external
sources. The information collected from internal sources is called “primary data,” while
the information gathered from outside references is called “secondary data.”For data
analysis, it all must be collected through primary or secondary research. A data source
is a pool of statistical facts and non-statistical facts that a researcher or analyst can use
to do more work on their research. Data analytics and data analysis are closely related
processes that involve extracting insights from data to make informed decisions.
Examples of sources of data=Here is an example of the data sources in action. Imagine a
fashion brand that sells products online. The website uses an inventory database to
determine whether an item is available. In this case, the inventory tables are a data
source that the web application uses to
serve the website to customers.

3.What is data collection? What are common challenges in data collection?

Data collection is the process of gathering data for use in business decision-making,
strategic planning, research and other purposes. It's a crucial part of data
analytics applications and research projects: Effective data collection provides the
information that's needed to answer questions, analyze business performance or other
outcomes, and predict future trends, actions and scenarios.●In businesses, data
collection happens on multiple levels. IT systems regularly collect data on customers,
employees, sales and other aspects of business operations when transactions are
processed and data is entered. Companies also conduct surveys and track social media
to get feedback from customers. Data scientists, other analysts and business users then
collect relevant data to analyze from internal systems, plus external data sources if
needed. The latter task is the first step in data preparation, which involves gathering
data and preparing it for use in business intelligence (BI) and analytics applications.For
research in science, medicine, higher education and other fields, data collection is often
a more specialized process, in which researchers create and implement measures to
collect specific sets of data. In both the business and research contexts, though, the
collected data must be accurate to ensure that analytics findings and research results
are valid.●Data quality issues. Raw data typically includes errors, inconsistencies and
other issues. Ideally, data collection measures are designed to avoid or minimize such
problems. That isn't foolproof in most cases, though. As a result, collected data usually
needs to be put through data profiling to identify issues and data cleansing to fix
them.●Finding relevant data. With a wide range of systems to navigate, gathering data
to analyze can be a complicated task for data scientists and other users in an
organization. The use of data curation techniques helps make it easier to find and access
data. For example, that might include creating a data catalog and searchable indexes.
●Deciding what data to collect. This is a fundamental issue both for upfront collection
of raw data and when users gather data for analytics applications. Collecting data that
isn't needed adds time, cost and complexity to the process. But leaving out useful data
can limit a data set's business value and affect analytics results.●Dealing with big
data. Big data environments typically include a combination of structured,
unstructured and semistructured data, in large volumes. That makes the initial data
collection and processing stages more complex. In addition, data scientists often need to
filter sets of raw data stored in a data lake for specific analytics applications.

4.What are the key steps in the data collection process?●Identify issues and
opportunities for collecting data: Every tool for collecting data has its own pros and
cons. Thus, for deciding the best method, it is important to identify issues and
opportunities for collecting data according to the method. It might be helpful to engage
in a pilot study to review our tools and sample size. ●Setting goals and objectives: The
researcher uses data to address his/her research questions and must design his/her
methodology accordingly. Thus, every tool used by the researcher must have certain
objectives which could be used for addressing these questions after analysis.●Planning
approach and methods: Researcher would make decisions pertaining to who will be
surveyed, how data will be collected, sources and tools for data collection, and duration
of the project.●Collect data: While planning the data collection, it is important to
understand logistical challenges and prepare accordingly.

