Page 1 of 34

SQL Trntaoduction

DataBase i Tt_is_an Ohganized collection of deta

Bo that it Zan be easily acceSšed.

Manage. these database8, D8MS (Dataßase

Hanagemnt Syetem) Ahe used.
DBMS DataBase

ypes DBMS -
of

@pmagramnen-gul
RelationalDBNS
Non- Relational DBNS.

Relational DBNsi- Ih this D8MS,data Stored in.

table FOmat.
RollNO Name cla&s
Jai 5th
2 Aman th
3
Anuj 5th
Ram 8+h
CRelational DBNS)
|Fon Examþle- NysqL,Oacle.
 Page 2 of 34

on- Relational DBNS;- Tn this DBNS_data is

Btoned in key-value þai.

RollNo": 1,
class":"sth",
name: Ta"

CNon-RelationalDBNS)

Fos Examþle- NongoDB., Redš.

SQL- I stand for Gtauctused Quey anguage

SQL s used o
ubdate, delete, insent data in
table oh Relational DataBaáe.

SQL

RDBMS
Relationoal
DataBase

@psogammeh qinl.
 Page 3 of 34
Date :
|Tage Na :

SQL CREATE Coimandi

I is used jos CrentingTables.

Syatax
CREATE TABLE tobleName(
Column1 datatype,
Column 2 dataube,

SAL KeywOhds_athe Case -insensitive.

Tn NysQL, case-ingehsitiueis an option 4o

CAn
tusn oh and D

Fos Examhle
CRERTE TABLE UBes

FiAstName vohchaây
TNLastNameuahcho,'i
EmoilidNascho;
passiosd Naschah

EisstNomellastNamelEmail idLpoAswOhd

-@pogammen-gin.
 Page 4 of 34
SQL TNSERT
INTO Cormmand

It i8 Used to data
inset into tables.
Syatax
INSERT INTO_ tableName Ccolumn
column2
VALWES(value14Value2..

A O o
database table. is knouon as
hecoad
OA a tuhle.
A
column oß database table i8 knoah06 an
attaibute.
@paograminehgini
Eoh Exomple

TNSERT TNTO uSER (Ein&t Name

LOstName,
Emaild,PaBsOhd)
NALUES (Tai, Shanma, abc@qmail.cam,
abc #12g)

FinstNamellastName Email.id PassJObd

LTai Shasma labc@gnai, abe n3

Hox to Thsest Nultiple Recohd (hOhijtuble )

MALUES Tai, shahtna, ab@amail.com 123),

(Uaya, Shanma, gagnail.com, abc);
 Page 5 of 34
|Fage Na :
-Ay Ghampior

sQL SELECT Command

t is uBed to retieves data trom the table.

SELECI columni, Column2

Erom tableName

To Select comþlete tabhle,JBe. k

(sta)
SELECT*
e
Fom tableName

Examble @pogsammes-qinl

IEinstName LastNannePassNohd
Tai kumas I22i
Singh abc
Arnit shasma
Table '- USER

Command -
SELEC EinatName
Fhom USER

Duthut
FinstName

Arott
 Page 6 of 34
Tage Na :

Hou Das SQL

AORK

SQLQuen

Queay Lanaunge Process0n

Pansertobtimize
D&NS Engine&
Eile Nanages t
Thansaction Hanogeh
Physical Database.

Passeng Th this paocessQuesy statement is.

tokenized.

Dhtimisin # ohtimize the best algohithm

fos the byte code.

@pagrammea ginß..
 :
Page 7 of 34
|J'age Wa

ERON- H
is Used to sloeciy the tables aom.
Which data etched.
WHERE_ ¥
to iltes secohds based
is Used on.

the givan Condition.

JoIN' 14 is used to combine data fnom

tables based_on a non
Cammon ield.

LGROUP BY E
is U8ed to grou hecobds based
sequinemernt.

s UBed to
|HANTNG H
tten ghoup

-
ORDER BY i6 uBed to Bot the data in.
ascending o descending ondes.

ISELECT : Tt i8 UBed to hetaieves data fhom

4he table.

LTMIT IA ia used to &hecig hoa iany

hoD8ane setuaned.

