Cell Theory Structure

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
The Cell
Presented by: Joan A. Riparip

Topics for discussion
Core Concepts
1. Cell Theory
2. Cell Structure and Functions
3. Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
4. Cell Types
5. Cell Modifications
6. Cell Cycle
General Biology 1
Learning Objectives
Biology 1
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
-Explain the postulates of the cell theory
Specifically,
a. Outline the history of the development of cell theory from its
origin with Robert Hooke to the present
b. Describe how cell theory is an explanation for life
Activity 1
Timeline of events
The Wacky History of
the Cell Theory
General Biology 1
Early Microscopy and
Observations
Before microscope, the Romans had

already invented and experimented with
glasses during first Century.
-Became the early form of lens ( Latin

word Lentil)
Observations
In 1590, Dutch spectacle-maker

Zacharias Janssen made the first
compound microscope (one having more
than one lens to magnify the image that
can magnify an image 30 times).
Observations
In 1665, Robert Hooke, examined the
structure of thinly sliced cork under the
microscope and described small
rectangular compartments which he
called cellulae (Latin for small
chambers/rooms reported in his
publication Micrographia.)
Observations
In 1676, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, a
Dutch shopkeeper, examined pond
water sample and saw living
organisms (protozoa and fungi),
which he called animalcules (small
animals). His single-lenses magnified
an image 200 times.
Development of the Cell Theory
Biology 1
• In 1838, Matthias Schleiden
determined that all living
plant tissue was composed
of cells and that each plant
arose from a single cell.
Biology 1
• In 1839, Theodore Schwann
came to a similar conclusion
to animals.
Biology 1
• Schleiden and
Schwann’s researches
became the bases of the
first two postulates of the
Cell Theory
Biology 1
• In 1858, the cell theory was refined
by German pathologist Rudolf
Virchow, who concluded that “all
cells arise from cells” and that the
cell was the basic unit of life.
• This discovery was initially made
by Robert Remak in 1855 when he
tried to prove the idea of cell
division
3 Postulates of Cell Theory
All organisms are The cell is the Cells arise

made up of cells basic unit of from pre-
life. existing cells.
The Theory of Spontaneous
Generation
1. Among these scientist, who do you think had the greatest
impact in the study of life? Justify the answer.
2. If you were a scientist from the 1900s, what discovery

would you like to have made yourself? Why did you choose
this discovery?
3. You are one of the scientists who accidentally discovered

cells. Unfortunately, you work was not recognized by the
public. How should you communicate your research with
other scientists so that your discovery would be recognized?
What values should a scientist possess regarding the
problem?
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
Cell Structure
and
Functions
Presented by: Joan A. Riparip
Learning Objectives
Biology 1
-Describe the structure and function of major and

subcellular organelles
CELL MEMBRANE
 Selectively permeable
 composed of a double
layer of phospholipids
with proteins embedded
throughout
CYTOPLASM
 enclosed within the cell
membrane is the
cytoplasm and contains
the semifluid substance
called the cytosol
 Microfilament (7
nanometer )
 Microtubules ( 25 nm)
 Intermediate Filament
(10 nm) - the most
stable and least soluble
and provide tensile
strength
CENTRIOLES
 Centrioles help in the
separation and movement
of the replicated genetic
materials called
chromosomes to opposite
poles.
NUCLEUS
 Control center of the cell
 Inside the nuclear envelope
is the nucleoplasm.
 Within the nucleoplasm are
strands of chromatin, which
are combination of DNA
and proteins
NUCLEOLUS
 Membrane-free organelle
found inside the nucleus
that contains fibrils and
granules.
RIBOSOMES
 Small, dense structure
that help in the assembly
of proteins in the cell.
 Not membrane-bound,
so they are not
organelles.
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM (ER)
 Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum manufacture
secretory proteins such
as pancreatic cells.
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM (ER)
 Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum has no
ribosomes attached
 Involved in synthesis and

breakdown of lipid and
carbohydrate
Golgi Bodies/Golgi
Apparatus/Golgi Complex
 Modifies, packages
and distributes
molecules made at
one location of the
cell and used at
another.
Lysosomes
 It has hydrolytic enzymes
(protein that use water to
break down substances) –
digest food, recycle old
components of the cell,
and kill invading micro
organisms
Mitochondrion
 Produces ATP
(adenosine
triphosphate), the
energy currency of
the cell
Flagella and Cilia
 Appendages
responsible for
locomotion of cells.
Flagella and Cilia
 The locomotive action