5.What is data management? Write the Types of Data Management. Why data
management is important.=■Data management is the practice of collecting, organizing,
protecting, and storing an organization’s data so it can be analyzed for business
decisions. As organizations create and consume data at unprecedented rates, data
management solutions become essential for making sense of the vast quantities of data.
Today’s leading data management software ensures that reliable, up-to-date data is
always used to drive decisions. The software helps with everything from data
preparation to cataloging, search, and governance, allowing people to quickly find the
information they need for analysis.■● Data preparation is used to clean and transform
raw data into the right shape and format for analysis, including making corrections and
combining data sets.●Data pipelines enable the automated transfer of data from one
system to another.●ETLs (Extract, Transform, Load) are built to take the data from
one system, transform it, and load it into the organization’s data warehouse.●Data
catalogs help manage metadata to create a complete picture of the data, providing a
summary of its changes, locations, and quality while also making the data easy to
find.●Data warehouses are places to consolidate various data sources, contend with the
many data types businesses store, and provide a clear route for data analysis.■Data
management is a crucial first step to employing effective data analysis at scale, which
leads to important insights that add value to your customers and improve your bottom
line. With effective data management, people across an organization can find and access
trusted data for their queries.
6.What is the difference between data collection and data analysis?=Data collection and
data analysis are two distinct phases in the process of dealing with data, often part of
research or decision-making processes.■Data Collection:-●Definition:- Data collection
involves gathering raw information or data from various sources, such as surveys,
sensors, observations, or databases. ●Process:- It's the stage where you collect data
points, facts, or measurements relevant to your research or problem.●Methods:- Data
collection methods can include surveys, interviews, experiments, data scraping, sensors,
and more.●Goal:- The primary goal is to accumulate data that can be used for analysis.

■Data Analysis:-●Definition:- Data analysis is the process of inspecting, cleaning,

transforming, and interpreting data to discover patterns, draw conclusions, or make
informed decisions.●Process:-In this phase, you process and manipulate the collected
data to extract meaningful insights, identify trends, or answer research
questions.●Methods:- Data analysis methods include statistical analysis, machine
learning, data visualization, and other techniques to extract knowledge from
data.●Goal:- The primary goal is to gain insights, make informed decisions, or generate
reports based on the data.●In summary, data collection is about gathering data, while
data analysis is about making sense of that data. They are interconnected steps in
research and decision-making, where data collection provides the raw material, and
data analysis transforms it into valuable information and knowledge.

7.What is Big Data, and where does it come from? How does it work? Big Data refers to
extremely large and complex datasets that cannot be easily managed, processed, or
analyzed with traditional data processing tools or methods. These datasets typically
have three key characteristics, often referred to as the "3 Vs":●1.Volume: Big Data
involves massive amounts of data. This could be terabytes, petabytes, or even exabytes
of information. Traditional databases and tools are not equipped to handle such
volumes efficiently.●2.Velocity: Data in the Big Data context is generated rapidly and
continuously. It flows at high speed from various sources like social media, sensors,
websites, and more. Real-time or near-real-time processing is often
required.●3.Variety: Big Data comes in various formats, including structured data (like
databases), unstructured data (like text and images), and semi-structured data (like
XML or JSON). It encompasses a wide variety of data types.Additionally, some
definitions of Big Data also include two more Vs:●4.Variability: This refers to the
inconsistency in the data's format or quality. Data can be messy and inconsistent,
making it challenging to work with.●5.Veracity: Veracity refers to the trustworthiness
of the data. Big Data often includes noisy, inaccurate, or incomplete information,
making it important to assess data quality.■Big Data typically originates from a variety
of sources, including:●Social Media: Posts, tweets, and interactions on platforms like
Facebook and Twitter generate vast amounts of data.●Sensors and IoT Devices: Devices
like smartphones, wearables, and IoT sensors continuously collect data on everything
from temperature to location.●Websites and E-commerce: User behavior on websites,
online purchases, and clickstream data provide valuable insights.●Business
Applications: Data generated by enterprise software, including customer relationship
management (CRM) and enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems.●Scientific
Research: Fields like genomics, climate science, and particle physics produce enormous
datasets.●Government and Public Records: Government agencies collect data on
demographics, health, and more.■To work with Big Data, specialized tools and
technologies are used. These include distributed computing frameworks like Apache
Hadoop and Apache Spark, NoSQL databases, data lakes, and various data analytics
and machine learning tools. These technologies allow organizations to store, process,
and extract insights from Big Data efficiently, enabling better decision-making and
insights discovery. Big Data analytics can uncover patterns, trends, and correlations
that may not be apparent with smaller datasets, leading to valuable insights for
businesses, research, and various industries.