-@pAogamnmen.qjnl..
 Page 8 of 34

SQL
Constsaints

Constsajhts

cHECK UNTQUE DEEAULI TNDEA

NOT NULL PRIMARY. FoRETGN
KEY KEY

@phagammeaaginl

These Constnaints also knouon as Thitugaity

Constaaints..
 Page 9 of 34

sQL Constaaints'- Constnaints ahe the ules

and Aesthictionsalbplied on the doata in
lla.
table.
NOT NULL:- Value cannot be Null in

Calumn.
oa

DNTAUE- Value Cannot be &oame in

column..
Qpaaqramnmes ginl
a
pRTNARY KEY:- Uaed to niquely identiy

FOREIGN KEY- Kefe.ences

table.

CHECK- Satispies 0 &hecic condition

DEFADLT Set default alue

CREATE INDEX:- D&ed to sheedup the head

Phocess
 Page 10 of 34
Date :
|Tage Na :
Ay Chabion

EROM

AHFRE

HAVENG

SELEGE

-ORDER BYE

@pragammesgal..
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|Date :
|Tage Na :
Mly Ghambion

Doanca Beleun LTER

And UPDAE
ALTER
UPDATE

addingdeleting ,.and updating the data

modipying attaibutes in the
existingtable.
the table.

Changes. ane made changes.ahe made

to the table. to the data.
&thuctuse.
By degault, all the Tt sets the apecijed
Values in the tuble Nalue to the tuble
ahe as
initialized Ubdate Command
p
null AlTER
the
Command is úagd.

@pagtamneaginl
 Page 12 of 34
Tage Na :
Mly Ghambion

SQL SELECT DISTINCT i

It is used to wetusn only

a
unique valueshom a
&heciied calumn in table.

Systas
SELECT DISTINCT
coumn.hame
FROM_ tablename ,

Examhle
FisstNameLastName Passhiosd
Tai Kumas 123
Singh d23
Amit Shaam0
Table i USER

Command PasgDAd
SELECT Distinct
FRON USER

Outhut
Posshtosd
12.3

-@pagpammea-ginl
 Page 13 of 34
Jage Na :
M hambior

SQL WHERE CLAUSE -

H
s used to iltes row8 in a table based
&hecified Condition.

Syatax
SELECTcolumn-hame
FRON table-name
iHERE conditich,

Example'

FisstNome LastName
Jai Kumas
Singh 20
21
Amit Shaama
Table'- USER

-
Command
SELECT EinstName, Laat Name

FROM USER

WHERE

Output EinstName LastName

Amit Shabma

@psagammes-gil
 Page 14 of 34
|Date :
Tage Na :
-M Ghampion

SQL
AND -
The AND_oþeratoh
Aetunnstaue i both.
Condition ahe
taueand false otheawise.
Syntax WHERE
Condition1 AND_Condition25

SQL
OR
t hetuhns thue ip eitheh Conditon
is.
tnue,and false i bth conditions ase
false..

Syntog WHERE Conditioni

oRCondition2

Tt hetunns the ophosite of a

Condition.

hHERE N6T Condition?

@phagrammeh-ginl

AND,OR NOT Qhehatohs ahe Used to Combine

Conditions ina whehe clau&e to Cheate mObe

Comþlex Filtesing Conditions.

 Page 15 of 34

5QL ORDER BY

4is used to sozt the hesult

in ascanding oh descending ondes.

SELECT Columnl,column2.,
FRON tablename
ORDER By Calumn4 CASCJLDESC]ycolumn2
CAscIfDESCJ,

ASCi- t i8 used to &obt the hesult n ascending, Ohdes

lDESC
-Tt z Used to Bont the aesult in descending
Ohdes.

Exagple
Fi2stNanne Lastame
Jai Kumas 44
Sihgh 20
Amit Shabmo 2.1

Table Uaea

Command'
SELECT k
ERON VBes

ORDER BY

Outhut
FiastName lAstName
Singh 20
Amit Shaàma 21
Kumas
 Page 16 of 34

INSERT TNTO -

1+ is L8ed to insest dota into a

table.

Sytaxe
Thseat into tablename(column1,column2,)
Values C valued,value 2,;

Note These must be the &ame numbe o} Nalues.

as the Bame humbeh b columna shecified.