is due to the
arrangement of
microtubules.
Flagella and Cilia
 Flagellum moves in a
whiplike manner –
Euglena
 Cilia require power

and recovery stroke –
Paramecium
CELL WALL
 Located outside the cell

membrane , made of
cellulose
CELL WALL
 Maintains the shape of

the plant, protects and
helps regulate the cell’s
uptake of water
Peptidoglycan
 Composed of amino
acids and sugars
 This gives the cell walls

of the bacteria structure
and provides protection
Chitin (Fungi)
 Nirtogen-
containing
polyssacharide
similar to
cellulose which
serves as
structural support
CHLOROPLAST
 Inside this double-
membrane organelle is
stroma, a colorless fluid
surrounding grana.
 Each granum contains

several stack of thylakoid
that contains chlorophyll
VACUOLE
 In most mature plant cells,
the vacuole that occupies
the largest space is called
central vacuole.
 This maintains the Turgor

Pressure to keep cell from
wilting.
Biology 1
Prokaryotes
vs
Eukaryotes
Learning Objectives
Biology 1
-Distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells according

to their distinguishing features
Prokaryotes
 unicellular organisms that
lack membrane-bound
structures, the most
noteworthy of which is
the nucleus.
 Prokaryotic cells tend to
be small, simple cells,
measuring around 0.1-5
μm in diameter
Archaea Bacteria
Prokaryotic cell features
Here is a breakdown of what you might find in a prokaryotic bacterial
cell.
Nucleoid: A central region of the cell that contains its DNA.

Ribosome: Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.
Cell wall: The cell wall provides structure and protection from the
outside environment. Most bacteria have a rigid cell wall made from
carbohydrates and proteins called peptidoglycans.
Cell membrane: Every prokaryote has a cell membrane, also known as
the plasma membrane, that separates the cell from the outside
environment.
Capsule: Some bacteria have a layer of carbohydrates that
surrounds the cell wall called the capsule. The capsule helps the
bacterium attach to surfaces.
Fimbriae: Fimbriae are thin, hair-like structures that help with
cellular attachment.
Pili: Pili are rod-shaped structures involved in multiple roles,
including attachment and DNA transfer.
Flagella: Flagella are thin, tail-like structures that assist in
movement.
Eukaryotes
 organisms whose cells
have a nucleus and other
organelles enclosed by a
plasma membrane.
 Organelles are internal

structures responsible for
a variety of functions,
such as energy production
and protein synthesis.
Eukaryotic cell features
Within a eukaryotic cell, each membrane-bound structure carries out specific
cellular functions. Here is an overview of many of the primary components of
eukaryotic cells.
•Nucleus: The nucleus stores the genetic information in chromatin

form.
•Nucleolus: Found inside of the nucleus, the nucleolus is the part of
eukaryotic cells where ribosomal RNA is produced.
•Plasma membrane: The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer
that surrounds the entire cell and encompasses the organelles within.
•Cytoskeleton or cell wall: The cytoskeleton or cell wall provides
structure, allows for cell movement, and plays a role in cell division.
•Ribosomes: Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.
•Mitochondria: Mitochondria, also known as the powerhouses of
the cell, are responsible for energy production.
•Cytoplasm: The cytoplasm is the region of the cell between the
nuclear envelope and plasma membrane.
•Cytosol: Cytosol is a gel-like substance within the cell that contains
the organelles.
•Endoplasmic reticulum: The endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle
dedicated to protein maturation and transportation.
•Vesicles and vacuoles: Vesicles and vacuoles are membrane-bound
sacs involved in transportation and storage.
Other common organelles found in many, but not all, eukaryotes
include the Golgi apparatus, chloroplasts and lysosomes.
Animals, plants, fungi, algae and protozoans are all eukaryotes.

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GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

Presented by: Joan A. Riparip

-Explain the postulates of the cell theory

Before microscope, the Romans had

-Became the early form of lens ( Latin

In 1590, Dutch spectacle-maker

All organisms are The cell is the Cells arise

2. If you were a scientist from the 1900s, what discovery

3. You are one of the scientists who accidentally discovered

-Describe the structure and function of major and

 Involved in synthesis and

 The locomotive action

 Cilia require power

 Located outside the cell

 Maintains the shape of

 This gives the cell walls

 Each granum contains

 This maintains the Turgor

-Distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells according

Nucleoid: A central region of the cell that contains its DNA.

 Organelles are internal

•Nucleus: The nucleus stores the genetic information in chromatin

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