8.What is Big Data? Write its Types, Characteristics and Advantages of Big Data
(Features). Big Data refers to large and complex datasets that are challenging to
process, analyze, and manage using traditional data processing tools and methods. Big
Data is characterized by several key features, and it can be categorized into various
types. Here are the types, characteristics, and advantages of Big Data:■Types of Big
Data:●1.Structured Data: This type includes data that is organized and easily
searchable, typically found in relational databases. It consists of rows and columns with
a clear schema. Examples include customer databases or financial
records.●2.Unstructured Data: Unstructured data lacks a predefined structure and is
not easily organized. It includes text documents, social media posts, videos, images, and
more.●3.Semi-Structured Data: Semi-structured data has some structure, often in the
form of tags or labels, making it more flexible than structured data. Examples include
XML or JSON files.■Characteristics of Big Data (The 5 Vs)**:●1.Volume: Big Data
involves vast amounts of data, often ranging from terabytes to petabytes and
beyond.●2.Velocity: Data is generated rapidly and continuously, requiring real-time or
near-real-time processing.●3.Variety: Big Data comes in various formats, including
structured, unstructured, and semi-structured data.●4.Variability: Data can be
inconsistent in format or quality, making it challenging to work with.●5.Veracity:
Veracity refers to the reliability and trustworthiness of the data, as it can include noisy,
inaccurate, or incomplete information.■Advantages (Features) of Big
Data**:●1.Informed Decision-Making: Big Data analytics enables organizations to
make data-driven decisions, leading to improved strategies and
outcomes.●2.Competitive Advantage: Analyzing Big Data can uncover hidden patterns
and trends that give companies a competitive edge in the market.●3.Personalization:
Big Data allows for personalized customer experiences, from tailored marketing to
product recommendations.●4.Improved Operations: Organizations can optimize
processes and resource allocation through data analysis, reducing costs and increasing
efficiency.●5.Innovation: Big Data fuels innovation by providing insights that lead to
the development of new products, services, and business models.●6.Enhanced Customer
Insights: Understanding customer behavior and preferences helps businesses better
serve their target audience.●7. Risk Management: Big Data analytics can identify and
mitigate risks, such as fraud detection in financial transactions or monitoring safety in
healthcare.●8.Scientific Discovery: In research fields, Big Data aids in making
groundbreaking discoveries and advancing scientific knowledge.●9.Real-Time Insights:
Big Data analytics can provide real-time insights, critical for monitoring and
responding to dynamic situations.●10.Scalability: Big Data technologies are designed to
scale horizontally, accommodating growing data volumes and user demandsar

9.What are the 5 V’s in Big Data? Big data is a collection of data from many different
sources and is often describe by five characteristics: volume, value, variety, velocity, and
veracity.●Volume: the size and amounts of big data that companies manage and
analyze●Value: the most important “V” from the perspective of the business, the value
of big data usually comes from insight discovery and pattern recognition that lead to
more effective operations, stronger customer relationships and other clear and
quantifiable business benefits●Variety: the diversity and range of different data types,
including unstructured data, semi-structured data and raw data●Velocity: the speed at
which companies receive, store and manage data – e.g., the specific number of social
media posts or search queries received within a day, hour or other unit of
time●Veracity: the “truth” or accuracy of data and information assets, which often
determines executive-level confidence.■The additional characteristic of variability can
also be considered:●Variability: the changing nature of the data companies seek to
capture, manage and analyze – e.g., in sentiment or text analytics, changes in the
meaning of key words or phrases