Examble
Eia&tNome lastame
Jai Kumas
Singh
Aait Shasma 20
Table'- Uses

Command
Tnseat into uses CÉiRstName,lastName, lgc)
Nalues ( abe, y2, 25)3
@psagamma-gil.
outhut
EnstName LastNome Age
Jai Kuman
Singh 15
Amit shaahma 20
abe 25
 Page 17 of 34
:
|Page Na

SQL NDLL Nalues i

His used to nephesent missing Oh unkhoon

dat.
Note:- Null
is diRRerent rom zer0 0A embtystaing

Tnseat Null walue -

INSERT INIO tablehame((Columndcolumn2,)

VALUES
Cvalue1,Null,.
1o Check fos Noll Values

SELECT e
Calumni,Column2
Fh.om tablename
HERE column2 TS NULL

TS NDT NULL

SELECT Column4column 2

FRON tablename
iWHERE Calumh1 TS NOT NÚLL;

@paogammesgil
 Page 18 of 34
Page Na

SQL UPDATE -

Tt is
used to modiy existing
data in table.
Syntax:
UPDATE table-hame
SET Column1= ValuelColümn2=Value2,
WHERE
8ome-Column: Some-Nalue 3

SET Tt to &hbeciy the column and

is used
values toubdate..

Examlale
FiastNanmeLastName Age
Kumas
Stngh 15
Amit Shasma 20

Table'- USeAg
LCommand
DPDATE USERS

outhut EtastNameLastName
Tai kumah
Singh. l6
Amit Shasmg 21
 Page 19 of 34
|Tage Na :
My Ghanbion

SQL DELETE

H
is used to_emove existingkecohd fham
a a
tablein SQL Database..

DELETE EROM tablename hHERE_ Condition

Note This obehation is. not sevenBible

, So be

Caheful when using DELETE Statements!

@psogiamardsgi.
 Page 20 of 34
|Date :
|Page Ne:
-My Ghampion

5QL
Wildcasds i
wildcands ase
SQL
8hecial chaactess used
in
LIKE' chenato, to Beanch
patteah in a column foaa speciyc
ofa table.
The percent sign (l) heþresents zeso, Ohe
Ot multEiple
chahactes..
The undehscohe sign (-)_aelþaesents one,
Single chahactet.

SQL LIKE

It is used to
q
&eahch fon a
a
sþeciic
pattesn in column of table

Syptax -
SELECT Column1,Column2,
FRON tablename
WHERE colunn-nameLIKE pattesn;

@paagames-gial
 Page 21 of 34

SQL TN -

t is
WHERE
used to sþeciy multiple walues
ina
Clause for Rilteaing
data.
SELECT
columnicolunmn2,
FROM table-hame
WHERE Columnname IN CValue1,Value2);

6QL Betneen i

His used to ilter datoa cbased con a

o a wHERE
hange values in clause.

Syntax
SELECT
Columhi, column2;
ERON table-hame
WHERE Column-hame Between
Value1_AND Value 2

SQL Alias' @pAogrammeh gial

T+ is used to qiue a temhonaAy name to
a
table os aColumn_ in a queag

Syuta
SELECT column-hame AS
alaß hame
Ehom table.aname
 Page 22 of 34
A

5QL UNTON Oþesatoz

is usedto combinethe hesult 8ets

H

two oh mone SELECT&tatements into a

of
single hesult 8et..

NoTE Tt hetunns only distinct aows.

Syntaxje
SELECT Columnn.hame
FRON table-hame-1.
UNION
SELECT column-hame
ERON table-name-23

Examble SELECTA b SELECTB

3
2 Union
3

@paogsammen-ginl
 Page 23 of 34

SQL GROUP BY
H is u8ed to grouhhOJA that
haue the Bamevalues into Summahy
hoWs,Like Find the numben of customehsin
each ciby

SQL HAVING Lt to
is used
the aesult& o ilte
GRoUP BY' queny Based _on the
0.

Jalues o an aggagate quncion.

SQL EXTSTS TAis U6ed to check iga Bubqueny

retuans any houws.
T a
hetuang boolean value.

a
SQL ALL Used
Fishesult to Combane ualue usith
the of
subquesy a
H
retusns taue ip the value is thue oh all elenmenta

SQL ANN- Tt ib also 4 comþanison oþesatok.

T+ hetuàns taue iR the Value ia t,ue
on at Reast one element

@pAogsammea-gial-
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:
Tage Na

Sytax EaaOnsi= These occuh uhen SQL&tatements

o the Janguage.the
o
not folloyo Conaect Syntax and 8tauctuse.

Semantic EaAo8i- These ocCuA when the SQL

Statement is ghammatically coaAect, But does nat
paoduce the Hesined sesut due to inconsect
sesult due Lagi.
Con&taaint voilationgi- These occus when the SL
Violotes One oà mose consta aints on the database,.

Data tybe. EAho8- hese 0ccus data ia

when

insested in a ay that does nat mach the

espected data type.
Fos Fxamkle i- Thseat a
sting- into a numenic ield.

a
Taonsaction EOAL i- These occCus ushen
taansaction qails due to pablena ith Iaoking

@pagamme-gial.
 Page 25 of 34

SQL JOTNS

SQL JOTINS= Theso gtatements allos us to

access inonmation om ton oh mohe table
ot phce
They
They also keeh Duh database nohmalized

INNER JoIN
LEET JoTN
RTGHT JoTN
FuLL ToIN

@agzamnegial
 Page 26 of 34

INNER JOIN

INNERJOTN-T etunns_dataset that ha

matching ualues in both tables.
table1< table2

SELECT
columnhame
ERON table1
INNER ToIN table 2.

ON table1. Column-hame=table 2.. Column-hame

 Page 27 of 34

LEET TOIN

LEFT TOTN
ept
-Aetusnsiall Aecords faom th
table and matched econds from the
ight
AZ 2
table
tables t

SELECT
column-hame
ERDN table4
2.
LeET ToIN table
ON
table4. colunmn-name= table2.Column-name

Soibe
 Page 28 of 34

KIGHT JOIN

RTGHT
ToIN- TH
hetuxns all secohds thom.
the aight table and the matched hecohds
hom the ept.

table1< table 2

SELECT Column- hame

FRON table1.
ToIN _tabl
RrGHT 2

ON
tablei.column-hame =table 2.column-narme;

Soiþe...
 Page 29 of 34

FULL
5/5
TOIN

EDLL ToTN - TH
2etuans all Aecondá when
a
thehe is match in eitheh the left table
ight table.

<
tablei 4able 2

SELECT Column-name
4
IERON table
Full ouTER TOTN table 2..
LON table1.column-hame =table 2.Column-hame
HERE condition..

@paganmegisl
 Page 30 of 34

bimag kyi nque. walue

hat is U&ed to idendijya nod.
a
table.
hinking- abaut. hique Constant,
Hhen you must te Knous the iRerence
Unique"constant can Sose. nd0 value alu
Cnnot gtohe null value.

SVlax'
Cheate table tablenamel
clumnl dotatye
columnz datotye
Bumany kesltolumn name).

A
> tableCan cohtain only Ohe
 Page 31 of 34

Foruigin Koy- It isa key whichis used to

inkto table toguthes
aluts.
>Foreigh key Can haue multible
Al
@progiamineh.gisl-.

C
Cheate tabletablename
columni datatype
column 2 datatypes
- J.
konagh keylcolumn
name]
Re} ežnces lpumasykoydable
 Page 32 of 34

TAKE ExAMPLE
LET'S
Student
RollNDName Addhess.
Prninas RAM DElhi
2 Lalit Mumbal

3 RAM Delhi

Name and AddaeS8 ase hbt uniqul,

Cund not null uaDe

u Rosultt
table

10'/o
90 o Golo 20/o.
10b So
 Page 33 of 34

Nthslscince bnglish

20/o.
So21.
You want tocheckRolND 3nasks jn.
maths,FohLign key Ccme into pictuse.
Stuclent table kesut table.
Ne have to add phimag K

Result table which act

fo reign

Mathd Sjence EngliahRallNp

2)%
 Page 34 of 34

Commit and Rollback

> Commd and Rollbackane dsansaction.
Statements.
Commit -
T1 is used to
pesfesmedbyo Jansdctin.
Loimit ytas:=
CorMIT
Rollbacki
txansaction.
Rollback synta
Roll Backj