10.How is Big Data Analytics used today? Benefits of Big Data Analytics? Big Data
analytics is used across various industries and sectors today to derive valuable insights,
improve decision-making, and drive innovation. Here are some common applications
and the benefits of Big Data analytics:■1. Business and Marketing:●Customer Insights:
Analyzing customer data helps businesses understand their preferences, behavior, and
buying patterns for targeted marketing campaigns.●Market Research: Big Data helps
identify market trends, competitor analysis, and emerging market opportunities.●Price
Optimization: Retailers use Big Data to adjust pricing strategies based on demand,
inventory, and competitor pricing.■2. Healthcare**:●Disease Prevention and
Management: Analyzing medical records and patient data can assist in early disease
detection, treatment planning, and improving patient outcomes.●Drug Discovery: Big
Data aids in identifying potential drug candidates, reducing the time and cost of drug
development.●Healthcare Operations: Hospitals optimize resource allocation, patient
flow, and reduce readmissions through data analytics.■3. Finance:●Risk Assessment:
Big Data analytics is crucial for assessing credit risk, detecting fraudulent transactions,
and managing investment portfolios.●Algorithmic Trading: Financial firms use data-
driven algorithms for high-frequency trading and investment decisions.●Customer
Service: Banks and insurance companies improve customer service through
personalized recommendations and fraud detection.■4. Manufacturing and Supply
Chain:●Predictive Maintenance: Manufacturers use Big Data to predict equipment
failures and optimize maintenance schedules.●Supply Chain Optimization: Data
analytics enhances supply chain efficiency, reducing costs and minimizing
delays.●Quality Control: Analyzing production data helps maintain product quality
and reduce defects.■5. Transportation and Logistics:●Route Optimization: Big Data
helps optimize logistics and delivery routes for efficiency and cost reduction.●Fleet
Management: Transportation companies monitor vehicle performance and driver
behavior for safety and efficiency.●Demand Forecasting: Airlines and public
transportation agencies use data analytics for demand prediction and
scheduling.■Benefits of Big Data Analytics:●1.Informed Decision-Making: Data-driven
insights enable better decision-making, leading to improved strategies and
outcomes.●2.Cost Reduction: Optimizing processes and resource allocation based on
data analysis reduces operational costs.●3.Competitive Advantage: Analyzing Big Data
can reveal insights that give organizations a competitive edge in the
market.●4.Enhanced Customer Experience: Personalized recommendations and
improved customer service lead to higher customer satisfaction and
loyalty.●5.Innovation: Big Data analytics fuels innovation by identifying new
opportunities and areas for improvement.●6.Risk Management: Early detection of risks
and fraud can save organizations from financial losses.●7.Efficiency: Optimization of
operations and supply chains results in increased efficiency and productivity.●8.Real-
Time Insights: Big Data analytics can provide real-time insights critical for monitoring
and responding to dynamic situations.●9.Scientific Discovery: In research fields, Big
Data analytics facilitates scientific discovery and advances knowledge.

11.What is the Life Cycle Phases of Data Analytics? What is the machine learning?
Write the Types of Machine Learning Algorithms. The life cycle phases of data
analytics typically involve the following stages:●1. Problem Definition: This phase
involves defining the business problem or objective that data analytics aims to address.
It includes understanding the requirements, setting goals, and determining the scope of
the project.●2. Data Collection: In this phase, relevant data is identified and collected
from various sources. This may involve data extraction, transformation, and loading
(ETL) processes to ensure data quality and compatibility.●3. Data Preparation: Once
the data is collected, it needs to be cleaned, processed, and transformed into a suitable
format for analysis. This step also involves handling missing values, outliers, and other
data quality issues.●4. Data Exploration and Analysis: In this phase, exploratory data
analysis techniques are applied to gain insights and understand the underlying patterns,
relationships, and trends within the data. This may involve statistical analysis, data
visualization, and other techniques.●5. Modeling: In this phase, predictive or
descriptive models are built using various statistical and machine learning algorithms.
The choice of algorithms depends on the specific problem and the type of data
available.●6. Evaluation: Once the models are developed, they need to be evaluated to
assess their performance and effectiveness. This involves measuring metrics such as
accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, among others.●7. Deployment: After the
model is evaluated and deemed satisfactory, it is deployed in a production environment
where it can be used to make predictions or drive decision-making. This phase may
involve integrating the model into existing systems or developing a user interface for its
usage.●8. Monitoring and Maintenance: Once the model is deployed, it needs to be
continuously monitored to ensure its performance remains optimal over time. Regular
maintenance and updates may be required to adapt to changing data patterns or
business requirements.■Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence that
focuses on developing algorithms and models that enable computers to learn from data
and make predictions or decisions without being explicitly programmed. It involves the
use of statistical techniques and algorithms to automatically identify patterns, extract
insights, and make data-driven predictions or decisions.■There are several types of
machine learning algorithms, including:●1. Supervised Learning: This type of learning
involves training a model on labeled data, where the input data is paired with the
corresponding output or target variable. The model learns to generalize from the
labeled examples and can make predictions on new, unseen data. Examples include
linear regression, logistic regression, decision trees, random forests, and support vector
machines.●2. Unsupervised Learning: In unsupervised learning, the input data is
unlabeled, and the algorithm aims to find patterns or structure within the data. It
involves clustering, dimensionality reduction, and association rule learning. Examples
include k-means clustering, hierarchical clustering, principal component analysis
(PCA), and Apriori algorithm.●3. Semi-supervised Learning: This type of learning
combines elements of both supervised and unsupervised learning. It uses a small
amount of labeled data along with a larger amount of unlabeled data to train a model. It
can be useful when obtaining labeled data is expensive or time-consuming.●4.
Reinforcement Learning: In reinforcement learning, an agent learns to interact with an
environment and take actions to maximize a reward signal. The agent learns through
trial and error and receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties based on its
actions. Examples include Q-learning and deep reinforcement learning.●5. Deep
Learning: Deep learning is a subfield of machine learning that focuses on neural
networks with multiple layers. Deep learning algorithms, such as deep neural networks
and convolutional neural networks (CNNs), excel at tasks like image recognition,
natural language processing, and speech recognition.●6. Transfer Learning: Transfer
learning involves leveraging knowledge from one task or domain to improve
performance on another related task or domain. It allows models to transfer learned
representations or knowledge from a source task to a target task, reducing the need for
large amounts of labeled data.■These are just a few examples of machine learning
algorithms, and there are many more techniques and variations within each category.
The choice of algorithm depends on the specific problem, the available data, and the
desired outcome.

12.List of Popular Machine Learning Algorithm.=Here is a list of popular machine

learning algorithms:●1. Linear Regression: A supervised learning algorithm used for
regression tasks, where the relationship between the input features and the target
variable is assumed to be linear.●2. Logistic Regression: A supervised learning
algorithm used for classification tasks, particularly binary classification, where it
models the probability of an instance belonging to a certain class.●3. Decision Trees: A
versatile supervised learning algorithm that uses a tree-like flowchart structure to make
decisions based on feature values. It can be used for both classification and regression
tasks.●4. Random Forests: An ensemble learning method that combines multiple
decision trees to make predictions. It improves upon individual decision trees by
reducing overfitting and increasing accuracy.●5. Gradient Boosting (e.g., XGBoost,
LightGBM): Another ensemble learning technique that combines weak learners
(typically decision trees) in a sequential manner, where each subsequent model corrects
the errors of the previous one.

●6. Support Vector Machines (SVM): A supervised learning algorithm that finds a
hyperplane to separate instances of different classes using a kernel function. It can
handle both linear and non-linear classification tasks.●7. Naive Bayes: A probabilistic
classifier that applies Bayes' theorem with a "naive" assumption of independence
between features. It's commonly used for text classification and spam filtering.●8. K-
Nearest Neighbors (KNN): A lazy learning algorithm that classifies instances based on
their proximity to labeled instances in the feature space. It can be used for both
classification and regression tasks.●9. Neural Networks: A class of algorithms inspired
by the structure and function of the human brain. Deep learning, a subset of neural
networks, involves neural networks with multiple hidden layers and has achieved
remarkable success in various domains.●10. Clustering Algorithms (e.g., K-Means,
DBSCAN): Unsupervised learning algorithms that group similar instances together
based on their feature similarities. They are used for tasks such as customer
segmentation, anomaly detection, and image compression.■These are just a selection of
popular machine learning algorithms, and there are many more specialized algorithms
and variations within each category. The choice of algorithm depends on the specific
problem, the available data, and the desired outcome.

13.What is the K-means Clustering Algorithm. Write the Applications, Types, & How
Does It Work? =The K-means clustering algorithm is a popular unsupervised machine
learning algorithm used for partitioning a dataset into K distinct clusters. It works by
iteratively assigning data points to clusters and updating the cluster centers until
convergence.■Here's an overview of how the K-means algorithm works:●1. Choose the
number of clusters (K) you want to create.●2. Initialize K cluster centers randomly or
using a specific initialization method. These cluster centers are represented by
centroids.●3. Assign each data point to the nearest centroid based on a distance metric,
commonly using Euclidean distance. This step forms K clusters.●4. Recalculate the
centroid of each cluster by taking the mean of all data points assigned to that cluster.●5.
Repeat steps 3 and 4 until convergence. Convergence occurs when the cluster
assignments and centroids no longer change significantly between iterations or when a
maximum number of iterations is reached.●6. The final result is K clusters with their
respective centroids.■Applications of K-means Clustering:●1. Customer Segmentation:
Grouping customers based on their purchasing patterns, demographics, or other
relevant features to target specific marketing strategies.●2. Image Compression:
Reducing the file size of images by clustering similar colors together and representing
them with fewer colors.●3. Anomaly Detection: Identifying unusual patterns or outliers
in datasets that deviate significantly from the norm.●4. Document Clustering:
Organizing large collections of documents into groups based on their content, allowing
for efficient document retrieval and categorization.●5. Image Segmentation: Dividing
an image into meaningful segments or regions based on pixel similarity, allowing for
object recognition or analysis.■Types of K-means:●1. Standard K-means: The basic
version of the algorithm described above, which uses Euclidean distance as the distance
metric and aims to minimize the sum of squared distances within each cluster.●2. K-
means++: An improved initialization technique for K-means that selects initial
centroids in a way that spreads them out across the dataset, leading to faster
convergence and better overall results.

●3. Mini-batch K-means: A variant of K-means that uses random subsets of the data
(mini-batches) to update the cluster centers, making it more efficient for large
datasets.●4. Kernel K-means: Extending K-means to nonlinear datasets by mapping the
data into a higher-dimensional feature space using kernel functions.■It's important to
note that K-means is sensitive to the initial choice of centroids and may converge to
local optima. Running the algorithm multiple times with different initializations can
help mitigate this issue. Additionally, determining the optimal number of clusters (K)
can be challenging and often requires domain knowledge or using techniques like the
elbow method or silhouette analysis.

14.Differentiate the Regression vs. Classification in Machine Learning.= Regression and

classification are two distinct types of supervised learning tasks in machine learning.
Here are the key differences between regression and classification:■1. Prediction Types:
●- Regression: Regression predicts continuous numerical values as outputs. It seeks to
estimate or approximate the relationship between the input features and the target
variable. The predicted value can be any real number within a specific range.●-
Classification: Classification predicts categorical class labels as outputs. It aims to
assign input instances to predefined classes or categories based on the features. The
predicted value is a discrete class label from a finite set of possibilities.■2. Target
Variable:●- Regression: In regression, the target variable (dependent variable) is
continuous and quantitative, representing a numeric value. It can include real numbers
or integers.●- Classification: In classification, the target variable consists of discrete and
distinct classes or categories. It can be binary (two classes) or multi-class (more than
two classes).■3. Model Output:●- Regression: The output of a regression model is a
continuous value that represents the predicted quantity or measurement. It can include
values like temperature, stock price, or sales revenue.●- Classification: The output of a
classification model is a class label that assigns the input instance to a specific category
or class. Examples include predicting whether an email is spam or not, or classifying
images into different object categories.■4. Evaluation Metrics:●- Regression: Common
evaluation metrics for regression models include mean squared error (MSE), root mean
squared error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), R-squared, and others. These
metrics quantify the difference between the predicted values and the true continuous
values.●- Classification: Evaluation metrics for classification models include accuracy,
precision, recall, F1 score, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-
ROC), and others. These metrics assess the model's performance in correctly predicting
the class labels and handling class imbalances.■5. Algorithms:●- Regression: Regression
algorithms focus on estimating the relationship between input features and continuous
target variables. Examples include linear regression, polynomial regression, support
vector regression (SVR), and decision tree regression.●- Classification: Classification
algorithms aim to learn decision boundaries or classification rules to assign instances to
specific classes. Popular algorithms include logistic regression, decision trees, random
forests, support vector machines (SVM), and neural networks.■Understanding the
distinction between regression and classification is crucial for selecting the appropriate
algorithm, evaluation metrics, and interpreting the results effectively based on the
nature of the target variable and the prediction problem at hand.

Discuss the Association Rules, Apriority Algorithm and its Applications.

Explain the Regression. Differentiate the Linear Regression and Logistic Regression
with example.

Explain the different types of Classification algorithm with example.

Discuss the Text Analysis with Text Analysis Steps and Determining Sentiments.

What is the data science? Write the challenges and features of data science.